Exploring Religiosity as Mediator of The Association Between Democratic Parenting, Peer Support, and Self - Concept Among Adolescent Moral Literacy

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INTRODUCTION
The current phenomenon shows that there is a problem in the moral problems of teenagers.News about brawls, bullying, theft, and many problems that occur to teenagers is no longer strange in the news in Indonesia.Moral issues are troubling parents, teachers, and all stakeholders.So, it is important to pay attention to moral issues that are not only a concept but morals that can be implemented in daily life which is called moral literacy.Some of these cases are quoted from Detik 1 there was an arrest of 9 Begal in Palembang who were still children.Komnas PA added data on reports of 112 cases involving children that occurred in Depok City Throughout 2018. 2 The Indonesian Child Protection Commission (ICPC) noted that the number of children who become perpetrators of crime has increased every year. 3rom 2011 to the end of 2018, as many as 11,116 children in Indonesia were involved in criminal cases.This data is reinforced by Sindonews 4 where as many as 122 children were secured by the West Jakarta Metro Police over the past year.Hundreds of these children had to deal with the police because they were involved in a series of crimes ranging from theft, and brawls, to murder.
ICPC commissioner for children in conflict with the law, said sexual crime cases dominate the field, with children as perpetrators and victims. 5Regarding situations where children become perpetrators and have to deal with the law, he said various factors contribute to this occurrence.According to research conducted by ICPC in 15 juvenile prisons in Indonesia, the driving factors for these crimes range from socialization to social media.For example, the case of Renggo Khadafi, 11, who died after being molested by his classmate Sy on April 28, 2014. 6The act of persecution was carried out in the classroom and witnessed by his friends in Class V of SDN 9 Makassar.Some of the cases mentioned above illustrate the moral decline caused by the absence of moral literacy skills.This is supported by several studies that examine moral literacy.
Previous research has shown that democratic parenting, peer support, and selfconcept play an important role in the development of adolescents' moral literacy. 7Hussain 8 and Rosyidul 9 highlighted that democratic parenting helps adolescents develop social skills and self-confidence, while peer support strengthens self-identity and internalizes moral values.
Where a positive self-concept is also associated with good moral behavior. 10However, there are still limitations in understanding how religiosity plays a mediator in this relationship. 1112his study aims to fill the gap by exploring the interaction between democratic parenting, peer support, self-concept, and religiosity in influencing adolescent moral literacy, especially in the context of Indonesian culture.
Many factors influence moral literacy.However, in this study, three factors will be examined, namely democratic parenting, peer support, and religiosity.Several reasons can explain why these factors have a significant influence in shaping a person's moral literacy. 13verall, democratic parenting, peer support, and self-concept are three important factors in shaping one's moral literacy.Parenting provides a foundation of moral values, peer support influences views and behaviors, self-concept can affect moral literacy by influencing one's views, values, and moral judgments while religiosity can affect one's level of awareness of moral and ethical issues. 14Combining the positive influence of these three factors and increasing awareness of important moral values can help individuals develop strong moral literacy.The purpose of this study is to examine the influence of democratic parenting, peer support, and self-concept on moral literacy through religiosity.

METHOD
The research design is used to answer the problems that have been formulated, the research objectives to be achieved and at the same time testing the hypothesis.This research is expost-facto research using a survey approach and is associative research that intends to explain the position of the variables studied and the relationship between one variable and another. 15 16 he population in this study amounted to 964 students from 7 schools in Medan.This study uses exogenous variables, consisting of; X1 = Democratic Parenting, X2 = Peer Support, X3 = Self-Concept, Mediator Variable = Religiosity, and Endogenous Variable = Moral Literacy.In the Operational Definition of Variables analyzed, Democratic Parenting, Peer support, Self Concept, Religiosity, and Moral Literacy.

Figure 1: Theoretical Model of Moral Literacy in Adolescents
The data collection technique used is by using survey methods, questionnaires, or questionnaires.Validity and Reliability Tests testing content validity requires expert opinion so expert judgment is needed. 17This expert judgment assessment is then calculated using Aiken's V formula to obtain the content validity coefficient following the construct being measured.The Aitem Discrimination Power Test testing of item discrimination power is done by calculating the correlation coefficient between item scores whose correlation is less than 0.30 is declared to have low differentiation power and should not be used as part of the research instrument.Test item discrimination power using the Corrected item and Total correlation.In the Reliability Test, the results of a measurement will be reliable if, in several measurements of the same group of subjects, relatively the same results are obtained. 18ata analysis techniques using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). 1920The advantages of SEM are due to its ability to display a comprehensive model along with its ability to confirm the dimensions of a construct or factor and its ability to measure the influence of theoretical relationships. 17Saifuddin Azwar, Penyusunan Skala Psikologi (Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar, 2000). 18Saifuddin Azwar, Reliabilitas Dan Validitas (Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar, 2013

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Democratic Parenting
Based on the results of the trial on democratic parenting, it is known that the valid democratic parenting instrument is 24 items.After that, a trial calculation is carried out with a blueprint that has been rearranged, to get results such as table 1.Total 24 In the trial conducted on the religiosity variable on democratic parenting, the results of the calculation of all items were valid because the value of the difference power range was> 0.3.To take research data, the items used were 24 items.Based on the results of the initial CFA analysis of the multidimensional model of democratic parenting, it was found that the multidimensional model fit with the GoF value as follows: Based on the table above, it is known that the value of RMSEA = 0.024, RMR = 0.011, CFI = 1.000,TLI = 1.000,GFI = 0.971, AGFI = 0.965.All six criteria used are declared a good fit.

Peer Support
Based on the results of the trial on peer support, it is known that there are 24 valid instruments.After that, a trial calculation was carried out with a blueprint that had been rearranged, so that the results were as shown in Table 2.

Table 3. Peer Support Instrument Items
In the trial conducted on the peer support variable in the first round, the results of the calculation of all items were valid because the value of the difference power range was> 0.3.To take research data, the items used were 24 items.Based on the results of the initial CFA analysis of the multidimensional model of peer support, it was found that RMSEA = 0.005, CFI = 0.999, TLI = 0.999, GFI = 0.958, AGFI = 0.955.These results found a multidimensional model that is not fit.Then a model change is made by removing items with high covariance values and or covarying with many other items.So that the fit model is obtained with the GoF value as follows: Based on the table above, it is known that the value of RMSEA = 0.009, RMR = 0.010, CFI = 0.988, TLI = 0.988, GFI = 0.961, AGFI = 0.955.All six criteria used were declared a good fit.

Self-concept
Based on the results of the trial on the self-concept instrument, there are 23 valid items.After that, a trial calculation is carried out with a blueprint that has been rearranged, which can get results as in Table 5.
Table 5 In the trials conducted on the self-concept variable in the fourth round, the results of the calculation of all items were valid because the value of the difference power range was> 0.3.To take research data, the items used were 24 items.In addition to getting the results of item discrimination, the reliability results of the data constructs from the existing trials were also obtained, the reliability results of each construct.
Based on the results of the initial CFA analysis of the multidimensional model of selfconcept, it was found that the multidimensional model fits the model with the following GoF values: Based on the table above, it is known that the value of RMSEA = 0.011, RMR = 0.011, CFI = 0.998, TLI = 0.998, GFI = 0.976, AGFI = 0.969.All six criteria used were declared a good fit.

Moral Literacy
Moral literacy is a complex achievement that involves the ability to navigate complex moral situations and respond appropriately to moral considerations21 .It is not simply knowing and applying moral rules but also involves the ability to recognize and handle moral considerations in changing situations, to think about moral issues, to imagine alternative moral possibilities, and to manage one's own emotions and empathize with others.Says that moral literacy is the ability to evaluate moral issues from various points of view, the ability to assess differences and provide other views on a matter22 .Explains that moral literacy is a standard of the ability to make decisions that are considered right or wrong.According to Clifford, this is a basic requirement in moral literacy23 .A moral actor cannot be considered literate if he cannot make decisions.Moral literacy is not just a collection of facts, but rather a level of competence in both moral judgment (interpretation of facts) and action (behavior)24 .In the trial conducted on the moral literacy variable in the second round, the results of the calculation of all items were valid because the value of the difference power range was> 0.3.To take research data, the items used were 24 items.

Religiosity
Based on the results of the trial on the Religiousness Instrument, it is known that the valid religiosity instrument is 22 items.After that, the calculation of the trial in the second round with the blueprint that has been rearranged can get results as in Table 8.

Total 22
In the trials conducted on the religiosity variable in the third round, the results of the calculation of all items were valid because the value of the difference power range was> 0.3.To take research data, the items used were 22 items.

Correlation Test Correlation between Constructs
The correlation test is intended to obtain the magnitude of the variable relationship value and the direction of the relationship, positive or negative.Researchers conducted a correlation test as an initial analysis before conducting regression and SEM analysis.The construct correlation image and its value can be seen in the following: In this figure, it is known that each variable is correlated with the number of items that have been discarded during the analysis of the constructed model per variable and then which are also discarded at the correlation test stage so that they are fit.The study also found that between variables have a significant relationship because the value of r count> r table.

Research Model Test
Researchers then tested the research model with SEM analysis by the theory used.The fit model image is as follows:

Discussion
This study has proven the measurement model and structural model of the influence of democratic parenting, peer support, and self-concept on moral literacy mediated by religiosity in adolescents.The measurement model test has been analyzed and the results show that the items of each indicator used can measure one construct, as evidenced by the multidimensionality value of the indicator through confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), the results of construct validity and construct reliability have good values; as well as the structural model.

The influence of democratic parenting on moral literacy
Democratic parenting promotes the development of children's critical skills, including the ability to analyze moral situations, assess the consequences of actions, and make responsible decisions.Children raised in a democratic environment tend to be more open to different values and beliefs, allowing them to develop an inclusive moral literacy.Open communication and constant dialog in democratic parenting can help children interpret moral situations, understand value conflicts, and build a deeper understanding of ethics.The results of this study are supported by research conducted25 , found that democratic parenting applied by parents can facilitate the development of moral literacy 26 , added that democratic parenting can control children to always do good.Reported that democratic parenting balanced with religious values can strengthen the understanding of moral values in children 27 .Where democratic parenting based on religious values can improve the ability to understand morals in children.Found that democratic parenting integrated with religious values can mediate the relationship between religiosity and moral literacy in children. 28xamined the effects of democratic parenting based on religious values on the development of moral literacy in children. 29See that democratic parenting linked to religion can improve moral literacy in children across cultures. 3031Explored the relationship between democratic parenting, religiosity, and moral literacy in adolescents. 32Found that democratic parenting based on religious values can mediate the relationship between religiosity and moral literacy in children. 33Reported that democratic parenting linked to religious values can suggest that increasing moral literacy in children in complex moral situations 34 .Showed that democratic parenting reinforced by religious values has a significant effect on children's moral literacy across different cultural contexts.35

The influence of peer support on moral literacy
The influence of peer support on moral literacy can have a significant impact on the development of one's moral values and ethical behavior.Here are some ways in which engagement with peers can influence moral literacy.Through interactions with peers, individuals can observe and learn from the moral behavior of their peers.Peers who demonstrate positive attitudes, honesty, empathy, and tolerance can be inspirational models for moral value development. 36Through shared activities and social experiences with peers, one can encounter moral situations that require decision-making.This process can help hone moral literacy skills in understanding and responding to ethical challenges.Peers can be an important source of moral support.The existence of healthy and supportive friendships can provide a space for individuals to share values, moral concerns, and life experiences.Interaction with peers allows one to better understand the feelings and perspectives of others.
This can develop empathy skills and help in the formation of more mature moral values.Through discussion and exchange of ideas with peers, individuals can be exposed to a variety of moral values and perspectives.This can stimulate personal reflection and enrich moral literacy with a deeper understanding of the complexity of values.Peers are often part of a social environment that establishes shared norms and rules.Engaging in this environment can help one understand and adhere to the moral norms of the group.Interaction with peers can help individuals form their moral identity.In this process, values received from peers can become an integral part of how individuals interpret and internalize moral principles.The research results obtained in this study are supported by other studies that have been conducted.Research by Brown and Dewi found that peer support significantly correlates with the development of moral literacy in adolescents. 3738Examined the relationship between peer support and the level of moral decision-making in high school students.39

The influence of self-concept on moral literacy
Self-concept, or an individual's perception of his or her own identity and values, can have a significant influence on moral literacy.How a person sees himself and how he understands his values and moral principles can shape ethical behavior and moral decisions.
Here are some of the influences of self-concept on moral literacy.Individuals with a strong and cohesive self-concept are more likely to maintain their integrity.They have a clear understanding of their moral values and are committed to adhering to those principles.A selfconcept that is sensitive to moral values can enhance moral awareness.Individuals may be more likely to consider the ethical consequences of their actions and strive to act according to held values.Individuals with a strong self-concept may be more likely to have moral courage, which is the ability to make decisions that are in line with their moral values, even in the face of social pressure or negative consequences.If an individual sees themselves as having high moral values, this may motivate them to act by moral norms and pay attention to ethical aspects in their daily lives.
A solid self-concept can provide a basis for moral resilience. 4041Individuals who have a good understanding of their moral identity may be better able to cope with moral pressures and conflicts.A good self-concept can also help individuals understand themselves and others more deeply.This can enrich moral literacy by recognizing the diversity of moral values and perspectives.A dynamic self-concept and openness to moral growth can encourage individuals to constantly consider and reflect on their moral values over time.Some studies that support the results of this study are research conducted by Brown found that positive self-concept correlates with better moral behavior in children. 42Sani & NRH examined the relationship between self-concept and moral decision-making in adolescents. 43esearch conducted by Ranny explores how self-concept influences moral judgments in adolescents. 44Respati showed that a strong self-concept in early adolescence can predict consistent moral behavior in adulthood. 45Research by Zuldafrial shows that self-concept has a universal impact on the development of moral literacy. 46Research O'Mara suggests that interventions that promote positive self-concept can improve moral understanding in children and also usually positive thinking. 4748Meta-analysis research by Brown concluded that there is a significant positive relationship between positive self-concept and moral literacy across age ranges. 49Where is the relationship between self-concept and moral attitudes in adolescents?Research by Johnson found that increased self-concept in children also contributes to improved moral behavior. 50A strong self-concept can help individuals to maintain consistent moral behavior in challenging situations.

The Influence of peer support on moral literacy through mediators of Religiosity
The influence of peer support on moral literacy through mediators of religiosity can play an important role in shaping an individual's moral values.Here are ways in which peer support can affect moral literacy through the influence of religiosity as a mediator. 51Peer support that exhibits positive religious behavior can serve as a model for individuals.Observation of peers who practice religious values can motivate and shape an individual's moral understanding.Through interaction and exchange of religious values and beliefs with peers, individuals can deepen their understanding of moral literacy.Shared discussion and reflection can help internalize moral values.Peer support can create a sense of solidarity in religious values.Jointly applying these values in everyday life can strengthen moral literacy through mediators of social and spiritual experience.
A social environment made up of peers who support religious values can create social norms that promote moral literacy.This social climate can provide support and reinforcement in the development of moral consciousness.Peers who engage in religious communities together can deepen the religious experience.Participation in joint religious activities can be a mediator that enriches moral literacy.Moral and ethical support from peers in religious contexts can reinforce moral values. 52, 53 Peers who provide support in defending religious principles can contribute to moral literacy through social support mediators.Self-conformity with peers who share similar religious values can create a shared identity and understanding.It can act as a mediator that strengthens moral literacy in the context of religious values.
Social exchange theory suggests that peer support can be a positive driver for adopting religious values and building moral literacy through positive social interaction and mutual support.Smith, E., & Brown found that peer support grounded in religious values can facilitate the development of moral literacy in adolescents. 54Brown reports that peer support that occurs in religious contexts can strengthen the understanding of moral values in children. 55Martínez found that peer support in religious communities can be a source of moral inspiration for adolescents. 56Lee & Park found that peer support associated with religious activities can mediate the relationship between religiosity and moral literacy in adolescents. 57Rochimah examined the effect of peer support based on religious values on the development of moral literacy in children 58 .Lee & Park report that peer support in religious contexts can improve moral literacy in children in various cultures. 59Where the relationship between peer support, religiosity, and moral literacy in adolescents, a religious context can mediate the relationship between religiosity and moral literacy in children.Smith & Brown report that peer support in religious contexts can result in increased moral literacy in children in complex moral situations. 60

The Influence of self-concept on Moral Literacy Through mediators of Religiosity
The influence of self-concept on moral literacy through mediators can create a complex relationship between self-perception and understanding of moral values.Here are some ways in which self-concept can affect moral literacy through mediators.A self-concept that includes moral integrity and consistency of values can be a mediator for moral literacy.If a person sees himself or herself as an individual who sticks to moral principles, this can influence their moral decisions and actions.Self-concept, which includes the perception of moral responsibility, can mediate the relationship between how a person sees himself or herself and the extent to which they or feels responsible for making moral decisions and acting according to those values, This is also to avoid bullying in adolescents. 61Self-awareness of the values and moral norms espoused can act as a mediator.If a person has a high moral awareness of his self-concept, this can strengthen moral literacy.
Self-acceptance in a moral context, including acceptance of moral strengths and weaknesses, can mediate the influence of self-concept on moral literacy.Self-acceptance can provide a basis for moral growth and improvement.A self-concept that understands the difference between good and bad can serve as a mediator.Self-understanding of moral aspects can guide individuals in making the right moral decisions. 62Self-concept that includes moral toughness, that is, the ability to remain true to moral values in the face of pressure or temptation, can be a powerful mediator for moral literacy.If a person identifies himself with a model of moral behavior, that self-concept can be a mediator between moral identity and understanding of moral values.This identification can motivate moral action and shape moral literacy.A self-concept that is open to moral growth and development can mediate the relationship between self-understanding and moral literacy.
The process of reflection and continuous learning can be a mediator in enriching moral literacy.The results of this study are supported by research conducted by Vitell found that a positive self-concept reinforced by religious values can facilitate the development of moral literacy in adolescents. 63Błażek & Besta report that self-concept associated with religious values can strengthen the understanding of moral values in children. 64Martínez found that self-concept reinforced by religious values can improve moral comprehension abilities in children. 65From self-concept based on religious values to the development of moral literacy in children.Meanwhile, Lee & Park see that self-concept related to religious values can increase moral literacy in children in various cultures. 66This self-concept also linked to religious values can result in increased moral literacy in children in complex moral situations.Self-concept reinforced by religious values has a significant effect on moral literacy in children in a variety of cultural contexts.

CONCLUSION
After conducting research, it was found that the assumption that authoritarian parenting can shape the morale of adolescents was refuted by this study which found that it is democratic parenting that can improve the ability of adolescents to respond well to moral problems.Positive peer support and positive adolescent self-concept have a good influence on improving adolescent moral literacy.In addition, religiosity was found to be a moderating variable between democratic parenting, peer support, and self-concept, where when students have good religiosity, they will be able to respond well to moral issues.Theoretically, this study describes how the results of previous research are related to the variables in the research so that a comparison is made from each previous research finding.Thus, the results of this study show that theoretically, the variables of democratic parenting, peer support, and selfconcept can play a role in moral literacy and religiosity.It was also found that religiosity can be a mediator variable.Thus, the results of this study can be a reference for information and theoretical recommendations in the study of educational psychology to consider the use of moral literacy and religiosity construct models in developing good moral attitudes.
This study has limitations related to the sample that only focuses on students in Muhammadiyah schools in Medan City.So that the results cannot be generalized to other teenagers.Therefore, further research is recommended to look at the problem of moral literacy in public school adolescents in other cities.In addition, this study does not see differences in gender so it equalizes as a whole and cannot provide different interventions while the character of adolescent boys and adolescent girls have different tendencies.Looking at the approach used, this study purely uses quantitative methods so it has not been able to find a deeper reason related to the problem of moral literacy.Therefore, for a more in-depth and comprehensive understanding, it is recommended to be able to conduct research with mixed methods.

Table 9 . Cronbach's Alpha Instrument Reliability Test Value Instrument Cronbach Alpha
It is known that all instruments have a high-reliability value because they are in the range of 0.70 -0.95, so it can be said that the instrument shows good consistency and stability (Sugiyono, 2010) (Sugiyono, 2013) (Yusuf, 2014) (A.Muri Yusuf, n.d.)(Hardani et al., 2020).