Bladder and Urothelial Carcinoma by Response of Serum Tumor Markers

Abstract Tumor markers such as beta Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (bHCG) and Carboxyhydrate Antigen 19-9 (CA19-9) have long been associated with bladder cancer and although their expression is associated with poorer oncological outcomes, they have little role in the routine clinical management of this disease. Recent advances in engineered antibody technology have lead to renewed interest in these markers as potential targets for new therapeutics. Here we report the case of a patient with locally advanced bladder cancer and the response of serum bHCG and CA19-9 to endoscopic resection and then radical cystectomy and serves to highlight how these tumor markers might be used to measure treatment effect.


Introduction
The use of serum tumor markers such as beta human chorionic gonadotropin (bHCG) and carboxyhydrate antigen 19-9 (CA19-9) in the routine evaluation for bladder cancer remains undefined despite their association with aggressive disease characteristics [1,2]. With the emergence of antibody-based therapy for solid malignancies in the form of monoclonal antibodies and antibody-drug conjugates [3], there has been renewed interest in these little used biomarkers as they may constitute tumor specific targets at which chemotherapeutic payloads can be directed, or allow for specialized imaging techniques through engineered antibodies. Pre-clinical data suggests that both CA19-9 and bHCG might be targeted with such new therapeutics in bladder cancer, and whilst studies have previously focused on their utility as prognostic or screening biomarkers, their response to therapy in bladder cancer is not well known. In their report, Malkhasyan and colleagues describe a case of metastatic bladder urothelial carcinoma and the dramatic response of serum bHCG to systemic chemotherapy [4]. In a similar report but in the context of surgical excision, we present a case of locally advanced urothelial carcinoma of the bladder and the response of both serum bHCG and CA19-9 to endoscopic resection followed by radical cystectomy.

Case Study
A 51 year old female was referred to our service with a pelvic mass. She had originally presented to her general practitioner and subsequently our emergency department with several months of hematuria and symptomatic anemia requiring blood transfusion. She had a past history of hypertension and irregular menstruation, with no significant occupation exposure or history of tobacco smoking. There was no family history of malignancy. After blood transfusion with three units of packed red blood cells, her hemoglobin level improved from 40g/L to 67g/L. Imaging with pelvic ultrasound and computed tomography (CT) with contrast revealed a 4.6 × 4.8 cm mass arising from the bladder (Figure 1) which extended to the right vesico-ureteric junction as well as marked hydronephrosis and hydroureter .
Other staging investigations including CT chest and whole body bone scintigraphy showed no evidence of distant metastasis. No staging positron emission tomography (PET) scan was ordered at this time. Due to an uncertain initial diagnosis and the prospect of gynecological malignancy, tumor markers to evaluate a pelvic mass had already been ordered and revealed a CA19-9 of 53 kU/L (Reference range 0-35 kU/L), and bHCG of 5 U/L (Reference range 0-2 U/L). Other markers including alpha fetoprotein (AFP) (3.8 ug/L; Reference range 0-10 ug/L) were within normal range.
CT scan axial view of right sided bladder mass prior to TURBT.
At cystoscopy an extensive solid and papillary tumor that encompassed the entirety of the right lateral wall and extended to the dome was encountered and the patient proceeded to transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT). The tumor was incompletely resected and follow-up CT scans showed the extent of residual tumor as well as the proximity to the iliac artery and vein (Figure 2A and 2B). It also showed ongoing right sided hydronephrosis and hydroureter, which was unchanged from the previous CT scan. Histopathological examination of the tumor chips demonstrated high grade muscle invasive urothelial carcinoma with squamous cell differentiation.

Open Article
Research Article  The patient continued to be symptomatic with transfusion dependent haematuria. Her case was presented as the urology multi-disciplinary team meeting (consisting of urologists, oncologists, radiologists and pathologists) for further management. Due to the ongoing hydronephrosis and bleeding, it was felt she was not a suitable candidate for neoadjuvant chemotherapy, instead being more suitable to proceed directly to an anterior pelvic extenteration. This was discussed with that patient, and she agreed to the operation.

Journal of Cancer Research and Cellular Therapeutics
She proceeded to anterior pelvic exenteration with radical cystectomy, hysterectomy, bilateral pelvic lymphadenopathy and ileal conduit formation. During her operation, she was confirmed to have T4 disease with spread to the pelvic wall. Unfortunately, her tumor was incompletely excised with tissue remaining adherent to the pelvic wall and right sided iliac vessels.
Pathology of the tumor confirmed urothelial carcinoma with moderate squamous cell differentiation and metastases to 3 out of 9 regional lymph nodes on the left side ( Figure 3). Immunostaining for bHCG was positive (Figure 4), but we were unable to stain for CA19-9 for technical reasons. Her post-cystectomy tumor markers normalized with respect to our standard reference ranges a week later (CA19-9: 11 kU/L and BHCG: 2 U/L). No other preoperative cause was found to explain the increase in the tumor markers.The patient recovered well following her cystectomy, and was referred onwards for adjuvant chemotherapy with a course of methotrexate, vinblastine, doxorubicin and cisplatin.

Methodology
Quantitative analysis of serum bHCG was performed using the Immulite hCG assay on an Immulite 1000 instrument according to manufacturer's instructions (Siemens Healthcare GmbH, Germany).

Discussion
The CT scan was performed with a Siemen 64 slice CT scanner. Iohexol (Omnipaque 350) solution was used for contrast. Following a pre-contrast scan, 40ml of intravenous Omnipaque 350 solution was injected and a ten minutes delay phase captured. A further 50ml of Omnipaque 350 solution was injected and the scan repeated to capture an arterial phase.
We have presented a case of locally advanced bladder urothelial carcinoma where serum CA19-9 and bHCG were both elevated preoperatively, remained elevated in response to TURBT (in the case of bHCG, elevated slightly), yet resolved to within normal reference ranges following radical surgical excision, albeit with residual tumor remaining. Similar findings have been previously reported in a case post cystectomy of a tumor expressing carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and CA19-9 [5]. Serum levels of CEA and CA 19-9 reduced post operatively. Both CA19-9 and bHCG have previously been shown to correlate with more aggressive disease and poorer outcomes in bladder cancer.
CA19-9 is a carbohydrate antigen related to the Lewis A blood group antigen with a role in E-selectin mediated metastasis in cancer and is best known for its association with pancreatic cancer [6]. Although immunohistologically positive in only up to 30% of bladder cancers [1], elevation of serum levels prior to cystectomy appear to confer a worse five year survival [2,7]. Although a fall in serum CA19-9 levels has been demonstrated in the context of chemotherapy [8], there has not been a documented improvement in survival for bladder cancer as has been similarly shown in pancreatic cancer [9]. Nevertheless, the location of the CA19-9 glycoprotein on the outermost layer of the cell membrane allows ease of antibody targeting, and Girgis and colleagues have demonstrated in a preclinical study the ability to target CA19-9 with radiolabelled anti CA19-9 antibodies to produce antigen-specific microPET images. This in turn promises to translate to therapeutic payloads targeted via engineered antibodies against CA19-9 and new systemic agents for bladder cancer [10].
In contrast, therapies towards bHCG already exist and the secretion of this gonadotropin itself has been associated with bladder cancer since 1904 with an abundance of literature to this effect [4]. Approximately 35% of bladder cancer cases involve ectopic bHCG production and elevated levels of urinary, serum, or immunohistochemical bHCG have all been correlated to higher tumor grade, stage, metastatic potential, worse prognosis, and poor response to radiotherapy possibly through inhibited apoptosis [11][12][13][14]. Furthermore, Douglas and colleagues reported a dramatic reduction in five year recurrence free survival from 75% to 26% for patients with elevated serum bHCG following cystectomy [2]. Efforts towards the development of effective contraception through bHCG vaccines has in turn lead to a potentially new therapy against bHCG secreting bladder cancer, particularly if specific immunogenicity can be improved [15]. Preclinical studies suggest that bHCG targeting antibodies can be used for targeted cancer therapy [16], and indeed a Phase II trial for a vaccine against bHCG-secreting bladder cancer is already underway [17].
Urachal carcinomas are usually locally advanced at presentation with a high risk of distant metastases. However, long-term survival following radical resection occurs in a significant fraction of patients (16 of 35 in our series), supporting an attempt at margin-negative, en bloc resection if at all possible.

J Cancer Research and Cellular Therapeutics
Chemotherapy appropriate for enteric type adenocarcinoma can induce objective responses but meaningful improvement in survival is not yet demonstrated