Research Article
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Impact of spatial factors on climate variables and species distribution in forest ecosystems under sea influence of Eastern Blacksea Region

Year 2018, Volume: 6 Issue: 3, 83 - 97, 26.10.2018

Ayhan Usta Murat Yılmaz Yavuz Kocamanoğlu Esengül Genç

https://doi.org/10.31195/ejejfs.439424
Cited By: 2

Abstract

The distribution and characteristics of forest ecosystems are largely under the influence of climate. Climate directly affects the growth, leaf area and form, fenology and plant life, from seed to seedling formation. Climate varies from global scale to regional and local scales. Climate also has feedback mechanisms that can revert the changing vegetation back to its original state, through the changes it can create on vegetation. In this study, it was aimed to investigate the relationships between the distribution of tree species in the highland which is under the influence of the sea in Canik-Giresun Mountains, Trabzon Mountains and Rize-Kaçkar Mountains sites in the Eastern Black Sea Region, and spatial factors (altitude, distance from sea and latitude) and climate variables. The climate data, such as precipitation, temperature (average, minimum and maximum) and number of foggy days, of meteorological stations at different altitudes in coastal and mountainous areas under the influence of the sea were used in the study. 100 m increase in altitude led to a decrease in 26.9 mm precipitation in the Canik-Giresun Mountains, a decrease in 87.0 mm precipitation in the Rize-Kaçkar Mountains, and an average temperature decrease of 0.4oC in sites. The decrease in annual precipitations reaches 70 mm in Trabzon Mountains, 100 mm in Canik-Giresun Mountains and 290 mm in Rize-Kaçkar Mountains at a distance of 10 km away from the coast. Statistical increases were determined in the number of foggy days depending on the altitude and distance from the sea.



In the research area, at 3rd altitude step where the distance from the sea and altitude are extreme, Scots pine, Oriental Spruce and Fir are spread in Canik-Giresun Mountains, Oriental Spruce and Scots pine are spread in Trabzon Mountains, and Oriental Spruce, Oriental Beech and Fir are spread in Rize-Kaçkar Mountains. Despite the decreasing amount of precipitation along with the increase in altitude and distance from the sea, the fog cloud in high mountainous areas plays an important ecological role in the conservation and distribution of these species.

Keywords

Sites altitude latitude distance from the sea precipitation temperature

References

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  • Apaydin, H., Anli, A.S., Ozturk, F. (2011). Evaluation of topographical and geographical effects on some climatic parameters in the Central Anatolia Region of Turkey. Int J Climatol 31: 1264–1279. doi: 10.1002/joc.2154.
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  • Chang, S.C., Lai, .IL., Wu, J.T. (2002). Estimation of fog deposition on epiphytic bryophytes in a subtropical montane forest ecosystem in northeastern Taiwan. Atmos Res 64: 159–167.Conway, H., Raymond, C.F. (1993). Snow stability during rain. J Glaciol 39:635–42.
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  • Eugster, W.. (2007) The relevance of fog for the vegetation: is it the water or the nutrients that matter? In Proc. Fourth International Conference on Fog, Fog Collection and Dew. In Biggs A, Cereceda P (eds). La Serena, Chile, pp 359–362.
  • Fisher, R.A.,, Williams M., Da Costa AL., Malhi, Y., Da, Costa, RF., Almeida, S., Meir, P. (2007). The response of an Eastern Amazonian rain forest to drought stress: Results and modelling analyses from a throughfall exclusion experiment. Global Change Biology 13: 2361–2378.
  • Funnell, D., Parish, R. (2001). Mountain environments and communities. Routledge physical environment series, London and New York.
  • Goulden, M.L., Wofsy, S.C., Harden, J.W. (1998). Sensitivity of boreal forest carbon balance to soil thaw. Science 279:214–217.
  • Gutie´rrez, A.G., Barbosa, O., Christie, D.A., Del-Val, E..K, Ewing, H.A., Jones, C.G., Marque,t P.A., Weathers, K.C., Armesto, J.J. (2008). Regeneration patterns and persistence of the fog dependent Fray Jorge forest in semiarid Chile during the past two centuries. Global Change Biol 14:161–176.
  • Hafkenscheid, R.L. (1994). Hydrological observations in rain forests of contrasting stature on Gunung Rakata (Krakatau), Indonesia, with special reference to the ‘Massenerhebung’ effect. M.Sc. Thesis. Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
  • Hutley, L.B., Doley, D., Yates, D.J., Boonsaner, A. (1997). Water balance of an Australian subtropical rainforest at altitude: the ecological and physiological significance of intercepted cloud and fog. Aust J Bot 45:311–329.
  • Johnson, D.M., Smith, W.K. (2008). Cloud immersion alters microclimate, photosynthesis and water relations in Rhododendron catawbiense and Abies fraseri seedlings in the southern Appalachian Mountains, USA. Tree Physiol 28:385–392.
  • Kantarcı, M.D. (1982). Relations between the distribution of natural tree and shrub species and characteristics of regional site in the Mediterranean Region. İstanbul Universty Publication no: 3054, İstanbul (in Turkish).
  • Kantarcı, M.D. (1995). Regional ecological units in the Eastern Black Sea Region.In:I. National Black Sea Forestry Congress, Karadeniz Technical University, Proceedings Vol 33 Trabzon, 23-25 October 1995 (in Turkish).
  • Lee, S.E., Press, M.C., Lee, J.A. (2000). Observed climate variations during the last 100 years in Lapland, northern Finland. International Journal of Climatology 20: 329–346.Levi, M. (1967). Fog in Israel. Isr J Earth Sci. 16, 7-21.
  • Lynch, A.H., Bonan, G.B., Chapin, F.S., Wu, W. (1999). Impact of tundra ecosystems on the surface energy budget and climate of Alaska. Journal of Geophysical Research 104(D6): 6647–6660.
  • MacArthur, R.H. (1972). Geographical ecology: patterns in the distribution of species. Published by Princeton University Press 41, William Street, Princeton, New Jersey. Marquinez, J., Lastra, J., Garcia, P. (2003). Estimation models for precipitation in mountainous regions: the use of GIS and multivariate analysis. Journal of Hydrology 270: 1-11.
  • Montgomery, D.R., Balco, G., Willett, S.D. (2001). Climate, tectonics, and the morphology of the Andes. Geology 29:579–82.
  • Motzer, T., Munz, N., Ku¨ppers, M., Schmitt, D., Anhuf, D. (2005). Stomatal conductance, transpiration and sap flow of tropical montane rain forest trees in the southern Ecuadorian Andes. Tree Physiol 25:1283–1293.
  • Naoum, S., Tsanis, I. K. (2004.) Orographic precipitation modeling with multiple linear regression. Journal of Hydrologic Engineering, 9 (2): 73-102.
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  • Pettorelli, N., Vik, J..O, Mysterud, A., Gaillard, J.M., Tucker ,C.J., Stenseth, N.C. (2005). Using the satellite-derived NDVI to assess ecological responses to environmental change. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 20:503–510.
  • Reiners, P.W., Ehlers, T.A., Mitchell, S.G., Montgomery, D.R. (2003). Coupled spatial variations in precipitation and long-term erosion rates across the Washington Cascades. Nature 426:645–47.
  • Renard SM, Mclntire EJB, Fajardo A (2016) Winter conditions - not summer temperature - influence establishment of seedlings at white spruce alpine treeline in Eastern Quebec. Journal of Vegetation Science 27: 29–39.
  • Ritter ,A., Regalado, C.M., Aschan, G. (2008). Fog water collection in a subtropical elfin laurel forest of the Garajonay National Park (Canary Islands): a combined approach using artificial fog catchers and a physically based model. J. Hydrometeorol 9:920–935.
  • Roe, G. H. (2005). Orographic precipitation. Annu Rev Earth Planet Sci 33: 645-671.
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Doğu Karadeniz Bölgesi'nin deniz etkisi altındaki orman ekosistemlerinde tür dağılımı ve iklim değişkenleri üzerine konum faktörlerinin etkisi

Year 2018, Volume: 6 Issue: 3, 83 - 97, 26.10.2018

Ayhan Usta Murat Yılmaz Yavuz Kocamanoğlu Esengül Genç

https://doi.org/10.31195/ejejfs.439424
Cited By: 2

Abstract

Orman ekosistemlerinin dağılımı ve özellikleri büyük
ölçüde iklimin etkisi altındadır. İklim, tohumdan fidan teşekkülüne, büyümeyi,
yaprak alanı ve formunu, fenolojiyi ve bitki hayatını doğrudan etkiler. İklim,
küresel ölçekten bölgesel ve yerel ölçeğe farklılık gösterir. İklimin,
vejetasyon üzerinde meydana getirebileceği değişiklikler yoluyla, değişen
vejetasyonu tekrar orijinal haline döndürebilecek geri besleme mekanizmaları da
vardır. Bu çalışmada, Doğu Karadeniz Bölümü’nde Canik-Giresun Dağları, Trabzon
Dağları ve Rize-Kaçkar Dağları yetişme ortamlarında deniz etkisi altındaki
dağlık arazide ağaç türlerinin yayılışı ile konum faktörleri (yükselti,
denizden uzaklık, enlem) ve iklim değişkenleri arasındaki ilişkilerin
araştırılması amaçlanmıştır. Çalışmada, deniz etkisi altında kıyı ve dağlık
alanlarda farklı yükseltilerdeki meteoroloji istasyonlarının yağış, sıcaklık
(ortalama, minimum ve maksimum) ve sisli günler sayısı gibi iklim verilerinden
yararlanılmıştır. Yükseltideki 100 m artış Canik-Giresun Dağları’nda 26.9 mm,
Rize-Kaçkar Dağlarında 87,0 mm yağışta düşüşe; yetişme ortamlarında ortalama
olarak 0,4 oC ortalama sıcaklık düşüşüne sebep olmuştur. Yıllık yağışlardaki
düşüş, sahilden 10 km uzaklaşıldığında, Trabzon Dağları’nda 70 mm,
Canik-Giresun Dağlarında 100 mm ve Rize-Kaçkar Dağlarında 290 mm’ye
ulaşmaktadır. Yükselti ve denizden uzaklığa bağlı olarak sisli gün sayısında
istatistiksel olarak artışlar belirlenmiştir.



Araştırma alanında, denizden uzaklığın ve yükseltinin
ekstrem olduğu III. yükselti basamağında, Canik-Giresun dağlarında Sarıçam,
Doğu Ladini ve Göknar, Trabzon dağlarında Doğu Ladini ve Sarıçam, Rize-Kaçkar
Dağlarında Doğu Ladini, Doğu Kayını ve Göknar yayılış göstermektedir. Yükselti
ve denizden uzaklığın artması ile düşen yağış miktarına rağmen, yüksek dağlık
alanlardaki sis bulutu bu türlerin korunmasında ve yayılışında önemli ekolojik
bir rol üstlenmektedir.

Keywords

Yetişme ortamları yükselti enlem denizden uzaklık yağış sıcaklık

References

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  • Atalay, İ., Tetik, M., Yılmaz, Ö. (1985). Ecosystems of North Eastern Anatolia, Ege Coğrafya Dergisi, Cilt 3, Sayı 1, İzmir, pp 16-56.
  • Atalay, İ., Efe, R., Öztürk, M. (2014) Ecology and classification of forests in Turkey, Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences 120: 788 – 805.
  • Atalay, İ. (2014) Ecoregions of Turkey. Bornova – İzmir (in Turkish).
  • Apaydin, H., Anli, A.S., Ozturk, F. (2011). Evaluation of topographical and geographical effects on some climatic parameters in the Central Anatolia Region of Turkey. Int J Climatol 31: 1264–1279. doi: 10.1002/joc.2154.
  • Beniston, M. (2005). Mountain Climates and Climatic Change: An Overview of Processes Focusing on the European Alps. Pure Appl Geophys 162: 1587–1606. doi: 10.1007/s00024-005-2684-9.
  • Becker, A., Bugmann, H. (1997). Predicting Global Change Impacts on Mountain Hydrology and Ecology: Integrated Catchment Hydrology/Altitudinal Gradient Studies IGBP Report 43, Stockholm.
  • Beaumont, C., Fullsack, P., Hamilton, J. (1992). Erosional control of active compressional orogens. In: McClay KR (ed) Thrust Tectonics, Springer, Dordrecht, pp 1–18.
  • Bonan, G.B., Pollard, D., Thompson, S.L. (1992). Effects of boreal forest vegetation on global climate. Nature 359: 716–718.
  • Bruijnzeel, L.A., Proctor, J. (1995). Hydrology and biochemistry of tropical montane cloud forests: What do we really know? In Tropical Montane Cloud Forests. In Hamilton LS, Juvik JO, Scatena FN(eds) Ecological Studies, Vol. 110. Springer-Verlag, New York, pp 38–78.
  • Bruijnzeel, L.A. (2001). Hydrology of tropical montane cloud forests: a reassessment. Land Use Water Res 1:1.1–1.18.
  • Caine, N. (1980). The rainfall intensity: duration controls on shallow landslides and debris flows. Geogr Ann Ser A 62:23–27.
  • Caracena, F., Maddox, R..A, Hoxit, L.R., Chappell, C.F. (1979). Mesoanalysis of the Big Thompson storm. Monthly Weather Review 107(1):1-17.Carrer, M., Urbinati, C. (2004). Age-dependent tree-ring growth response to climate in Larix decidua and Pinus cembra . Ecology 85: 730–740.
  • Carrer, M., Urbinati, C. (2006). Long-term change in the sensitivity of tree-ring growth to climate forcing in Larix decidua. New Phytologist 170, 861–872.
  • Cavelier, J., Goldstein, G. (1989). Mist and fog interception in elfin cloud forests in Colombia and Venezuela. J Trop Ecol 5:309–322.
  • Chang, S.C., Lai, .IL., Wu, J.T. (2002). Estimation of fog deposition on epiphytic bryophytes in a subtropical montane forest ecosystem in northeastern Taiwan. Atmos Res 64: 159–167.Conway, H., Raymond, C.F. (1993). Snow stability during rain. J Glaciol 39:635–42.
  • Çiçek, İ., Gürgen, G., Tunçel, H., Doğu, A.F. (2003). Glasıcal morphology of Eastern Black Sea mountains. The symposıum of fırst ınternatıonal studıes of geography (The mountainous areas of caucasus and anatolia on pleistocene and today) 09- 13 Haziran 2003, Van (in Turkish).
  • Daly, C., Neilson, R. P., Phillips, D. L. (1994). A statistical-topographic model for mapping climatological precipitation over mountainous terrain. Journal of Applied Meteorology 33 (2): 140-158.Davis, P.H. (1971). Distribution patterns in Anatolia with particular reference to endemism, Plant Life of South – West Asia. In: Davis PH, Harper PC, Hedge IC (ed), Published by The Botanical Society of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, pp 15 – 28.
  • Efe, R., Sönmez, S. (2006). The regional distribution of the forest vegetation according to the ecological and floristic properties in Turkey. IV. National Geography Symposium (Regional Differences in Turkey in the EU Process), 25-26 May 2006, Ankara (İnTurkish)Ekhart, E. (1948). De la structure de l’atmosphe`re dans la montagne, La Me´te´orologie 3, 3–26 (in French with English abstract).
  • Erinç, S. (1969). Climatology and methods, İstanbul University Publication, İstanbul (in Turkish).
  • Eriş, E. (2011). Determinatıon of spatial distrıbution of precipitation on poorly gauged coastal regions, Istanbul Technical University, Department of Civil Engineering, PhD Thesis, Istanbul.
  • Eugster, W.. (2007) The relevance of fog for the vegetation: is it the water or the nutrients that matter? In Proc. Fourth International Conference on Fog, Fog Collection and Dew. In Biggs A, Cereceda P (eds). La Serena, Chile, pp 359–362.
  • Fisher, R.A.,, Williams M., Da Costa AL., Malhi, Y., Da, Costa, RF., Almeida, S., Meir, P. (2007). The response of an Eastern Amazonian rain forest to drought stress: Results and modelling analyses from a throughfall exclusion experiment. Global Change Biology 13: 2361–2378.
  • Funnell, D., Parish, R. (2001). Mountain environments and communities. Routledge physical environment series, London and New York.
  • Goulden, M.L., Wofsy, S.C., Harden, J.W. (1998). Sensitivity of boreal forest carbon balance to soil thaw. Science 279:214–217.
  • Gutie´rrez, A.G., Barbosa, O., Christie, D.A., Del-Val, E..K, Ewing, H.A., Jones, C.G., Marque,t P.A., Weathers, K.C., Armesto, J.J. (2008). Regeneration patterns and persistence of the fog dependent Fray Jorge forest in semiarid Chile during the past two centuries. Global Change Biol 14:161–176.
  • Hafkenscheid, R.L. (1994). Hydrological observations in rain forests of contrasting stature on Gunung Rakata (Krakatau), Indonesia, with special reference to the ‘Massenerhebung’ effect. M.Sc. Thesis. Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
  • Hutley, L.B., Doley, D., Yates, D.J., Boonsaner, A. (1997). Water balance of an Australian subtropical rainforest at altitude: the ecological and physiological significance of intercepted cloud and fog. Aust J Bot 45:311–329.
  • Johnson, D.M., Smith, W.K. (2008). Cloud immersion alters microclimate, photosynthesis and water relations in Rhododendron catawbiense and Abies fraseri seedlings in the southern Appalachian Mountains, USA. Tree Physiol 28:385–392.
  • Kantarcı, M.D. (1982). Relations between the distribution of natural tree and shrub species and characteristics of regional site in the Mediterranean Region. İstanbul Universty Publication no: 3054, İstanbul (in Turkish).
  • Kantarcı, M.D. (1995). Regional ecological units in the Eastern Black Sea Region.In:I. National Black Sea Forestry Congress, Karadeniz Technical University, Proceedings Vol 33 Trabzon, 23-25 October 1995 (in Turkish).
  • Lee, S.E., Press, M.C., Lee, J.A. (2000). Observed climate variations during the last 100 years in Lapland, northern Finland. International Journal of Climatology 20: 329–346.Levi, M. (1967). Fog in Israel. Isr J Earth Sci. 16, 7-21.
  • Lynch, A.H., Bonan, G.B., Chapin, F.S., Wu, W. (1999). Impact of tundra ecosystems on the surface energy budget and climate of Alaska. Journal of Geophysical Research 104(D6): 6647–6660.
  • MacArthur, R.H. (1972). Geographical ecology: patterns in the distribution of species. Published by Princeton University Press 41, William Street, Princeton, New Jersey. Marquinez, J., Lastra, J., Garcia, P. (2003). Estimation models for precipitation in mountainous regions: the use of GIS and multivariate analysis. Journal of Hydrology 270: 1-11.
  • Montgomery, D.R., Balco, G., Willett, S.D. (2001). Climate, tectonics, and the morphology of the Andes. Geology 29:579–82.
  • Motzer, T., Munz, N., Ku¨ppers, M., Schmitt, D., Anhuf, D. (2005). Stomatal conductance, transpiration and sap flow of tropical montane rain forest trees in the southern Ecuadorian Andes. Tree Physiol 25:1283–1293.
  • Naoum, S., Tsanis, I. K. (2004.) Orographic precipitation modeling with multiple linear regression. Journal of Hydrologic Engineering, 9 (2): 73-102.
  • Oke, T.R. (1978). Boundary Layer Climates. Wiley, New York, 372 pp.
  • Park, J. I., Singh, V.P. (1996). Temporal and spatial characteristics of rainfall in the Nam River dam basin of Korea. Hydrological Processes 10: 1155-1171.Parsons, J.J. (1960). ‘‘Fog drip’’ from coast stratus, with special reference to California. Weather 15, 58–62.
  • Pettorelli, N., Vik, J..O, Mysterud, A., Gaillard, J.M., Tucker ,C.J., Stenseth, N.C. (2005). Using the satellite-derived NDVI to assess ecological responses to environmental change. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 20:503–510.
  • Reiners, P.W., Ehlers, T.A., Mitchell, S.G., Montgomery, D.R. (2003). Coupled spatial variations in precipitation and long-term erosion rates across the Washington Cascades. Nature 426:645–47.
  • Renard SM, Mclntire EJB, Fajardo A (2016) Winter conditions - not summer temperature - influence establishment of seedlings at white spruce alpine treeline in Eastern Quebec. Journal of Vegetation Science 27: 29–39.
  • Ritter ,A., Regalado, C.M., Aschan, G. (2008). Fog water collection in a subtropical elfin laurel forest of the Garajonay National Park (Canary Islands): a combined approach using artificial fog catchers and a physically based model. J. Hydrometeorol 9:920–935.
  • Roe, G. H. (2005). Orographic precipitation. Annu Rev Earth Planet Sci 33: 645-671.
  • Santiago, L.S., Goldstein, G., Meinzer, F.C.,, Fowns, J.H., Mueller-Dombois, D. (2000). Transpiration and forest structure in relation to soil waterlogging in a Hawaiian montane cloud forest. Tree Physiol 20:673–681.
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There are 57 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Ayhan Usta 0000-0002-9647-2576

Murat Yılmaz This is me 0000-0002-9552-993X

Yavuz Kocamanoğlu 0000-0002-8674-7089

Esengül Genç 0000-0002-2529-088X

Publication Date October 26, 2018
Submission Date June 30, 2018
Published in Issue Year 2018 Volume: 6 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Usta, A., Yılmaz, M., Kocamanoğlu, Y., Genç, E. (2018). Impact of spatial factors on climate variables and species distribution in forest ecosystems under sea influence of Eastern Blacksea Region. Eurasian Journal of Forest Science, 6(3), 83-97. https://doi.org/10.31195/ejejfs.439424

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