Prospects of application of nanoparticles of magnet-controlled sorbent (MCS-B brand) for correction of function platelets

This scientific article is devoted to the study of the effect of magnetite nanoparticles (MCS-B brand) on the functional platelets activity of human. 0.9% NaCl was used as a control. The results of the study showed that the use of NaCl saline solution shifts the colloidal suspension equilibrium of platelets towards a significant (P<0.001) increase in the rate and index of their aggregation. For the first time, the effect of 0.9% NaCl on function of platelets makes us reconsider the concept of safety of infusion solutions in patients with initial signs of platelet disorders hemostasis. On the contrary, the use of MCS-B nanoparticles significantly revealed (P<0.05) an increase in the stability of colloidal suspension of platelets. This is an important pathogenetic factor which affects the occurrence of correction of hemostasis in conditions of blood clotting disorders.


Background
Currently, one of the main problem that happens in the treatment by extracorporeal methods of hemosorption is systemic shifts in homeostasis. Among these complications the most significant are blood cells traumatization and hemorrhage [1]. Direct physical contact of blood with sorbent surface causes activation of a multistage reaction of thrombosis. Adhesion of platelets with a sorbent leads to damage of their morphological integrity. The result of which is entry into the blood of activators aggregation and comes platelets glue. The interaction of platelets with the surface of sorbents depends on the roughness, porosity, charge, chemical activity of sorbents and functional characteristics of platelets, their ability to aggregation and adhesion, which change with various diseases. As a result of hemosorption is reduced the amount of prothrombin, fibrinogen and platelets. Despite the fact that these indicators are restored a few days after the session of hemosorption and even exceed the initial levels, there is a real risk of hemorrhagic complications. Platelet adhesion occurs only to the damaged epithelium in contact with connective tissue mainly due to the formation of collagen. The mechanism of adhesion is associated with the Zeta potential of platelets: groups of negatively charged of sialic acids on their membrane react with negatively charged amino groups of vascular wall collagen. The release reaction is an active secretory process that proceeds without membrane damage and destroy of the cells. The release of ATP and other factors in the release reaction promotes platelet aggregation. Inhibit aggregation: elevated level of cAMP in platelets; prostaglandins E, D; prostacyclin [2]. Violation of platelet function leads to changes in hemostasis and the development of pathological conditions in the circulatory system.
Currently, methods of correction of hemostasis parameters remain one of the most relevant in clinical medicine. For example, currently the possibility of inhibition of platelet adhesion and aggregation is a cornerstone problem of modern cardiology [3]. Modern medicine has in its arsenal pharmacological drugs that can actively inhibit the function of platelets, but excessive oppression can lead to the loss of their protective action [2]. Hemosorbents used in medicine damage platelets.
Currently, new methods of hemosorption using non-traumatic sorbents are being actively developed. For example, until recently, a promising direction for the development of a new method of extracorporeal hemocorrection, in order to reduce the degree of damage to blood cells, was the attempt to use hemosorbents coated with albumin and other substances.
However, the use of sorbents coated with albumin has not found wide practical application in connection with the spread of viral hepatitis, HIV infection, and increased allergization of patients.
Magnetic fields have one of the greatest effects on the circulatory system [4][5][6][7]. Therefore the next effective way to prevent the destruction of platelets is to conduct hemosorption in an alternating magnetic field. Studies were conducted on dogs with using activated carbon brand of AR-3 as a sorbent. It turned out that during the first 10 minutes, more than 2 times less platelets are destroyed than under normal conditions. In the next 20 minutes, the degree of platelet destruction increases, but remains significantly lower than without the use of a magnetic field [7].
The therapeutic effect of magnetic fields on animals and humans was proved by V. I. Drozdov in 1879. The greatest interest in magnetotherapy falls on the 70-80 -ies of XX century [8]. Positive therapeutic effect of magnetotherapy was observed in burn and mechanical trauma, osteochondrosis, dental, ophthalmological and infectious diseases, hypertension, as well as other pathologies [8][9][10][11][12][13]. There is evidence that the change in the geomagnetic field of the Earth leads to a deterioration of health in cardiovascular diseases, up to an increase in mortality in them [14][15][16]. More detailed studies have shown that variable and pulsed fields can induce local currents in electrically excitable tissues whose levels exceed natural ones. This effect is the basis for additional biological changes. The magnetomechanical effect can be manifested by the appearance in diamagnetic and paramagnetic molecules of torque, which orients them in such a way that a configuration is formed reduces their free energy in the field.
The development of a new direction in science-nanotechnology in the field of medicine allows to improve methods of hemocorrection, to create a new class of biocompatible magnetically controlled sorbents combining sorption and magnetic effects in one substance. The use of magnetite nanoparticles as a hemosorbent completely exclude the possibility of mechanical traumatization of blood elements. Each particle of magnetite is a subdomain of an elementary magnet that induces a constant magnetic field. The study of the General toxic effect of magnetite was carried out in an acute experiment on laboratory animals. Magnetite (Fe3O4) was nontoxic in acute experiments [17][18][19]. Wide introduction of nanotechnological preparations (magnetite nanoparticles) in clinical medicine allows to improve methods of extracorporeal hemocorrection and to outline fundamentally new approaches to solving problems of correction hemostasis [20].
In Ukraine, the first biocompatible magnetite nanoparticles for medical use were manufactured and patented by Andrey N. Belousov in 1998. These are intracorporeal nanobiocorrector (ICNB), magnet-controlled sorbent (MCS-B), and biologically active nanodevice (Micromage-B) [21][22][23][24]. It was found that magnetite nanoparticles regulated the activity of the enzyme link of the antioxidant system in red blood cells, effectively modulate metabolic processes in leukocytes in healthy and sick patients [25][26][27]. Previously the complex investigations were demonstrated that in whole standardized biocompatibility of magnetite nanoparticles have nonspecific and modulated effect on metabolic processes. Study of ultrastructure of the reticuloendothelial system (lungs, liver and kidneys) it was proved that after injection of biocompatibility magnetite nanoparticles caused nonspecific activation of the metabolic processes, increase potential of organelle cells and adaptive mechanisms, acceleration of reparative processes a level of macromolecules and membranes. [28][29][30]. Sorption and magnetic properties of magnetite nanoparticles not only allow selectively absorb the protein of surface membrane cells by (according to the principle of magnetophoresis) but also to prevent the oxidative modification of proteins by way of stabilizing the active groups, normalizing a state of receptors that are located on the surface membrane of cells, increasing activity of enzymes' membrane-bound [31][32][33]. For magnet-controlled sorbent (MCS-B) both sorption and indirect effects are inherent, which are caused by the action of a constant magnetic field created by nanoparticles [34,35]. The use of magnetite nanoparticles (MCS-B) will allow to approach the solution of existing problems in the correction of hemostatic systems and suppress aggregation of platelets in the optimal regime. Currently, there is no information in the literature on the study of the effect of nanoparticles on aggregation of platelets, there is no data on the development of an effective method of their application. The above was the basis for choosing the topic of this study, devoted to the study of the influence of nanoparticles of magnet-controlled sorbent (MCS-B) on aggregation of platelets.
The main goal of the work is inhibition aggregation of platelets with using nanoparticles of magnet-controlled sorbent (MCS-B) in vitro experiment.     Experiment 2 were tubes with venous blood + 2 ml saline NaCl; Experiment 3 were tubes with venous blood + 2 ml 4.5% colloidal solution of MCS-B; Experiment 4 were tubes with venous blood + 2 ml 4.5% colloidal solution of MCS-B with the subsequent removal of it from the blood by means Belousov's method.

Materials
The amount and concentration of MCS-B colloidal solution was used in accordance with the previously developed Belousov's method [20,22].
Quantitative determination aggregation of platelets activity by using aggregometer A-1 was carried out by the Bornov's method in the modification of Zachary and Kinah [36][37][38][39].
Statistically processing the obtained results was carried out by parametrical method of variation statistics by Student criterion. Processing the obtained data was carried out by means of Excel.

Results and discussions
To identify the main mechanisms of action of magnetite nanoparticles (MCS-B) on platelet aggregation parameters, different variants of blood processing by MCS-B were investigated. Taking into account the fact that a physiological solution was used as a carrier of MCS-B fluid, the effect influence of physiological solution of NaCl on platelet aggregation parameters were studied for the purity of the experiment. Platelet aggregation indicators depending on different variants of blood treatment with solutions are presented in Notes: p1-in comparison with the first experience (control); p2-in comparison with the 2nd experience (blood + 0.9%NaCl); p3-in comparison with the 3rd experience (blood + MCS-B).
The data of table 1 show that the use of 0.9% NaCl in comparison with the control, causes a significant (P<0.001) increase in speed by 0.025 optical density/min and platelet aggregation index by 9.1 %. At the same time, there was no significant decrease in platelet disaggregation index.
In the third experiment, where venous blood was MCS-B, compared with the control significantly (P<0.001) marked a sharp decrease by 0.0108 optical density/min and platelet aggregation index by 12.4%. Also increase in platelet disaggregation index was revealed significantly (P < 0.001) by 12%. In the fourth experiment, where the treatment of venous blood by MSC-B with followed by its removed, compared with the control, there was a significant (P<0.001) increase in rate by 0.017 optical density/min and platelet aggregation index by 7%. Significant increase in platelet disaggregation wasn't observed. However, compared with the 2nd experiment, where 0.9% NaCl was added to the blood, an increase of platelet disaggregation index by 5% (p<0.01) was reliably revealed. For clarity, the dynamics of platelet aggregation in different versions of the experiments is presented graphically in Fig. 3. Comparative analysis of the results of the 3rd and 4th experiments showed that the main reason of the differences effects that were obtained is associated with different methods of applications of MCS-B. In the third experiment, the MCS-B nanoparticles were not removed from the blood. Since MCS-B nanoparticles have sorption activity, a certain amount of them is sorbed on the surface of protein structures of platelet membranes. The constant magnetic field that induced by MCS-B nanoparticles (300-400 kA/m) changes not only the bioelectric charge of platelet membranes [40], but also affects intracellular biochemical processes, activity of enzyme systems. Ultimately this caused activation of disaggregation, decreased of rate and platelet aggregation index in the third experiment. The data of I. M. Movshovich and M. A. Shilo confirm the above. The constant magnetic field slows down ESR and improves microcirculation. This is associated with disaggregating effect of magnetic field, decrease in viscosity and hemostatic potential of blood with improvement of its rheological properties [41]. N. F. Lezhenina and V. N. Rodionov also note that the use of magnetic hemotherapy in combination with hemosorption allows to reduce the dose of anticoagulants [42]. Reasoning about the mechanism of the effects obtained it should be said that the magnetic field can cause synchronization of initially weak oscillations of several groups of cells (trigger reaction), which is confirmed by scientific works of a number of authors [41,43,44]. Such in-phase oscillations can be as an information signal for various regulatory systems of the body, which leads to various macroscopic effects in the form of conformational restructuring of cellular structures. Self-oscillations, probably occurring in the blood cell membranes, when the vibrational part of the membrane begins to act as a pump, have a significant impact on the ionic and molecular transport of substances through the cell membrane. The magnetic field affects the processes of lipid peroxidation and redox processes, elements of cell structures, protein-enzyme molecules having a dipole moment [45].
Adding to the list of mechanisms of influence of magnetic fields on biological processes, it should be noted the process of structuring water with a change in the orientation of the nuclear spins of hydrogen in its molecule, which probably also affects the course of enzymatic processes [46,47].
Thus, the effect of predominance of magnetic properties of MCS-B nanoparticles over sorption ones was observed in the third experiment.
MCS-B nanoparticles increase the negative charge of the membrane, which leads to a decrease in their aggregation.
In contrast in the fourth experiment where MCS-B was extracted from venous blood using a constant magnetic field (20-25 mT) the sorption properties of the nanoparticles prevailed over the magnetic ones [20]. The mechanism of action of MCS-B was primarily associated with the effect of sorption of surface proteins of blood cell membranes [22]. The result of the above effect is a reliable decrease in the platelet aggregation rate (P<0.05) and an increase in the platelet disaggregation index (P<0.01) compared to the experiment in which 0.9% NaCl was used.

Summary
The results of the study showed that the use of NaCl saline solution in conditions of severe disturbances of blood microcirculation and rheology in order to improve them is not only doubtful, but also unsafe. In this case, the colloidal suspension equilibrium of platelets is shifted towards a significant (P<0.001) increase in the rate and index of their aggregation. On the contrary, the use of MCS-B nanoparticles significantly (P<0.05) revealed an increase in the stability of colloidal suspension of blood cells (platelets), which in conditions of impaired microcirculation and rheology of blood is an important pathogenetic factor for the occurrence of sanogenetic effects. In the case of correction of the platelet link of the blood coagulation system, blood treatment by MCS-B nanoparticles is preferable to the introduction of 0.9% NaCl. First of all, this is probably due to the restoration of the Zeta potential of platelets [20].

1.
In the experiment aggregation of platelets was suppressed with means extracorporeally by using nanoparticles of magnet-controlled sorbent (MСS-B).