Prospects for designing waste water treatment structures in small population units

This article talks about the prospects for the design of structures intended for use in small settlements. The issues of installation and stage-by-stage use of structures under operating conditions are considered.


Main part.
Considering the above factors, the population can choose the type of treatment facilities. For the population of small areas, it is necessary to choose inexpensive and modern types of treatment facilities. Therefore, we are considering a modern type of treatment process: one of these types is a septic tank -it is designed to receive wastewater, replenish sludge with anaerobic digestion and additional treatment, depending on the type.
There are two main types of septic tanks: Plastic container: This type of construction is very simple and consists of a sealed tank buried in the ground and a sewer pipe connected to it. Such a septic tank is notable for its low cost and energy efficiency, since no electrical equipment is required for operation. This project has several disadvantages, the disadvantage of which is the need for a constant pump and the installation of special equipment. It depends on the size of the drain and the flow rate of the waste water. It should be noted that the design is not suitable for installation on all types of soil. As a consequence, construction savings increase the cost of wastewater treatment for the population. Septic tanks for soil treatment: Additional filtration treatment also includes elements of the drainage system in the structural elements of drainage systems. In such systems, wastewater is treated in two stages.
At the first stage: Wastewater enters the tank through pipelines, where large fractions are deposited in the form of sediment, which is then discharged through septic tanks. This method is called sewage swimming. Here, the fermentation of wastewater particles occurs under the action of anaerobic bacteria. The liquid is purified from the reservoir, but not purified (the degree of purification does not exceed 30-40%). Such water cannot be dumped into the ground according to the SanPIN standards. The reservoir must be periodically cleaned from deposits and dirt accumulated on the bottom.
At the second stage: Wastewater that has undergone primary treatment in a septic tank enters the filtration zone. To form a filtration zone, the soil is cleaned, covered with sand, and perforated pipes are laid. Here, treated wastewater is mechanically filtered and absorbed into the soil. At the second stage, the degree of purification is 60%. In five years, it will be necessary to reconstruct the filtration section.
The main advantage is the simplicity of the project, the low cost of materials and a sufficient source of energy. Projects of this type include Eurolos ECO, Triton-ED, Triton-Mini and Triton-T.

Material method.
The most modern and technologically advanced type of wastewater treatmentsystem for small areas is vertical biological treatment plants made of polypropylene with functional chambers. Such devices are implemented through a multistage wastewater treatment method based on the interaction of organic pollutants and aerobic bacteria in an environment that is actively oxygenated from the air with the help of aeration. Cameras play an important role in the wastewater treatment process. In the first receiving chamber, wastewater is separated into fractions, and large and heavily contaminated particles settle to the bottom.
At the next stage, it is transferred from the receiving chamber to the next chamber by means of a pump or by means of oxygen-enriched air as a result of bubble ventilation (230 W / mK). In this very chamber, decomposition and mineralization of organic substances occurs in the presence of aerobic microorganisms. It is the heart of the biological wastewater treatment system.
In a chamber called a pyramid, the activated sludge that is recirculated during the secondary treatment settles and the impurities are removed as oil and returned to the aeration tank for further treatment.
In the fourth section, colorless and odorless purified water is drained through pipes using a pump or by gravity. Moreover, the degree of wastewater treatment can reach 98-100%. Such structures can be installed anywhere, for example, in projects such as Eurolos BIO, Diamant, Eco-Grand. These treatment plants operate normally only when the ventilation elements and compressor membranes are replaced. I believe that installing a deep biological treatment plant in rural areas is an easier and more environmentally friendly way to treat wastewater and waste disposal than other options.
The design of treatment facilities for small settlements (septic tank) is considered cheap and convenient, depending on the equipment and technological features.

Conclusion.
When choosing a treatment plant for small settlements, it is necessary to choose inexpensive and modern types. Therefore, we need to consider the modern type of cleaning. One of these types is a septic tank, which is designed to receive wastewater, replenish sludge with anaerobic treatment and provide additional treatment, depending on the type. Structure with one or more chambers.
I believe that installing a deep biological treatment plant in rural areas is an easier and more environmentally friendly way to treat wastewater and waste disposal than other options. Designing treatment facilities for small settlements (septic tanks) is cheap and convenient, depending on the equipment and technological features.