Percentage of Carcass and Protein Content of Breast Meat of Native Chicken Given Apu-Apu Flour (Pistia stratiotes)

The research aimed to determine the percentage of carcass and protein content of super native chicken breast meat given rations containing apu-apu flour (Pistia stratiotes). The research design used was completely randomized design (C.R.D.) with five treatments and three replications. Each test consisted of three super three-month-old native chickens. Apu-apu flour levels in each treatment, namely P0 (0%), P1 (5%), P2 (10%), P3 (15%) and P4 (20%). The study was conducted for four weeks. The percentage of carcasses in each treatment were P0 (67.51%), P1 (69.33%), P2 (69.47%), P3 (68.76%) and P4 (70.88%). Furthermore, protein content in breast meat, namely P0 (25.21%), P1 (26.03%), P2 (25.43%), P3 (25.86%) and P4 (25.35%). There were no significant effects (P> 0.05) of fluorine in rations on the carcass percentage and protein content of super native chicken breast meat. The highest average value of carcass percentage was in the treatment of 20% Pistia stratiotes flour, while the highest breast meat protein content was in the treatment of 5% Pistia stratiotes flour.

able to be fulfilled by native chicken farmers, especially if there is demand in large or continuous quantities. According to Varianti, Atmomarsono & Mahfudz (2017), native chicken is very popular with all people in Indonesia because it has more savory meat. However, the low level of productivity of native chickens is an obstacle for the community. Many people develop or improve the genetic quality of native chickens by crossing with chickens that have better genetic makeup, such as chicken Bangkok male with female laying hens.
One of the results of the progress of genetic selection in poultry, especially native chickens, is the emergence of super native chickens. According to Salim (2013), super native chickens are the result of the crossing of native male chickens with a great posture with female laying hens. This chicken has a reasonably good ability to adapt to environmental conditions. Efforts to support the productivity of super-high native chickens need quality feeding. However, this is an obstacle for farmers because commercial feed on the market is relatively expensive so that it will increase production costs. Therefore, the use of local resources as a source of food must have endeavored.
In super chicken farming, feed is a crucial factor in determining the success of raising livestock. The feed can spend quite high costs of around 60-70% of the total cost of production. One of the factors of the high production costs can be mentioned that the feed ingredients used in the preparation of the rations are still imported. Or example, the need for feed protein is supplied from fish meal, which is still primarily imported (Yudhitstira, Iskandar & Adriani, 2015).
Efforts to overcome this can be made by utilizing local sources that do not compete with human needs. Indonesia has abundant local resources in the form of water plants that have not been used as animal feed. Several studies have shown the potential of aquatic plants as a source of feed ingredients for poultry. Hidayat, Kiramang & Surati (2016) research results show that water hyacinth plants that are given fermentation treatment can be improved in nutritional quality so that it has the potential to be used as feed. Furthermore, the results of Rusli, Hidayat, Rusny, Suardi, Syam & Astati (2019) showed that Pistia stratiotes given up to the 10% level in super native chicken rations could improve the value of feed conversion compared to controls.
Pistia stratiote is a plant that can be found in water areas such as lakes, ponds, rice fields, and even puddles and includes plants that are easy to breed, and some people consider this plant as pests. Fermented Pistia stratiotes have been used as feed up to 30% (Yudhitstira et al., 2015). But there are still many people who do not know how to use these Pistia stratiotes as poultry feed. Pistia stratiotes have a relatively high production of dry matter biomass of 16.1 tons dry matter/ha/ year (Reddy & Debusk, 1985). Content nutrition, Pistia stratiotes plant by weight dried contains 37.0% BETN, crude protein 19.5%, ash content 25.6%, crude fat 1.3%, and fiber roughly 11.7% (Diler, Tekinay, Guroy, Guroy, & Soyuturk, 2007). This research was conducted to test the use of plant pests as intended by the effect of giving apu-apu flour (Pistia stratiotes) to the percentage of carcass and breast protein content in super native chickens.

Research Procedure
The design applied in this study was a Completely Randomized Design (C.R.D.) method consisting of 5 treatments and three replications. Each test consisted of three super native chickens so that the total number of chickens used was 45 with treatment (P). P0 (basal feed without using Pistia stratiotes flour), P1 (basal feeding with 5% additional Pistia stratiotes flour), P2 (basal food with 10% added Pistia stratiotes flour), P3 (basal feed with an extra 15% Pistia stratiotes flour), and P4 (basal feed with an additional 20% Pistia stratiotes flour).

Preparation in Rearing
The Materials that will be used in the manufacture of bulkhead enclosures are such as bamboo, beams, and others. Then make a cage with an area of each partition that is 60 x 60 x 40 cm. After the pen is finished, then cage the cage using disinfectant or detergent then sprinkle the husk as a base with a thickness of 7 cm. Prepare a native chicken with the age of 3 months that will be maintained for four weeks. The treatment was applied to chickens from a period of 3 months until the completion of the study. The number of chickens used in this study was 45 tails, which were randomly selected and then put into a bulkhead cage where each bulkhead was filled with three chickens. Then the enclosure is equipped with 15-watt L.E.D. lights of 2 pieces.
Pistia stratiotes plants used in this study were taken in villages in Bantaeng. Made in a fresh state, then dried in the sun for several days. After drying, then milling is done to change the physical form of the material into flour. The nutritional content and ration formulation used in this study are presented in Tables 1, 2, and 3. Feed and drinking water are given adlibitum.

Parameters of Research a. Percentage of carcass
At the end of the research, a chicken was taken for each experimental unit to determine the final body weight. The chicken is then cut into the respiratory tract (trachea), esophagus (esophagus), and blood vessels (jugular veins ). Blood is released in the legs above and below the head. After the blood stops flowing and the chicken does not move anymore, soaking is finished. Then the chicken is weighed and scalding (at 50-55 o C, 45-120 seconds), hair retraction, body extraction, cutting head, neck, and legs. At each stage, the weighing is done. The carcass obtained is then weighed to determine the carcass weight (Ulupi, Nuraini, Parulian & Kusuma, 2018). The percentage of the carcass was calculated based on Hidayat, Malaka, Agustina & Pakiding (2016). That is, comparing the weight of super-native chicken without feathers, head, neck, legs, and internal organs (g) with live weight (g) later multiplied by 100%.
b. Breast meat protein content The determination of meat breast protein content was analyzed using the Kjeldahl method. First of all, take and weigh carefully about 0.5 g of sample and then put it into a 100 mL Kjeldahl micro flask that added approximately 1 g and 25 mL concentrated H2SO4. Then the Khjedal flask and its contents are shaken until all the samples are moistened with H2SO4. Destruction in the fume hood until clear green then cooled to room temperature. Then poured into a 100 ml measuring flask, then rinsed using distilled water and let it cool. After that, it is squeezed until the hearing line of distilled water is then homogenized by shaking. Prepare a container consisting of 10 mL of 2% H3BO3 added with four drops of mixed indicator solution on Erlenmeyer. Take a sample solution of 5 mL using a dropper pipette then enter into the distillation flask. Then add 10 ml of 30% NaOH and 100 mL of distilled water. Then distilled until the container volume becomes approximately 50 mL. Furthermore, the tip of the distillers rinsed with distilled water followed by the container along with the contents in the titration with H2SO4 0.0171 N solution (AOAC, 1990). The formula used in the calculation: V x N x 14 x 6,25 x P Carcass protein (%) = --------x 100% Sample Weight (mg) Information: V = Example Titration Volume N = Normality of Solution H2SO4 P = Dilution Factor

Data Analysis
The data obtained will be analyzed using the Completely Randomized Design (C.R.D.). If the research treatment is significantly affected, further tests of the Ducan's multiple regions are carried out to see the difference between each treatment (Steel & Torrie 1991)

C. Results and Discussion
A 4-week (30-day) study of 13-week-old super-native chicken fed with apu-apu flour (Pistia stratiotes) in rations on the percentage of carcass and proteins are presented in Table 4.

Percentage of carcass
Variance results showed no significant effect (P>0.05) in the percentage of the carcass of super native chicken that was kept for 30 days. The average rate of the 13-week-old supernative chicken carcass can be seen in Table 4 with results ranging from P0 (67.51%), P1 (69.33%), P2 (69.47%), P3 (68.76%) and P4 (70.88%). Based on these results indicate that the application of 20% apu-apu flour (Pistia stratiotes) in P4 treatment with an average percentage of carcasses of 70.89% higher than in other procedures.
The percentage of the carcass in this study was higher than that of the survey by Darmawan, Suprijatna, & Atmomarsono (2017) in 12-week-old super-native chickens was 59.56% -64.15%. Likewise, with the research of Cindy, Jacob, Leke, Cherlie, Sarajar, & Tangkau (2019) in 12-week-old chickens in the range of 65.96% -67.74%. Differences in the results of this study with other studies on super native chicken showed that differences in age could affect the resulting carcass differences. According to Abdullah, Al-beitawi, Rjoup, Qudsieh., & Ishmais. (2010)The percentage of carcasses can increase with the age of chickens.
This study also showed a higher percentage of carcass compared to some other types of native chicken. It showed that Research on Arabian chickens (57.86%), and crossbreeding of Arabian chickens with Kedu (56.04%) (Iskandar, 2005). Furthermore, Situmeang (2014) reports that the percentage of six-week-old native chicken carcasses is 62.80% -63.17%. The difference in the results of this study with previous studies showed that chicken species, age, and ration were different. Given can affect the percentage of the carcass. It is supported by the opinion of Iskandar (2005), stating that carcass weight is influenced by the type of chicken, ration, live weight, sex, and age.
There was no statistical difference (P>0.05) of the percentage of carcasses between these treatments, indicating that the apu-apu flour has not been able to provide a significant effect on the rate of super native chicken carcasses. The procedure given 20% Pistia stratiotes flour has a carcass percentage of 70.89% compared to other treatments. The use of 20% Pistia stratiotes flour contributes to the amount of dietary protein content (16.30%) given. The ration content in these treatments was higher than the other treatments. It shows that protein ration nutrition is essential to be considered to produce a high percentage of carcasses.
The amount of protein content in the ration is one of the elements needed for tissue growth. The growth rate of the chickens increased as the level of protein increased The amount of protein in the ration will affect the achievement of animal body weight (Liu, Niu, Min, Wang, Zhang, He, Li, Sun & Liu, 2015). Soeparno (1998) has stated, one of the food substances that significantly affects the growth of carcass-forming tissue is protein. It is supported by Rasyaf's opinion (2006), which states that chicken body weight is influenced by the quantity and quality of feed consumed by livestock. Differences in the content of feed ingredients and the amount of feed consumed will impact the resulting weight gain due to the content of feed substances that are balanced and sufficient following the needs needed for optimal growth. According to Nuraini, Hidayat & Yolanda (2018), the carcass percentage starts from the growth rate, which is indicated by the increase in body weight will affect the resulting weight cut.

Breast meat protein content
Protein is one of the nutrients that are needed by living things, both animals and humans. In Indonesia, one of the protein suppliers is chicken, purebred chicken, and native chicken. Variance results showed no significant effect (P>0.05) on the protein content of super native chicken breast meat that was kept for 30 days. Protein content of breast meat in a row, namely P0 (25.21%), P1 (26.03%), P2 (25.43%), P3 (25.86%) and P4 (25.35%). The highest value of protein content in this study was found in treatment P1 (26.04%), while the lowest value of protein content was in treatment P0 (25.22%).
The protein content of super native chicken meat in this study are in the range 25,21%-26,04% was higher when compared to studies on native chickens that were given 100% broiler feed based on the average protein content ranging from 19.38% (Dewi, 2013). According to Susanti (1991), the protein content of free-range chicken meat is around 23.05% greater than that of purebred chicken, which is 21.86%. This research proves that the use of apu-apu flour (Pistia stratiotes) in super native chicken rations can substitute high protein content such as soybean meal and fish meal.
There is a protein content of chicken meat ranging from 16% to 22%, the chemical content of meat from livestock also varies greatly depending on age, nation, species, stress, feed and sex (Lawrie, 1995). Feed with low protein content will have low meat protein content (Kartikasari, Soeparno, & Setiyono, 2001). Chicken meat contains essential amino acids. It is like valine, tryptophan, threonine, methionine, leucine, isoleucine, lysine, and histidine (Soeparno, 1994).
This research was carried out for four weeks (30 days) in super native chicken, 13 weeks old using a flour-shaped ration (mash). Mash is a form of a complete feed that is finely ground and mixed so that birds cannot easily separate ingredients; each mouthful provides a wellbalanced diet; besides that, a simple manufacturing procedure is required for the form of feed mash (Jahan, Asaduzzaman, & Sarkar, 2006). Even though flour-shaped food has the advantage of being more easily digested by livestock, but the habit of chickens consuming food in the form of grains results in a lack of palatability for feed in the form of flour.
The treatment given 20% Pistia stratiotes flour has a carcass percentage of 70.89% compared to other treatments. Will have a lower breast meat protein content among the treatments provided by Pistia stratiotes flour, which is 25.36%. While the treatment with the highest content of breast meat protein is found in the treatment of 5% Pistia stratiotes flour, the high protein content of rations can affect the percentage of super native chicken carcasses produced, as in this research in the treatment of 20% Pistia stratiotes flour.
The high protein content of Pistia stratiotes flour is one of the potential local resources that can be used to reduce the use of other protein feed sources, such as fish meal and soybean meal in this study. Giving Pistia stratiotes flour up to 5% in the ration did not harm the percentage of carcass and protein content of super-native chicken breast meat. Therefore, Pistia stratiotes flour can be used as an alternative feed that needs to be studied further about its potential as poultry feed.