ISLAM AND THE PLIGHT OF INTERNALLY DISPLACED PERSONS (IDPS) IN IDP CAMPS IN ABUJA, NIGERIA

The paper is based on a study conducted on the Plight of Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) in Abuja, Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria. The study sought to find out the socio-economic and psychological conditions of three IDP camps in Durumi, Karmajiji and Dakwa, and the extent of state and non-state actors support to the camps. Data was sourced through key Informant Interview, Focus Group Discussion and documents. The IDPs lacked access to quality hygiene, education and health services and found to be distressed and traumatized. The study found little support from the state, but enormous contributions from NGOs and philanthropists. The study recommends among others that IDP camps should be taken over by the state to provide basic amenities and empowerment.


INTRODUCTION
In the last two decades, Nigeria has been ravaged by insecurity occasional by Boko Haram insurgency in the northeast region and of ethno-religious crisis in north-central region. At the height of the insurgency, Boko Haram took some territory. These have caused massive internal displacement. Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) camps were established in places of relative safety. Also, schools, uncompleted buildings by private individuals, empty government buildings were converted into camps. IDPs have also been shattered by friends and relations.
Although, Abuja, the Federal Capital Territory is located in the North-Central region of Nigeria, the epicenter of ethno-religious crisis, the territory is relatively safe. Therefore, displaced persons have trooped into the territory to be sheltered in camps and with friends and relatives. Consequently, there are a number of informal camps established in the territory by non-governmental organizations. IDP camps are supervised by the National Emergency Management Agency (NEMA), and supported by the government and non-governmental bodies.
IDPs have been compelled to leave their homes to safe places as a result of conflicts and faced numerous challenges including accommodation, access to food, education, health and their security and safety. Upon safe arrival at their new but temporary location, IDPs have basic needs to be met to live a decent live including shelter, water, food, health, clothing, security, information and so forth. 111 Al-Mada: Vol 4 no 1, 2021 The displaced persons have lost their source of livelihood, resources and savings to disaster and other hardship 1 and therefore need support to restart their lives. The IDPs appear to have no voice and obtain little assistance and are denied opportunities to design and monitor activities that affect them and their children. Further, mothers and girls in displacement are exposed to all sorts of atrocities and exploitation that includes rape, sexual violence and discrimination 2 .
This study therefore examines the plight of IDPs in Abuja, FCT, in terms of their shelter and access to food, education, health care, water and sources of livelihood. The level of support extended to them by the government and other non-governmental actors in resettling them and providing conditions that give them comfort and encourage their safe return.

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
The United Nations report, guiding principles on Internal Displacement defines internal displacement as forced migration from a place of crises to another of relative safety while Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) are: 1 Persons or groups of persons who have been forced or obliged to flee or to leave their homes or places of habitual residence, in particular as a result of or in order to avoid the effect of armed conflict, situation of generalized violence, violation of human rights or natural or man-made disasters, who have not crossed internationally recognized border 3 . Internal Displaced Persons are those who flee their homes to avoid effect of armed conflict, situation of generalized violence, violation of human rights or natural or man-made disasters 4 . The UNCHR report of 2016 reveals that internal displacement is a global crisis. There are 65.6 million forcely displaced persons worldwide out of which 25.5 million are refugees while 40.3 million are internally displaced by conflict and about 2.8 million are seeking asylnn 5 . The IDPs face various challenges including security, access to basic services, education, health and violation of their rights 6 .
Studies have found that IDPs prefer to seek shelter with relatives rather than live in camps. They seek refugee with family, friends or host communities in areas where their ethnic or religious groups is in majority 7 . Similarly, UNHCR 8 found that many IDPs were not found in camp but seek shelter where possible including railway station, aluminum containers, abandoned buildings and urban slumps. Also, 91.4 percent of IDPs displaced in 2014 live with their relatives while 7.6 percent stay in camps 9 . 2 Al-Mada: Vol 4 no 1, 2021 The full scope of IDPs in Nigeria is unknown due to limited capacity of the state to collect data and the complex nature of displacement 10 . Where data exists, they are mere estimates and inaccurate because of the dynamic nature of internal displacement 11 . However, Obikaeze and Onuoha 2016 projected that Abuja host 15,154 IDPs in 2,510 IDP households with household size of 6 12 .

METHOD
The scope of the study is the three IDP camps in Abuja Municipal Area Council of the Federal Capital Territory, Abuja, Nigeria located in Durumi, Karmajiji and Dakwa. Durumi IDP camp is located in Area I District of the city, near Old Secretariat by Dunamis Redeem Church, Garki, Abuja.It was established on 15 th February, 2014 with a population of 2,740 as at 2017 13 . It has a support group and is populated by IDPs from North-Eastern states of Borno, Yobe and Adamawa. The camp consists of tents and make-shift shelter surrounded by residential buildings and public offices. It has a primary school and clinic built by philanthropists and NGOs. 3 The Karmajiji camp is located a few kilometres from Abuja city gate. It is located in remote area of the suburb and consists of 500 IDPs 14 . The camp is also populated by people from North-East states. It has a Nursery and Primary School in temporary structure where children are taught both Islamic and primary education. The camp is a make staff accommodation with tents.
Dakwa IDP camp is located in Dakwa, a small town, in AMAC. The IDPs are sheltered by friends and relatives as well as rented apartments. There is no special school or clinic, for IDPs, rather, they accessed education and health services from the community. The study population comprises of IDPs in three camps. The scope of the issues are mainly on the plight of IDPs in three camps in respect of their shelter and access to food, health, education, water and their political rights.
The data for the study were obtained through secondary sources in the form of documents from agencies such as NEMA and NGOs as well as primary sources through focus group discussion (FGD) with male and female IDPs and key informant interviews (KII) with IDP leaders and head of government and non-governmental organizations. Qualitative technique of data analysis was employed. The three camps are informal settlements comprising of tents and make-shift shelter. IDPs also live with their friends and relatives, especially in Karmjiji and Dakwa. The average number of household is between 6-7 persons. The IDPs made their tents in all the three camps. A few households live in rented tents in Karamajiji camp while a few rented houses were found in Dakwa. The IDPs in all the camps faced enormous challenges of leaking roof and flooding during the rainy season. 4 The respondents generally felt dissatisfied with their shelter and expressed fear over the type of shelter they lived in due to the danger surrounding it, particularly during rainy season. A focus group discussion (FGD) male respondent from Dakwa noted:

PLIGHT OF IDPs
Our accommodations are dilapidated and congested which caused severe sickness, especially to our children. The tenets were made from wood and due to long stay are infected by maggots. Another FGD male respondent from Karamajiji lamented the quality of their shelter. He argued that: The rooms are small and overcrowded with average number of household 7-8 family members, sometimes, there are up to 10 members in a tent. Most family members sleep on mats and leather. The condition of our accommodation is sub-human. Even where IDPs rented rooms like in Karamajiji and Dakawa, there are fears about upcoming rents and threats of eviction by landlords. In Karamajiji, male respondent maintained that: We in Karamajiji, felt threatened by both our landlords and the Government. We learnt that the government will demolish our tents while our landlords will throw our things outside if we don't pay as at when due 15 . IDPs in Abuja camps being an informal camp not officially recognized by the government is temporary, inadequate and lacked comfort. The tents are congested and limited in space to provide for decent accommodation. Some of the IDPs remember with regret how they were forced to live their accommodation to now live in substandard tents with enormous challenges. According to John, an IDP in Durumi, shelter is a huge challenge. He noted: 5 We are caged in a small space with congested tents that accommodate between 7 -10 persons without good ventilation. The situation is severe during rainy season with leakages and rain falling into the tents. Mosquito and other reptiles usually have a field day while malaria and cold is very rampant, especially amongst children 16 . The shelter of the IDPs are largely provided by themselves with little support from charitable individuals in their communities. The government has no official camp and therefore does not provided any support for their shelter.

Feeding of IDPs
Food continues to be the major need expressed by the majority of IDPs. They continue to fend for themselves with little support trickling from individuals and organizations. Male participate in all kinds of menial jobs available in the area while women participate in petty jobs like woven of hair and hawking of items to feed their families. Al-Mada: Vol 4 no 1, 2021 Occasional support comes from non-governmental organizations including faith-based organizations with food supplies which are shared amongst IDPs depending on family size. The quantity and quality of feeding are huge issues among respondents. A female respondent from Durumi Camp noted that: Feeding was regular at the initial stage but it reduced with time. Our husbands are into menial jobs and they supply us with the little they have. Some IDPs have three meals per day while some have less; some IDPs depend on their neighbours within the camp. The quality of the food is generally poor 17 . However, occasionally some support are provided by organizations who visits the camp with bags of rice, salt, palm oil, groundnut oil and other food items. They also provide other needs of the IDPs such as soap, omo and other detergents. These provisions were reported to be rare and inadequate. When these items are distributed, household only obtain small ratio that may not take them for more than two days. 6 The respondents were generally unhappy with the feeding in the camp and remembered with frustration where they came from before the crisis that forced them out. They argued that they were farmers who often have sufficient food which they complemented with trade within their communities. A male respondent in Karamajiji lamented that: The situation about our feeding is pathetic and unfortunate. We hardly get sufficient food to cater for our needs. Children are malnourished and infected with hunger-related diseases. When we go out of the camp to look for job we don't get and therefore lacked the money to cater for our families. Sometimes, we depend on the small amounts that our wives get through their petty work within the community 18 . Similarly in Dakwa, the situation is not different as feeding remains the major concern of the IDPs. Even though, their host communities assist in feeding them, especially the children, the problems were real. The IDPs complained about inability to get three meals in a day and sometimes even go to sleep without food. A male respondent noted that: We are hungry here because the sources of jobs are limited and there is no land for us to cultivate to source for our food. We are competing with other people to get jobs on construction site. Others are engaged in petty jobs like shoe maker and cutting nails all to make ends meet. We now realized that life was good for us before the crisis as we could feed on daily basis and on the kind of food we desire unlike now that we don't have control over our destiny 19 .

Livelihood 7
The IDPs in the three camps indicated that their livelihood activities include limited farming, renting motorbikes to carry passengers and petty jobs like cutting nails and shoeshining. Most of IDPs in Durumi, Karamajiji and Dakwa reported that they have been farmers prior to displacement. After displacement, most men could not have access to land for cultivation. Many IDPs expressed concern over lack of sufficient means of livelihood, with numerous IDPs, including many Women lamenting being idle and soliciting assistance to start earning a living. Women complained that even though they were taught different skills by Al-Mada: Vol 4 no 1, 2021 NGOs they however lacked the capital to start business. A female respondent from Karmajiji argued. 8 We are fed up with staying idle, we need capital to set up business so that we also assist our husbands in the upkeep of the family. We cannot feed well and send our children to school because we don't have the means 20 . A male respondent in Durumi also argued: We were active farmers prior to displacement and we were doing well, especially with feeding and taking care of our needs. Some of us were also involved in trade in communities before displacement. However, we are now helpless yet we have to cater for our families. We want the government to come to our aid by securing farm lands with fertilizer and insecticide for us. Government can also support us in trade and other means of livelihood so that we can live as human beings 21 .

Amenities at the Camp
Amenities such as toilets, steady water supply, kitchen and electricity were available in varied conditions in the three camps under study and were not sufficient to cater for all the needs of the IDPs. Pit latrine toilets were shared and found to have broken down in Durumi. A make-shift kitchen was found where IDPs create a section outside the tents to cook during dry season. However, when there is rainfall, they either cook inside the room for those who own kerosene stove or sleep without food. Electricity was found in the camp, however, the connection was irregular just as the power supply was also irregular, water through borehole was available in Durumi and Karamajiji, however, the borehole in Durumi was not functional during the time of our visit due to absence of generator to power the borehole. 9 A male respondent in Durumi noted that: Our toilets are not in good condition, a philanthropist came and demolished all the toilets and started rebuilding new ones but unfortunately he could not finish the construction. At present we are stranded because of lack of convenience. Some of us go to the bush to ease ourselves which is risky, especially at night 22 . A male respondent in Karmajiji highlighted the challenge of access to water in the camp.
We have been living without access to portable water and have depended on buying water from vendors to cater for our needs. This is a problem for a people that have no stable job. Recently, an NGO called victim of violence dog a borehole and brought a generator to pump the water for us, we have enjoyed that water, however, the borehole and the generator developed some problems and have not been rectified. We now buy water for our needs from our megre resources 23 .

SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONDITION OFIDPs Education
In two of the camps, Durumi and Karmajiji, primary school exist with temporary structure for the education of the children while Dakwa had no school designated for the camp. The school facilities were provided by NGOs as well as the payment of ad-hoc staff Al-Mada: Vol 4 no 1, 2021 salaries. The children were expected to join public secondary schools on completion of their primary education while in Dakwa, the children were expected to join public primary school in the community. 10 Access to education by the children of the IDPs appears to be irregular and inconsistent in all the camps. Education depended on the assistance and support of NGOs and philanthropists for funding. There was no systematic approach to ensure access of children to school. School-age IDP children were left to the mercy of their parents with no state run education programme to ensure access to basic education. The quality of the schools were suspects as school building and facilities; tables, chairs and materials, chalk, duster were provided by NGOs and philanthropists which are often regular. Payment of staff salary has been a huge issue leading to teachers abandoning their classrooms. The Chairman, IDP Association of Karmajiji narrated their plight in the area of education. He said: Temporary school was built for us by Okorocha's son, it was expected to last for only six months and this months (March, 2018) makes the sixth and end of the school. The arrangement is that our children would be mainstreamed into government schools to continue but our problem is that most of us cannot afford the school charges. We are grateful to women for building Islamiyya school for us and employ teachers to teach them 24 . In Durumi, NGO, especially Muslim Women Organization in Nigeria and others have been catering for the education of children. However, there are still challenges, the leader of the IDP Association sums up the situation.
We appreciate the efforts of some NGOs and organizations such as the Coalition of Muslim women organizations in Nigeria, NYSC, and so forth for building some classes for our children and they are really benefitting. Many of our children can read and write. The major problem is non-payment of stipend to the teachers who volunteer to teach the children. The teachers are not paid regularly. Infact, one of the widows who participated in the teaching had to withdraw due to none payment because she needed money to take care of her children 25 . In Dakwa IDP camp, the Chairman of the camp Association corroborated the challenges 11 Some philanthropists enrolled 40 of our children into school while majority of children are out of school since the time we left our homes. They cannot also attend Islamiyya because we cannot afford the fees 26 .
There is no formal arrangement to provide access to education for the children of IDPs in three camps in Abuja Municipal Area Council. The efforts of NGOs and philanthropists has not gone beyond primary education. The situation imply that the children had no access to Universal Basic Education and therefore likely going to grow as illiterates. This haddefeated the prospects of Universal Basic Education for all children and the realization of the sustainable development goal on access to education. Al-Mada: Vol 4 no 1, 2021

Health Care
The IDPs lacked access to quality health care services. A clinic constructed by philanthropist exist in only one camp, Durumi, which appears more like a first aid centre. The clinic had no pharmacy and laboratory services. The services provided were found to be eractic depending on when the health personnel appear for work. The Chairman of Durumi Camp Association sums up the state of the health facility.
The clinic provides first aid services by nurses employed a philanthropist. It operates occasionally and lacked laboratory services and pharmacy. The health personnel are not available most of the time and close early whenever they come for duty. Patients buy their drugs from a nearby pharmacy shop outside the camp. We consider ourselves likely to have this medical facility which has helped in given first aid services and are grateful to the philanthropist 27 . The other two camps in Karmajiji and Dakwa had no health facility dedicated to them. The Chairman of Karmajiji lamented the lack of a clinic for the camp. He noted: 12 We don't have any medical facility here in Karmajiji. Sick IDPs are taken to the Karmajiji Community clinic where they are treated. The pay for their medical bills. Maternal health care is also provided at the community clinic. The major challenge for us is the exorbitant cost of modification… as you know our people are poor, unemployment and dependent 28 . However, there is an arrangement between the Association of the camps and management of National Hospital in Abuja where sick persons are taken for treatment. The FCT Emergency Management Agency broker the arrangement and is responsible for payment of the medical bill. The officials of the camp Association informed us that the arrangement is not being honoured by the hospital due to unpaid accumulated bills. The Chairman of Durumi and Karmajiji Camp Associations variously complained about the inability of the National Hospital to receive and treat their patients. They noted that all the Abuja IDPs through various camp Associations had our arrangement with FCT Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) for the treatment of IDPs with severe or referral medical cases. The arrangement worked for some time, however the hospital complained about nonpayment of medical bill by FEMA hence their inability to continue providing referred medical services.
All our FGD and KII informants were unanimous that access to health services is a major concern for the IDPs in the three Abuja camps. There is no coherent and systematic arrangement to cater for the health concerns of the IDPs. The situation is further compounded by the inability of the IDPs to cater for their health needs due to unemployment and poverty. The IDPs therefore do not have access to health care services, including material health care services. 13 Politics and Governance 14 Many of the IDPs in the three camps participated in politics in their homes prior to displacement. However, they lost their voters card and are not fully integrated into the politics of their new settlement. They acknowledged that politicians visit them occasionally, especially Al-Mada: Vol 4 no 1, 2021 during electioneering campaign to solicit for their support and often abandoned them after elections. Politicians access the IDPs through the leadership of IDP Associations. The main obstacle to their full participation is the lack of voters card, however, the Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC) has embarked on continuous voters registration. The IDPs indicated their readiness to register during the exercise. A female respondent in Karmajiji camp still insists that they could not register after many futile attempts. She contended that: We have been to the venue of the continuous voter registration several times but the INEC officials kept asking us to come back again and again. We got tired and did not go again. It appears that they were not ready to register us, since, several trips will also amount to huge transport cost which we can hardly afford 29 . The Governance of the camps is done by a support group which oversees the administration of the camp. The Association also liases with government agencies and nongovernmental organizations to source, collect and distribute assistance extended to them. It also takes complaints to relevant government agencies for quick resolution and resolve conflicts amongst the IDPs. It also ensures security and safety of the camp. The Associations have a full complement of leadership structure with officials charged with specific responsibility. However, all positions were filled by men except the position of women leader which has been reserved for female. The women leader liases with the officials and women in the camp. Women appear to be marginalised in the governance structure of the camp. However, the women did not feel so as they think that the leadership are doing well and leaders always keep them abreast of governance and other related matters. A female respondent in Durumi noted that: 15 We are happy and proud of our camp leaders. They have been representing us well and have brought government officials, NGOs and philanthropists who have supported us. Our leaders have been representing us well and we don't feel marginalized. We also a woman leader who liaises between the leadership and the women folk. We appreciate the great work they do and do not feel any sense of marginalization or neglect 30 . This is hardly surprising since most of the Nigerian society is patriarchal where women have been socialized into gender roles. Respondents from FGD in Dakwa observed "we are stigmatized by some people as they look at us as the Boko Haram people and they are unwilling to associate with us or to even render their assistance" 33 .

PSYCHOLOGICAL DISTRESS AND COUNTER-BASED VIOLENCE
Gender based violence was rare as respondents reported only one case of rape of an IDP child girl in Karmajiji. The case was prosecuted, the convict was punished and the parents of the raped victim were relocated to another environment. No incidence of rape or other forms of gender violence was reported in the two camps, Durumi and Dakwa. However, some forms of gender discrimination was noticed among the IDPs. Leadership was documented by males while females were restricted to gender based work such as petty trading and hawking of goods. The females were not fully involved in decision making. There were no special provision for widows in the camps who often had to cater for themselves and their family.

STATE AND NON-STATE ACTORS SUPPORT 17
A number of state agencies and non-governmental organizations were involved in providing humanitarian relief to IDPs in Nigeria. The state agencies include National Emergency Management Agency (NEMA) and National Human Rights Commission (NHRC). The non-governmental organizations including faith-based organizations actively engaged in IDP issue in Nigeria include Nigerian Supreme Council for Islamic Affairs (NSCIA), Christian Association of Nigeria (CAN), Federation of Muslim Women Association in Nigeria (FOMWAN), Women in Da"wah (WID), and victim of violence among others. Although, there is no official IDP camp in the FCT, various state agencies have assisted the camps in post-disaster management. They provide relief materials in forms of food and nonfood items. This is in addition to responsibility of conventional ministries who are saddled with statutory responsibilities. For instance, the ministries of education and health are expected to cater for the education and health needs of the IDPs. A Director in the National Emergency Management Agency maintained.
… the state has not established a formal camp in the FCT because of the fear of infiltration by bad elements. However, government is aware of the existence of informal camps and assist them with food and other materials as well as NEMA co-ordinates the assistance of government organization and non-governmental organizations in camp to ensure that the IDPs are well catered for 34 . Another Director of FEMA, Engr. Ahmed, noted that the Agency is also responsible for the welfare of the IDPs through the co-ordination of the activities of the IDPs in the FCT. He observed that: 18 Part of the activities of FEMA is routine camp visitation. Visits to three IDP camps did not corroborate the alleged involvement of these organizations and ministries in the camps. The camps were constructed by the IDPs and their relations and the minimal structure for education and health where they existed were provided by non-governmental organizations. The state of education, health and hygiene in the camps did not show active involvement of ministries of education or health.
Non-governmental organizations, especially faith-based organizations have visible involvement in the three camps. They were reported to have provided food and other relief materials occasionally and were also involved in the areas of skill acquisition, health and education of the IDPs. FOMWAN President, Maryam Abdullahi, noted that their organization have made several interventions in FCT IDP camps, especially in the areas of employment generation skills to prepare for the resettlement and integration back to their communities. She maintained that: 19 … we have established tutorial classes for secondary school students, primary school classes and Islamiyya and have implemented training in different trades for men and women in IDP camps in FCT. The IDPs were trained in soap making, tailoring, GSM repairs, shoe and bag making. We have mobilized substantial resources and disbursed same to various IDP locations in the FCT 37 . The study found sufficient evidence of NGOs intervention in IDP camp especially in skill acquisition, education and health. However, the intervention has not been adequate enough to lift the IDPs from poverty and psychosocial distress occasioned by living in camp. Further, Victims of Violence Foundation has been involved in supporting IDPs nationwide. The Chairman of the Foundation Eng. Suleiman noted that they are concerned with coordinating and assisting victims of rape. They handled cases of rape to ensure justice for the victim. He contended that the foundation has done a few intervention in IDP camps in FCT. 20 … The findings of the study confirmed that NGO intervention is improving the welfare of IDPs. However, it appears too little, superficial and uncoordinated to drastically reduce the suffering of the IDPs. The fact that the camps are not officially recognized imposes limit on the amount of official assistance they could receive from state agencies. Islamic Values as Antidote on the Plight of Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) in IDP Camps in Abuja, Nigeria.
Islam requires believers to assist and protect vulnerable people and offers a number of mechanisms for their care and support. According to Islamic law individuals have the right both to seek and to be granted protection in any Muslim state. Furthermore, it is the duty of Muslims to accept and protect refugees for as long as they seek protection. Islam embraces people of different races, nationalities and ethnicities.
The Qur"an says: And if anyone of the disbelievers seeks your protection, then grant him protection so that he may hear the word of Allah, and then escort him to where he will be secure. (Q. 9:6) The Qur"an also has numerous references to justice, particularly the importance of creating a just society, and provides a framework for justice in inter-personal relationships, toward the poor and needy, and connections between communities and nations. It speaks specifically to issues of justice surrounding refugee protection. These concepts were integral to the creation of Islam. In 662 AD, the Prophet Muhammad (SAW) migrated (hijrah) from Makkah and sought refuge in Madinah. This hijrah, or migration, came to symbolize the movement of Muslims from lands of oppression to those of Islam. Moreover, the hospitable treatment of Muhammad (SAW) by the people of Madinah embodies the Islamic model of refugee protection contained in the Qur"an. Furthermore, Islam obliges host societies to give refugees/ displaced persons generous reception, for which the hosts will be rewarded. Allah says: And the first forerunners ( in the faith) among the Muhajireen and the Ansar and those who followed them with good conduct -Allah is pleased with them and they are pleased with Him and He has prepared for them gardens beneath which rivers flow, wherein they will abide forever. That is the great attainment. Allah has forgiven the prophet and the Muhajireen and the Ansar who followed him in the hour of difficulty after the hearts of a party of them had almost inclined (to doubt) and then He forgave them. Indeed, He was to them kind and Merciful (Q. 9:100 and 117).
Protection should be provided without discriminating between free persons and those who are enslaved, between rich and poor, men and women, or Muslims and non-Muslims. This responsibility is formalized in the fourth chapter of the Qur"an, which states that: He who emigrates in the path of God will find frequent refuge and abundance (Q.4: 97-99) Islam requires that host populations facilitate the voluntary return of refugees to their places of origin when considered safe. Such refuge remains inviolate even if the person who is being offered protection is in a conflict with Muslims (Q. 9: 6) Islam entitles refugees and internally displaced persons to certain rights and to humane treatment (Q. 8: 72-75, 16: 41) and it condemns people whose actions prompt mass displacement, viewing them as lacking faith in Allah"s words (Q.2: 84-86). The Qur"an also puts forth certain regulations to lend additional support to women and children, who are considered more vulnerable (Q.4: 2, 9, 36, 75, 98, 127, 17: 34). Under the principle of justice, which is the basis of all Islamic regulations (Q.42: 15, 16: 90), those who are more at risk as a result of displacement should be offered extra support. This is also true of non-Muslims or those who oppose the Muslim faith (Q.5: 8]. Required alms, such as khums (one fifth of income or of the spoils of war that Muslims are required to hand out as charity) and zakat (a portion of property that the faithful are required to give away for charitable causes), as well as optional alms, constitute a fund that can be used to meet the basic needs of refugees/ displaced persons. It is clear, therefore, that Islamic law encourages a humanitarian approach to refugees, asylumseekers and internally displaced persons.

CONCLUSION
The study has established that the IDP Camps in Abuja, FCT are informal and were established by IDPs and their relatives. The condition of the IDP camps in respect of shelter, amenities, feeding and livelihood is sub-standard. IDP camps are made up of tents and makeshift shelter while educational and health infrastructure and services were grossly inadequate to cater for the needs of IDPs. Some camps have no health and educational facilities and depended solely on neighbouring communities. Tents are congested, overcrowded and subhuman. The IDPs depended on support from state and non-state actors for food and other relief materials. Feeding was a major concern as IDPs can rarely feed adequately due to poverty and lack of job.
The socio-economic conditions of the IDPs especially in the areas of health, hygiene, and education are pathetic. Access to quality health care and education is non-existent. The education of children depended on NGO"s intervention in the areas of health and educational facilities and payment of staff salaries. In Durumi, school teachers abandoned classes because salary had not been paid. Access to nearby basic education institution is difficult because of the inability of the IDPs to pay education levy and charges imposed on the children. Therefore, majority of children in the camps did not enroll in school on a sustainable basis. The situation is similar with health services. Sick IDPs go to nearby pharmacy shops to buy drugs often without prescription by a physician. Only one out of the three camps has a clinic whose operation depended on NGO and philanthropists. Therefore, medical services were obtained outside the camp. The IDPs have reported great difficulties in meeting their education and health bills.
The study found some cases of distress and trauma among the IDPs, some feelings of dejection and powerlessness arising from the conditions of life. This is not surprising considering the massive challenges they faced prior, during and after displacement. The study also found little state intervention on the plight of IDPs in the FCT. It appears the state is concentrating on formal IDP camps located in states in turmoil such as North-East states of Borno, Yobe and Adamawa. Also, the epicenter of the ongoing herders-farmers conflicts in