New records and distributional data on the subtribe Staphylinina (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) from Portugal

: Newly found species and new distributional records of the subtribe Staphylinina in Portugal are reported along with some comments on morphological characteristics of each genus. The current review of the subtribe includes 28 species in 8 genera, with two species new for the Portuguese fauna and 25 species and a subspecies recorded from new locations, expanding their geographic distribution.


INTRODUCTION
The subtribe Staphylinina Latreille, 1802, according to the new reclassification concept (Smetana & Davis 2000) have a ligula emarginated or bilobed, although the emargination is more or less minute, with the exception of some species of Dinothenarus s.str.The subtribe is represented in the Iberian Peninsula by nine genera: Abemus Mulsant et Rey, 1876, Creophilus Leach, 1819, Dinothenarus Thompson, 1858, Emus Leach, 1819, Ocypus Leach, 1819, Ontholestes Ganglbauer, 1895, Platydracus Thompson, 1858, Staphylinus Linnaeus, 1758 and Tasgius Stephens, 1829 with a total of 46 species and 5 subspecies (Gamarra & Outerelo 2008).All of the nine genera are reported from Spain, but only eight from Portugal because the genus Abemus Mulsant et Rey, 1876 has not yet been found in Portugal.
The genera reported from Portugal are analyzed here with new species from Portugal as well as new localities, increasing their known distribution.

MATERIAL AND METHODS
The material for this study includes mainly specimens from the author's personal collection (RNFC), and from Father Ramiro Neves collection (RNC).The material was accumulated over a decade or more on trips to Portugal.During the trips, collecting was done by hand, pitfall and bait traps.A total of 156 specimens representing 28 species and 8 genera were studied.
New data includes: country, province, d istr ic t, town, village or place.The members of this genus are easily recognized and separated from other genera by the disc of the pronotum and dorsal face impunctate and shiny with the exception of the anterior angles which have a black grayish and yellowish dense pubescence.The body is covered with pubescence varying in color from black grayish, silver and golden to yellowish brownish red.

Family
From Portugal only one species, Creophilus maxillosus (Linnaeus, 1758), is known to be found countrywide.Found during all the months of the year in carrion of all kinds, but not so frequently in decaying plant material or dung.The adults and larvae are predators of larvae and adults of Diptera and other arthropods attracted to the carrion.When disturbed they roll off the carrion onto the ground and if threatened they protrude their glandules emitting iridodial and other repelling secretions such as dihydroneptalactone, as a main ingredient of chemical defense.
Genus of Neotropical, Nearctic, Palearctic and Oriental distribution.
Creophilus maxillosus (Linnaeus, 1758) Reported from Portugal for the first time by Fauvel as Emus maxillosus Linnaeus, 1758 without a locality.Paulino de Oliveira (1893), in his catalog, mentions it as Emus maxillosus Linnaeus, 1758 from the localities: Monchique, Beja, Coimbra and Braga.Later, Seabra (1943) mentioned it as Creophilus maxillosus Linnaeus, 1758 but as first cited by Fauvel and without any location.Ferreira (1962)  Dinothenarus Thomson, 1858 is a Holarctic and Oriental genus with most of the known species found in the Palearctic region.Two subgenera are recognized: Dinothenarus sensu stricto with 9 species and Parabemus Reitter, 1909 with 19 species.Members of this genus have mandibular prostheca bilobed, with basal group of long cilia and right mandible with one broad tooth at middle and left mandible with two teeth or one stout one, and with maxillary palpus with apical segment elongate, distinctly fusiform, narrower and subequal in length to segment three (Smetana & Davies 2000).

Subgenus Dinothenarus Thomson, 1858
Dinothenarus (Dinothenarus) pubescens (De Geer, 1774) Acording to Gammara and Outerelo (2008)  Species of this genus are very distinctive having the pronotum and portions of the abdomen with long, matted, black, golden yellow and whitish gray pubescence.Only one species exists in Portugal and its distribution is Palearctic.

Ocypus (Ocypus) ophthalmicus (Scopoli, 1763)
This species is listed from Portugal by Oliveira (1893) from Monchique, Serra da Estrêla and Leça.Seabra (1943) stated that it was reported for the first time by Fauvel.Ferreira (1962) mentioned this species from Portugal as Staphylinus ophthalmicus.Gamarra & Outerelo (2008) reported this species from Douro Litoral, Alto Douro, Estremadura and Algarve.Coiffait, 1964Coiffai (1964) described this subspecies from Cabo de São Vicente from a series of specimens of both sexes and stated "C'est la forme signaleé sous le nom d' atrocyaneus de la Peninsule Ibérique le veritable atrocyaneus décrit de Mers-et-Kébir est special á l'Afrique du Nord."Gamarra & Outerelo (2008) mention this subspecies as a synonym of atrocyaneus.More material is needed and the geographic distribution of both subspecies should be assessed with DNA-barcoding in order to define and test the subspecies boundaries.

Ocypus (Ocypus) ophthalmicus ibericus
I believe that only the subspecies atrocyaneus occurs in the South of Portugal, but further collecting must be conducted to establish the boundaries of both subspecies.

Ocypus (Pseudocypus) picipennis (Fabricius, 1793)
This species was mentioned by Oliveira (1893) from Serra do Rebordao and Coimbra.Seabra ( 1943) indicated Oliveira as the first to report it from Portugal but is not included in his catalog.Quedenfeldt (1884) reports this species from Serra da Estrêla.Ferreira (1962) mentioned it from Portugal as Staphylinus picipennis.Gamarra & Outerelo (2008) Gamarra & Outerelo (2008) mentioned this species from Cataluña, Spain and from Portugal with a question mark.These reference must be verified for Portugal.

Genus Ontholestes Ganglbauer, 1893
Type species: Staphylinus murinus Linnaeus, 1758 The genus Ontholestes Ganglbauer, 1893 has anterior angles of the pronotum sharp and angulately of with 90 degrees or less, and mesosternum with fully developed long medial carina.
Ontholestes marginalis (Gené, 1836) Ferreira (1962) listed this species from Portugal.Gamarra & Outerelo (2008) mention this species with a question mark.Smetana (1959) states that it has been recorded from Portugal, Spain, Corsica, Sardinia and in North Africa from Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia.
Ontholestes murinus (Linnaeus, 1758) Oliveira ( 1893) mentioned this species from Portugal as Leistrophus murinus Linnaeus, 1758 from Coimbra and Gerês.Seabra (1943) mentioned it from Portugal.Gamarra & Outerelo (2008)  Members of this genus have most of the pronotum punctate with an inpunctate middle line, anterior angles rounded and greater than 90 degrees.Large lateral setae of head not restricted to the anterior half of the temple.Genus of Neotropical, Nearctic, Palearctic, Ethiopian and Oriental distribution.
Platydracus flavopunctatus (Latreille, 1804) Seabra (1943) stated that this species was first recorded from Portugal by Neves (1941).Ferreira (1962) mentioned this species as Staphylinus flavopunctatus.Gamarra & Outerelo (2008)  Staphylinus species have anterior angles of pronotum rounded, head with patches of golden setae and a long lateral seta restricted to the anterior half of the temple.Elytra red, distinctly shorter than pronotum with last segment of labial palpus elongate with the apical margin truncate or pointed.Distribution Neotropical, Nearctic, Palearctic, Ethiopian and Oriental Region.

Genus Tasgius Stephans, 1829
Type species: Staphylinus pedator Gravenhorst, 1802 This genus is characterized by pronotum punctate, often with an impunctate mid line with anterior angles rounded with body and femora completely black and with elytra longer than pronotum.Last segment of labial palpus robust with apical margin at a distinct angle.
In Portugal the species are grouped into two subgenera: Rayacheila Motschulsky, 1845 and Tagius sensu strictus.Distribution Nearctic, Palearctic and Oriental Region.