Improving implementation of occupational health and safety of construction company by Job Safety Analysis (JSA) method (study case at PT Arto Moro Sentosa)

ABSTRACT


INTRODUCTION
The construction sector is a sector that employs many people who have a high risk of work accidents, this is because a lot of work in this sector is carried out with unsafe actions or in unsafe conditions [1].There is norm that regulation about health and safety is implemented to protect workforce, accident risk and disease causing by working environment [2], because accident could disturb project activities, time and material loss, illness even fatal accident [3], effective management of safety and health conditions can also reduce costs, such as medical care, sick leave, and disability benefits [4].According to Manpower Minister of the Republic of Indonesia [5], working accident is unintentionally or unexpected incident which occurred resulted damage or victims, that may comes from human factor and unsafe environment [6].The government of Indonesia has implemented OHS policies such as OHS culture promotion program, OHS management system strengthening program, and implementation target program [7].The implementation of OHS in Indonesia is controlled by the government regulation no.50/2012 [8].Natural and human-caused fatalities are more pronounced in the construction industry than in order economic sectors worldwide due to a dearth of sustainably implemented occupational health and safety [9].
PT. Arto Moro Sentosa, which operates in the fields of general trading, general construction, suppliers, outsourcing, etc.The construction duration is essential and strong management is necessary to complete the project on time [10], including avoid the accident happened.Awareness of the risk of work accidents among employees is based on the fact that the business they run is a business that has a high risk of work accidents, so with the awareness raised, company has established a standard OHS system [11].Establishment of a standard and standardized OHS (Occupational Health and Safety) or Safety and Health at working place system at company apparently does not guarantee that implementation will take place as expected.However, good OHS management will lead working place safely and eliminate the accident [12].A key area where knowledge management may be effectively employed is the field of occupational health and safety management (OHS), many author have found notable differences between large and small organizations in this area [13].According to a survey conducted in 2021 shows 19 work accidents, ranging from minor accidents such as being hit by a work object to almost fatal work accidents such as falling from a height elevation.Therefore, the use of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) is very important, because PPE is an equipment used to protect the workers from accidents on the construction [14].PPE is a kind of protection provided in addition to elimination, substitution, technical engineering and administration methods [15], but also by providing PPE for workers [16].This is done because the company is also aware of the high potential hazard that exists in the working environment.Previous study shows each 1 fatal accident involving 10 minor accident and 30 property damage and 600 near miss accident, so accident must be prevent since earliest stage, because any of minor or near miss accident could lead to fatality [17].
Based on previous research conducted by Atmaja et al. [18] who conducted research on the implementation of OHS in Padang City, Occupational Safety and Health is a complex problem in a construction project.Apart from that, eliminating unsafe conditions and unsafe actions is a preventive measure to reduce OHS risks, according to research results by Sulistyo and Maulana [19].The construction sector is closely related to safety issues, according to Jaya [20].Safety is a condition that is free from relatively small risks below a certain level.Meanwhile, risk is the level of possibility of a hazard occurring that causes an accident and the intensity of the hazard.Safety is an effort to carry out every work activity in a safe manner so that it does not result in accidents.To achieve safety in carrying out work activities, everyone must always protect themselves from disasters or potential threats by wearing safety equipment [21], meanwhile personal protective is the last guard when elimination, substitution, engineering and administration control have been performed [22].This is different from the research conducted by Thepaksorn et al. [23] which discusses identified potential safety and health hazards associated with six main processes, including: 1) logging and cutting, 2) sawing, 3) planning and re-arranging, 4) vacuuming and wood preservation, 5) drying and planks re-arranging and 6) grading, packing, and storing.
The risk analysis and assessment has been a beneficial tool in the safety management of systems and the prevention of accidents [24].In construction, Job Safety Analysis (JSA) is very important to determine the level of safety and to reduce the risk of work accidents in construction project implementation work.JSA is kind of method to identify hazard that exist in working environment, also controlling and mitigation to avoid the accident [25].JSA in OHS is a safety management technique that focuses on identifying hazards related to the series of work or tasks carried out [26].JSA focuses on the relationship between workers, tasks/jobs, work environment and equipment.This is in accordance with the method of investigating the causes of accidents in the workplace which begins with conditions that can cause accidents in the workplace [27].The aim of implementing JSA is to identify potential hazards in each work activity so that workers are expected to be able to recognize these hazards before accidents or work-related illnesses occur [28].
In addition to the JSA method, the Risk/Hazard Control Hierarchy is used in reducing the problem of work accidents in construction projects, the Risk and Hazard Control Hierarchy that has been identified and evaluated requires steps to reduce the risk or hazard to a tolerable level [29].Risk shall be managed by organization effectively as part of company strategic to transform from weakness become value added or opportunity [30].Controlling risk by elimination source of hazard is the most effective, reliable, and protects other controls , and the next hierarchical order, the level of effectiveness, reliability and security decreases [31].Risk control is a procedure that starts from a high to a low level, which conditions become safer.The control hierarchy includes elimination, substitution, design, administration and personal protective equipment [32].Other diagrams such as histograms and Pareto diagrams are needed to determine the percentage of problems based on the number of events.The sequence starts with the number of frequent problems, increasing to rare problems.On the chart, the highest (leftmost) bar is followed by the lowest (rightmost) bar [33].
According to Ghaisani and Nawawinetu [34] hazard are divided into 5 types, namely: 1. Chemicals (gas, vapors, liquids or dust that workers' bodies such as cleaning products, battery acid, or other chemicals) [35].2. Biology (living organisms that can disease and harmful environmental biological conditions.3. Physics (sources energy are strong to harm the body such as heat, light, vibration, noise, pressure).4. Ergonomics (work methods, work positions of equipment, poorly designed equipment, or repetitive monotonous movements that reduce work concentration).5. Psychology (personal relationships, roles and responsibilities, such as unclear work orders and worker role conflicts).
In order to reduce the number of work accidents at company, safety activities must be improved.Good OHS management can have a positive impact not only on accident rates, but also on competitiveness and financial performance [36].This effort is intended to find and maintain the most effective form of improvement.This is the most effective solution to an existing problem that will persist and even escalate.The method used in making improvements is the 5W&1H method, 5W&1H are six basic types of questions used to collect information (information gathering) [37].This method is widely used by journalists to obtain the desired detailed and detailed information [38].
The objectives to be achieved in this research are to know the work accident records at company, understand the system of occupational health and safety being implemented, knowing what risks may occur to employees who carrying out field duties and find out improvements and giving recommendation to company.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
The research method was carried out by directly visiting the location of the project work, namely at Merak port, Banten.The research consisted of three stages, namely: In compiling this research journal, the author compiled it based on data obtained during research on the Merak Port pier repair work.At initial direct observation is performed on the work being carried out during the research, especially aspects that have the potential for work accidents.Very varied and complex conditions are very likely to occur during implementation in the field, so the smooth implementation of the dock repair work is very dependent on good conditions among all workers.Then data collection through interviews to engineers, supervisors, foremen and craftsmen relating with practical solutions that will be used to overcome problems that arise.On top of that literature study also necessary, the comparisons study is performed through books and journals related to problem rising and analysis during implementation of dock repairs.Finally, the data processing carried out is from data on work accidents that occurred during the repair process.This data will be processed using the Job Safety Analysis method to determine the risks and hazard of the work carried out.

c) Stage 3: Analysis and Conclusion
At the beginning, safety record of company is provided in check sheet by previous stage.Check sheet will be showed typical of accident, injured part of body and timing.It is useful to determine hazard hierarchy, then Job Safety Analysis (JSA) is performed and risk matrix class is considered, as shown in Table 1 [39].Every single accident is scored in term of severity, likelihood and probability to get risk classification, either low, medium even high risk [40].The matrix will help prioritize improvement based on urgency of risk [41] There are five types of accidents, here are chemical, biological, physical, ergonomic and psychological accident.Each of accident is identified based on type and put in histogram diagram and followed by pareto diagram.Pareto rule said that priority problem shall be solved at least 80% contribution.To know the root causes of problem, interview and survey is conducted with engineers, supervisors, foremen and craftsmen through fishbone diagram and followed by 5W&1H, to capture various information about the incident, such as: who was involved in the incident, what exactly happened, where, when, why and how [42].Since root causes is identified then some recommendation is proposed also, to improve safety performance and avoid similar accident occurred in near future.

Check Sheets
Check sheets can be used to analyze and analyze OHS data, such as OHS equipment, OHS activities and work accidents that occur.With this check sheet, company directors or work project leaders can find out problems based on the frequency of types or causes of work accidents and can make decisions to prevent work accidents from occurring in ongoing or future projects in order to create a healthy and safe work environment for workers.The results of data collection via check sheet can be seen in Table 2.

Job Safety Analysis
In construction work, Job Safety Analysis (JSA) is needed to identify risk and potential hazards related to a series of jobs [29].The JSA also kind of technique could helps improve productivity by detecting errors in production processes [44].The JSA for the Merak Port repair work is mention in Annex 1, including the scoring is performed.By using a job safety analysis form, the author describes the causes of accidents and minimizes the possibility of work accidents based on the risk/hazard control hierarchy.By JSA mentioned that the accident were occurred in the past showing higher risk in several activities, there are no high, 9 medium and 10 low risk category.Some risk mitigation are shall be performed to reduce risk and accident could be eliminated.However analysis and discussion will be elaborated in chapter 4.

Histogram Diagram
Based on Table 1 according to Ghaisani and Nawawinetu [34] hazard are divided into 5 types, frequency of work accidents and histogram diagram can be shown in Table 3 and Figure 1 respectively.Psychological Accidents 0

Figure 1. Histogram of work accidents
Figure 1 illustrates the number of accidents that occurred based on the results of previous JSA filling.It can be seen that during the period, ergonomics work accidents often occurred because many work accidents were found due to poor work methods, so that causing harm to the workers themselves.

Pareto Diagram
A Pareto diagram is a bar graph that depicts problems based on the order of the number of events.The sequence starts with the number of frequent problems, increasing to rare problems.On the chart, the highest (leftmost) bar is followed by the lowest (rightmost) bar .Percentage type of accident is calculated as shown in Table 4 below.With data on the frequency of the number of work accidents and the percentage of work accidents, a Pareto diagram can be created by applying the 80:20 ratio to identify several important problems.The Pareto diagram that the author created is as shown in Figure 2

Cause and Effect Diagram (Fishbone)
In process , the researcher conducted an interview with the person in charge of the Merak Port pier repair project.The results of the interview were then used to create a cause and effect diagram (fishbone diagram) as shown in Figure 3.The cause and effect diagram was created using 2 (two) types of accidents based on check sheets/log books (notebooks) and Job Safety Analysis (JSA), namely types of ergonomic accidents due to work methods, work positions, equipment, poorly designed equipment, or repeated monotonous movements that reducing work concentration and types of physical accidents due to energy sources strong enough to harm the body such as heat, light, vibration, noise, pressure or radiation.The dominant types of accidents are used to help identify and explain the causes of these frequent accidents.

5W+1H
To help determine improvement decisions, the author uses the 5W+1H table as shown in Table 5 based on the causes and effects that have been described in the previous cause and effect diagram.

DISCUSSION
Based on data obtained, work accidents were dominated by ergonomic types of accidents which include poor working methods, equipment or how to use tools, and monotonous or repetitive activities such as tripping and being pinched due to high worker mobility.Ergonomic accidents contribute 57.89% and physics accidents 31.58%.Some recommendation arise which comes from 5W+1H analysis, such as training and education, provide strict sanctions against workers when doing violation and use work tools properly and correctly.The recommendations are put as risk mitigation and resulted medium risk reduce from 10 to zero will be expected, and accident will be eliminated.
Meanwhile some researchers stated to reduce risk perceptions associated with unsafe behaviors and accidents, companies must implement a variety of safety programs to improve their safety climate beyond simple safety-related education and training [45], management commitment [46] and build team who administrates ergonomics [47].

CONCLUSION
By reviewing the data processing carried out, we conclude that there were 19 work accidents.There are 5 types of work accident factors was occurred.Herewith typical and frequency percentage ergonomic factors 57.89%, physics 31.58%,chemistry 5.26%, biology 5.26%, and psychological factors 0%.The company actually already has an Occupational Safety and Health (OHS) system, but its implementation is not consistent due to the work culture of field workers who are not used to it and feel unproductive when using Personal Protective Equipment (PPE).
There are several risks that can occur when carrying out Port Pier Repair work carried out by PT.Arto Moro Sentosa, including Measurement Risks: hit leg, pinched hands, h ands cut by steel plate, hit his head on the dock vender; Welding Risks: hands exposed to sparks, eyes exposed to sparks and welding rays; Cutting Risks: cut hands, eyes exposed to sparks from a grinding machine; Assembly Risks: leg hitting a steel plate, pinched Hands, slipping into the sea, falling from a Height.
With several potential work accidents may occurred again, the company should carry out improvements by providing training programs on OHS to workers, paying more attention to OHS supervision, giving sanctions to workers who did OHS violation.
a) Stage 1: Identification & Initial Study The Identification & Initial Study stage is carried out by researchers including reading books, journals, previous research reports, seeking information from the media, discussing with other people, and observing conditions and phenomena in the field.b) Stage 2: Data Collection and Processing below.

Figure 3 .
Figure 3. Cause and effect diagram (fishbone) for dominant accidents

Table 2 .
Routine pier repair work accident data January-December 2021

Table 3 .
Frequency of work accidents for the period January-December 2021

Table 4 .
Percentage of work accidents

Table 5 .
Proposed work risk improvements with 5W + 1H Medium welding sparks 1. Carry out TBM before work is carried out to let operator know the hazard.2. Wear complete PPE when doing work, such as gloves when using welding equipment.