THE ANALYSIS OF TRANSLATION TECHNIQUES IN TRANSLATING AHMAD FUADI’S NEGERI 5 MENARA INTO ANGIE KILBANE’S THE LAND OF 5 TOWERS

The Analysis of Translation Techniques in Translating


INTRODUCTION
Language is very important for all people in the world, it is used to communicate, to get information, to share information, to express idea even to control the society.In its implementation, there are many languages.It caused as the cultural diffrences that make people may use more than one language, which is can not be understand by all people.In this case translation activity take an important role, to understand the communication.
Translation activity is an art.It has been noted by some expert.Not only as an art, but also regarded as a science and a skill, which need the ability of the translator to convey the idea well.For that reason, there are some techniques of translation that can be used in order to get good translation.Translation techniques used by a translator in translating a work is very interesting to analyze to find out whether the source language is equivalent into the target language.
The main point of translation activity is the message in both source language and target language in the text of the works.In carrying out translation activity, translators often encounter difficulties due to differences between the source language and the target language.Therefore, it is necessary to use the right techniques so that the message in the source language can be delivered well in the target language.
Besides, translation works can help readers not only to understand the meaning of foreign language but also increase the understanding of cultural differences.In other words, translation works can help people to solve the problem which can be caused by the cross-cultural two-language communication among people.
Since translation techniques contribute a lot to convey the parallel meaning to the translated text, thus, talking about translation techniques is interesting.The writer chooses to analyze translation because translation is one of the important subjects to study.Related to the idea, the writer is interested in analyzing a translation work, an Indonesian novel, Ahmad Fuadi's Negeri 5 Menara which is translated into Angie Kilbane's The Land of 5 Towers by focusing on translation techniques used in the work.
Translations techniques are interesting aspects to analyze because they will show how the idea in source language is conveyed in the target language.Besides it will also show how cultural elements can be presented in such a way and in the same time it still keeps the idea.
Parallel to the idea above, this analysis will focus on analyzing the translation techniques used in translating an Indonesian novel, Ahmad Fuadi's Negeri 5 Menara into Angie Kilbane's The Land of 5 Towers.
The objectives of the research are:

THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK 2.1 The Concepts Of Translation
There are many experts who define translation.Translation is understood as reproducing the target language with the nearest similarity of the source language.This target language should be find the equivalence in the source language, it is urged by Nida and Taber in El-shafey (1982: 12) who state, "Translation as a process of reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style".
Other than that Wilss in El-shafey noted (1982: 3) "Translation is a transfer process which aims at the transformation of a written source language text (SLT) into an optimally equivalent target language text (TLT), and which requires the syntactic, the semantic and the pragmatic understanding and analytical processing of the source text".
Moreover, it has been argued by Newmark in El-shafey (1981: 7) "Translation is a craft consisting in the attempt to replace a written message and/or statement in one language by the same message and/or statement in another language".In Newmark 's view (1991: 27) he defines, the act of translating very briefly.It is the act of transferring meaning of a stretch or a unit of language, the whole or a part, from one language from another.
Furthermore, Brislin (1976: 1) describes "Translation is a general term referring to the transfer of thoughts and ideas from one language (source) to another (target), whether the 74 languages are in written or oral form; whether the languages have established orthographies or do not have such standardization or whether one or both languages is based on signs, as with signs of the deaf".
Withal, Krishna Regmi (2010: 17) states "Translation as a process where the meaning and expression in one language (source) is tuned with meaning with another (target) whether the medium is spoken, written, or signed".Krishna Regmi (2010: 18) also states that "Translation as a process of converting ideas expressed from one language into another, was embedded the translation process as basically a boundarycrossing between two different language."Withal, Krishna Regmi (2010: 17) states "Translation as a process where the meaning and expression in one language (source) is tuned with meaning with another (target) whether the medium is spoken, written, or signed".Krishna Regmi (2010: 18) also states that "Translation as a process of converting ideas expressed from one language into another, was embedded the translation process as basically a boundarycrossing between two different language."According to Shadeghi "A good translate on is easily understood, fluent, and smooth, idiomatic.Translation coveys to some extent, the literary subtitles of the original, distinguished between the metaphorical and the literal, reconstructs the cultural or historical context of the original.A good translation makes explicates what is implicit in abbreviations, and an illusions to saying, songs and nursery rhymes, for last criteria that good translations will convey as much as possible the meaning of the original text".(Shadeghi 2010 :3) From the definitions above, it can be cited hat translation is defined as transferring meaning from one language (source) to another language (target).For instance; Indonesia into English or English into Indonesia.The translators should be careful when translating the works, so it's not misunderstood.

The Process Of Translation
There are some processes in translating works.Some experts classifiies it into many kinds of processes based on their understanding.According to Larson (1984: 15) translation is classified into two types, named form-based translation and meaning-based translation.Form-based translation attempts to follow the form of the source language (SL) and it is known as literal translation, while meaning based of the SL text in the natural forms of the receptor language.Such translation is called idiomatic translation.
In Larson's view also a literal translation sounds like nonsense and has little communication value (Larson: 1984: 15).The literal can be understood if the general grammatical form of the two languagees is similar.Larson (1984: 16) says that idiomatic translation uses the natural form of the receptor language both in grammatical construction and the choices of lexical items.A truly idiomatic translation does not sound like translation.It sounds like it was written originally in the receptor language.
Besides, Newmark (1988: 122) classified translation into three basic elements.The process are: 1.The interpretation and analysis of source language text.2. The translation procedures, which may be direct, or based on SL and TL corresponding syntactic structure.3. The reformulation of the text in relation the writer's attention, the reader's expectation, the appropriate norms of TL and so forth.Furthermore Larson (1991: 1) adds more items to get an ideal translation.First, translation should be accurate, it means the text produce should exactly have the same meaning with the source language.Secondly, it should be natural, translation using natural forms of the target language in a way what is readily understandable to the intended audience.Third, it should be communicative, expressing all aspects of the meaning in a way that is readily understandable to the intended audience.
Larson (1998: 3) applied the translation process as in diagram below:

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The diagram above shows the process of translation, it can be found that there are three major steps in the process of translation.First, a translator needs to discover the meaning of the message in the source language (there is a text to be translated).After the translator gets the meaning, the process of determining the meaning that related to the communicated is needed.Finally, a translator needs to re-explain or re-express the meaning (the message) in target language using the translation equivalent.Duff (1989: 10-11) announces the principle of translation as follows:

The Principle Of Translation
1.The translation should reflect accurately the meaning of the original text.2. The order of the words and idea in the translations should match the original idea as closely as possible.3. Languages often differ greatly in their level of formality in a specific context.4.Many translations do not sound natural. 5.The translator should not change the style of the original as much as possible.6. Idiomatic expression is an expression whose meaning cannot be inferred from meanings of words that make it up.Moreover, Tytler in Bell (1991: 11) states that there are some principles of translation namely: 1.The translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work.2. The style and the manner of writing should be of the same character with that of the original.3. The translation should have all the ease of the original composition.So, the importance of translation is the transferring message from source language to target language, without changing the idea.The example: Bagaikan pinang dibelah dua -They are as like as two peas.11.Generalization, uses more general term at the target language, for source language more specific because target language doesn't have any specific equivalent.This is urged by Molina and Albir (2002: 509-511), "To use a more general or neutral term".It is in opposition to particularization.The example: Mendelik-delik seperti mata ikan gurami -Glared like an engaged fish.12. Particularization, is a translation procedure in which the translator uses the term more concrete or specific, from superordinate to subordinate.This is also urged by Molina and Albir (2002: 509-511), "To use a more precise or concrete term".It is in opposition to generalization.The example: Pesta -Wedding Party.13.Reduction, is a technique that implicit information on the source language be implied other words do not occur disappearances message.This is supported by Molina and Albir (2002: 509-511) who state that, "To suppress a ST information item in the TT".The example: Terasa sekali betapa besarnya perubahanku dibanding dengan dulu -I realized how much I had changed.14.Discursive Creation, is used to translate the title of the book or movie and sometimes is always out of the context.This is also supported by Molina and Albir (2002: 509-511) who state that, "To establish a temporary equivalence that is totally unpredictable out of context".The other example: Labirin Kenangan -Rememberance.15.Substitution, changes the meaning of paralinguistic expression.This is urged by Molina and Albir (2002: 509-511), "To change linguistic elements for paralinguistic elements (intonation, gestures) or vice versa".The example: Dia setuju -(She is nodding).16.Linguistic Compression, compresses the elements in the receptor language.This is also urged by Molina and Albir (2002: 509-511), "To synthesize linguistic elements in the TT.This is often used in simultaneous interpreting and in sub-titling".It is in opposition to linguistic amplification.The example: "Kemarin sore" -"Yesterday".17.Linguistic Amplification, is usually about using a paraphrase to explain a word that has no equivalent in the target language.This is supported by Molina and Albir (2002: 509-511) who states that, "To add linguistic elements.This is often used in consecutive interpreting and dubbing".It is in opposition to linguistic compression.The example: "Siapa?" -"Who are you?".18. Variation, is a technique used by replacing elements of linguistic or paralinguistic that have an impact on linguistic variation.This is also supported by Molina and Albir (2002: 509-511) who state that, "To change linguistic or paralinguistic elements (intonation, gestures) that affect aspects of linguistic variation: changes of textual tone, style, social dialect, geographical dialect, etc., e.g., to introduce or change dialectal indicators for characters when translating for the theater, changes in tone when adapting novels for children, etc".The example: "Sampai jumpa" -"See yea".

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1 Kind Of Research
This research is to find the translation techniques in the novel.In doing this research, the writer uses library research.According to Nazir (1998: 111), library research is to conduct a study review of books, literature, records, and reports that had to do with the problem solving.
Leedy argues that the aim or the purpose of the research library is to reveal similar studies with research that (will) we help give an idea of the methods and techniques used in the study who had similar problems to the research we face.

Source Of Data
This analysis analyzes the translation techniques in translating Ahmad Fuadi's Negeri 5 Menara Into Angie Kilbane's The Land of 5 Towers.Thus, the source data of this analyze are those two novels, particularly the data dealing with the translation techniques.

Data Analyzing Techniques
This research will explain the techniques used in translating Ahmad Fuadi's Negeri 5 Menara Into Angie Kilbane's The Land of 5 Towers.Moreover, this research will describe the most dominant techniques used.In this research, the writer applies a descriptive method.In Whitney's view, descriptive method is factfinding with interpretation.It means that the writer need to collect facts and all relevant information.
There some are steps to apply in descriptive method.Firstly, the witter need to identify a phenomenon.Then, consider the caracteristics of the phenomenon are most dominant.Next, identify the constructs (measures) that best represent the caracteristics.After this, determine whether there are observable patterns in the data.Next, communicate the patterns in the data that describe the realities of the phenomenon.Finally, rethink and repeat as needed.

Working Procedures
To conduct this research, the working procedure will be applied as follows: 1. to identify the translation techniques in translating Ahmad Fuadi's Negeri 5 Menara Into Angie Kilbane's The Land of 5 Towers.

to classify and categorize translation
techniques.

to analyze the translation techniques and to
describe the most dominant techniques used in the translation of the text.

Pure Borrowing
The first data "Bagai mengenakan kopiah haji" in Indonesian is translated into "As if wearing a kopiah cap for the Hajj" in English.Kopiah means the kinds of cap worn by muslim men and also by Indonesian men as a symbol of national identity.The word kopiah doesn't have any change.
The second data in Indonesian sentence "Tiga tahun aku ikuti perintah Amak" is translated into English "For three years I'd followed the orders of my Amak".Amak is a word for mother in most Minang areas.The word amak doesn't have any change in English either.
The third data "Kacang tojin" which is translated into English "Tojin peanuts".Onion peanuts known as tojin peanuts in Padang, Indonesia.It is common snack that especially during Eid and other celebration days.The word tojin doesn't have any change in English either.
Pure Borrowing is used because kopiah, amak, and tojin are Indonesian words which are not found in English, there are no equivalent.

Naturalized Borrowing
First, "Kursi rotan tempat dudukku…" is translated into English "The rattan chair I was sitting…".Rotan is a palm tree tribe in the Calamoideae subfamily.In Indonesia, rotan changed by crafts maker into furniture as chairs, cradles, tables, etc.The word rotan becomes rattan, to follow the nature of English spelling.
Second, "Berwarna marun dengan kelimkelim keemasan" is translated into "Maroon with gold stiching".Marun is kind of dark red color.The word marun is changed into "maroon".It is changed because the spelling follows the nature of the English sounds /u/ into /uː/ (long).
Third, "Warung sate paling enak" is translated into "The most delicious satay restaurant".Sate is food made from small pieces of seasoned meat, skewered and grilled, then served with a souce.The same as maroon, It is changed because the spelling of Indonesian follow the nature of English sounds /e/ into /ai/.

Calque
First, Indonesian phrase "Baju kurung hijau" is translated into English "Green baju kurung".The phrase baju kurung is not changed because baju kurung is not found in English.
Then, "Film layar tancap" this phrase is translated into "Layar tancap film" in English.In Indonesia, film layar tancap is the outdoor film show with a screen and a pole plugged into the ground.The same as the data no. 1 and 2 it also has Indonesian sense.

Literal Translation
The first data in Indonesian sentence "Aku tersenyum.Pikiranku langsung terbang jauh ke masa lalu.Masa yang sangat kuat terpatri dalam hatiku" is translated into "I smiled.My thoughts immediately flew far away to the past.Every strong period eteched in my heart".All of the words are translated word by word and follow the grammatical rules of English.
The second data in Indonesian sentence "Daging, ikan, susu, buah menjadi kejutan yang menyenangkan dan berguna untuk menyiapkan stamina kami menghadapi ujian" for English "Meat, fish, milk, and fruit became pleasant and useful surprises for preparing our stamina to face exams".It is translated word for word and follows grammatical rules from Indonesian into English.
The third data in Indonesian sentence "Aku tidak tahu apa yang membuat perlawananku runtuh dengan mudah" which is translated into "I didn't know what made my resistance collapse so easily".It is translated literaly and fits the English grammatical rules.

Compensation
First, "Nak, ada surat dari Pak Etek Gindo," is translated into "Son, there's a letter from Uncle Gindo," The underlined Indonesian word cannot reflect the same meaning in English.
Second, translated from Indonesian "Aku baca surat Pak Etek Gindo" into English "I read Uncle Gindo's letter".In Indonesia, exactly in Minangkabau Pak Etek is an address for young brother or sister of mother or father, which cannot fit the same meaning in English.
Third, "Bang, ambo ingin berlaku adil" is translated into English "Dear, I want to be fair".Bang in Indonesian is an intimate address for husband.It cannot be applied into English because it has different meaning and sense.

Transposition
The first data, "Dengan muka rusuh" to be "With a trouble face".It is translateable because the change position of the word from Indonesian into the English is different and it follows English grammatical structure.
The second data, "Surga di bawah telapak kaki ibu" is translated into "Heaven is under the mother's heel.".Apostrophe's is possessive pronoun form according to English grammatical rules.
The third data, "Sebuah buku berjudul Biografi Kiai-Kiai Pendidik" into English "A book titled Biographies of Kiais in Education".In Indonesian underlined word become biographies follows English grammatical category, singular is changed into plural form.

Description
The first data in Indonesian sentence "Kegiatan kami setiap hari dimulai jam 4" the translator adds the information in English "Our activities every day start at 4:00 in the morning".The translator adds the information in English to explain at 4:00.
The second data in Indonesian sentence "Belum pernah menonton film di bioskop selain film G-30 S PKI" is in English "I'd never seen any movie at theater other than the G-30S PKI movie about the communist uprising".The additional information in English is to describe