Entrepreneurial Energy in a Far-From-Equilibrium Opportunity Driving Entrepreneurial Actions

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Entrepreneurial energy is the force that sustains the momentum and velocity of progression in the venture.Energy can rise through excitation/ agitation and fall through decay of the energy as a result of predicaments or failures.
Entrepreneurial energy is an endogenous force that fuels motivation and sustains entrepreneurial action and momentum.Encapsulating hope, optimism and obsessiveness, the nature and experience of the entrepreneurial energy provides meaning to the entrepreneurial pursuit and venture.Entrepreneurial energy is a motivational construct characterised by positive intense feeling, emotional arousal and internal drive and engagement in the pursuit that is salient to the self-identify of the entrepreneur.The positive affective state also generates positivity in the cognitive state fostering creativity and recognition of new patterns of information critical to opportunity recognition and exploitation in the external environment.
Entrepreneurship, after all, is a science of turbulence and change, not continuity.Turbulence is caused by certain force.Such is the force in entrepreneurship, like the wind is felt but not seen; or seen through the ruffle of the leaves but not the wind itself.
To address this omission in this area of research, this paper will demonstrate that entrepreneurial energy can be better understood if examined through the lens of complexity and quantum science.The indeterminacy in uncertainties and chaos theories best describe the dynamically complex, fast, volatile, uncertain disrupted, diverse, ambiguous, hyper-turbulent and hyperconnected entrepreneurial ecosystem.This paper contributes to entrepreneurship research by developing a complexity-based and uncertainty-based definition of entrepreneurial energy.This energy will be referred in the context of the entrepreneurial ecosystem (space) where the entrepreneurs (object) exist over time.Building on this definition, this paper connects the research on entrepreneur to venture-level complexity and entrepreneurial multi-finalities/ pathways.This paper will explore how these force originates and is sustained-that will influence entrepreneurial emergence and continuation-from intentionality of entrepreneurs and the coherence of entrepreneurial activities, through to the exploration and exploitation of perceived opportunities within the entrepreneurial ecosystem.Beyond developing the theory, this paper will also explore how scholars can further examine entrepreneurial energy as a complex play of forces through interpretivist methods.The theorizations in this paper also have implications for entrepreneurs and policymakers.

COMPLEXITIES OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP
The complexities of the entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial process can be observed from a variety of paradigms and philosophical lens depending on the exploration mood and angle.Diagram 1, adopted from (Johnson & Duberley, 2000), illustrates the codification of entrepreneurship under various observations with the varied paradigms.
Entrepreneurship has been defined as the nexus of the entrepreneur and opportunities (Sarason et al., 2006) (Davidsson, 2015).This nexus exists in the entrepreneurial ecosystem.Entrepreneurship can be observed from a multi-paradigm approach.
Whither the promise of entrepreneurship?(Venkataraman et al., 2012) The promise of entrepreneurship lies in the nexus of the entrepreneur and opportunities (Shane & Venkataraman, 2000).The nature of entrepreneurial opportunities is deeply social as well as institutional (Venkataraman et al., 2012).The study of the nature of the nexus, ontologically and epistemologically for entrepreneurial research is necessary to give clarity (Sarason et al., 2006); (Sarason et al., 2010).Entrepreneurial studies need solid dredging into the foundations and nature of opportunities (Alvarez & Barney, 2007); (Ramoglou, 2013); (Randerson et al., 2016).This paper is discussed with the anchor in Quadrant 4, shown in Diagram 1, basing on subjective ontology/ subjective epistemology.This paper will be featuring entrepreneurial energy arising in the space of risks and opportunities.In complexity science, there are two distinct drivers of emergence, one which is the far-from-equilibrium dynamics that trigger order creation and the second, adaptive tension that can push a system towards instability (Lichtenstein, 2007).Lichtenstein redefined the adaptive tension and suggested "opportunity tension" which captures the entrepreneurial passion inherent in the drive for order creation and emergence (Lichtenstein, 2007).
In this constructivist pivot, it involves understanding how the entrepreneurs as human agents make sense of equivocal inputs and enact this sense back into the world to make it more orderly (Weick & Karl E, 1995) with an understandable pattern and structure through stereotyping or through noticing and bracketing, both retrospectively and prospectively (Weick et al., 2005).In short, seeing orderliness amidst chaos or the move towards chaos in Prigogine's dissipative structures (Prigogine & Lefever, 1968) (Goldstein, 2013).
In McKelvey's (Mckelvey, 2002) understanding of Prigogine's dissipative structures theory, order creation arises from "energy differentials" which are imposed onto the system.(McKelvey, 2004) "A more recent view is that the most significant dynamics in bio-and econospheres are not variances around equilibria.Instead order is now seen to be due to the interactions of autonomous, heterogeneous agents energized by contextually imposed tensions induced by energy differentials."Plowman (Plowman et al., 2007) further elaborated and suggested: "…the tug and pull of these counter-acting forces may push the organization away from equilibrium into a more chaotic state….describedthis region of complexity as full of adaptive tension and tension gradients; it is in this state that emergent self-organization and creative destruction occur.An organization approaches a far-from-equilibrium state when members have enough freedom to experiment with new ways of doing things that their discoveries lead to disorder capable of moving through the entire organization."In these described models, adaptive tension is effected from the energy differential that initiates a dynamic state that leads to emergence and order creation.In sum, we have a bit of a conflict around causality: What actually causes the emergence of new order?Summarily, McKelvey mentioned the dynamism and the variance around equilibria.What causes the dynamism and variance around equilibria? Plowman mentioned "the tug and pull of these counteracting force" and "tension gradient" and what is this force and what move between the "tension gradient"?
In the far-from-equilibrium approach, the entire system moves into a regime that is away from equilibrium; this "far-fromequilibrium" organizing leads to non-linearities, adaptive tensions, and ultimately to perturbations of novelty (Lichtenstein, 2007).Under continuing far-from-equilibrium conditions, new order will emerge.What causes the perturbations and wobbling effect away from equilibrium.In this paper, entrepreneurial energy is therefore that force that causes the tension gradient and causing the perturbations and wobbling effect resulting in the variance around equilibria.A focus on understanding the nexus through the constructivist lens has been offered by (Cornelissen & Clarke, 2010) who describe the nexus in entrepreneurship as an exercise in sensemaking, emphasizing a direct relationship among language, cognition, and enactment of entrepreneurs.The nexus provides that space for the creation and commercialization of novel ventures through the construction of meaning for themselves and others.It also drew upon sensemaking in understanding the nexus by offering a narrative perspective on entrepreneurial opportunity.(Alvarez & Barney, 2013) They argue that the emphasis in this perspective is what emerges through actions and interactions of the entrepreneurs.It is in this nexus that entrepreneurial energy arises and lead to actions.

ON ENTREPRENEURIAL ENERGY
This paper intends to define entrepreneurial energy as the force that spurs the dynamic entrepreneurs to action across the stages of the entrepreneurial venture from founding to exit.The research question being addressed in this paper is how does entrepreneurial energy plays a role in venture emergence, creation and sustenance process and if so, how does entrepreneurial energy influences venture development along the venture pathway?
In this paper, entrepreneurial energy is defined as an endogenous force that fuels motivation and sustains entrepreneurial action and momentum.Entrepreneurial energy leads to an acute alertness to market opportunities and the human agent's (entrepreneur's) actions to capture the opportunities.See Diagram 2. Likewise, when the entrepreneurial energy decays as a result of de-motivation and failures, the entrepreneur's energy curve dips.Entrepreneurial energy's dynamism is indeterministic and it has a wave function.The fluctuation of the wave across the time line shows the trial-and-error processual pathway of the entrepreneurs for survival, with peaks and troughs in energy level.Any decisions, moving along the processual pathway is ex-ante, with no perfect knowledge and rationality, and whatever potential economic outcome, the decisions are experimentally determined with different creative combinations.With success, the entrepreneurs' energy become elevated and is charged up; similarly, with failures or obstacles, demotivation and depression will cause the dip in the energy.
What is the difference between energy that spur human agent to action and the entrepreneurial energy?Entrepreneurial energy heightens the state of motion and subsequent actions for entrepreneurs to assume risk associated with uncertainty (Knight, F, 1921) for eventual wealth creation.The ultimate source of profits then is the foresight of future conditions and wants.(Mises, 1949).Entrepreneurs overarching goal is wealth creation.
The research will primarily try to uncover the determinants of entrepreneurial energy and the effects of entrepreneurial energy on cognitions, passions and behavioural outcomes and how it creates the different pathways arising from decisions and strategies.
The entrepreneurial process is a dynamic, discontinuous change of the state of entrepreneurial energy that will drive human action.Human action -the ends aimed at and the means chosen -is determined by the qualities of every individual human agent.Every human agent uses understanding in dealing with uncertain future events, but is motivated by an energy to persist despite the uncertainties, to which the entrepreneur must routinely adjust and calibrate actions.Aimed to address such uncertainty, action is always speculative and contingent on the level of energy that will spur actions into the various possible venture pathways.The end or aim of any action is always the relief from a felt uneasiness.A means is what serves the attainment of any end.According to Mises, "In this universe there exist only things."A thing becomes a means when human reason plans to employ it for attainment of some end.Economics is not about things and tangible material objects; it is about individuals, their meanings and actions.(Mises, 1949).Hence, it is clear from Mises that active human agent who is the economic actor, in this case the entrepreneur.In this paper, it will be argued with proof of cases from researches and literatures how is human action, defined as energised human action drives outcome of success and failures or how energy drives innovativeness to other pathway or to creatively destruct the original pathway to create a new one.The entrepreneur consequently is a disturber of equilibrium and causes creative destruction.(Schumpeter, 1942) through this same energy.

THE MODEL
Researches on entrepreneurship has always been a controversial topic in economic theorization.The significance of entrepreneurship premising on various themes from entrepreneurial orientation, entrepreneurial passion, effectuation theory, structuration theory or decision theory/ schema theory, among the many strands of thoughts, provide only limited perspective.Most of the researches lack a unifying explanation on what continues to affect and effect the human agent's (entrepreneur's) actions and activities along the venture pathway.A consistent theory of entrepreneurship is missing; a theory that is adequate to combine the various strands of themes, including from determinism to indeterminism, in order to come to a model that can link all these themes in a consistent way eventually.Early theories approach entrepreneurship from a intuitive perspective, tracing back to (Cantillon, 1931); (Schumpeter, 1934) to eventually contemplating a modern evolutionary approach based on indeterminism (Diagram 4 showing the determinism and indeterminism correlation to physics, biology, economics and philosophy) containing some specific theories such as the Heisenberg theory (Soros, 2013) and Feynman's diagram on quantum field theory to explain the chaotic dynamics (Cvitanovi, 2000) in the natural entrepreneurial ecosystem.Walrus's general equilibrium theory is a case in point of determinism (Walras, 1874).Walras's law is an economic theory, which states that the existence of excess supply in one market must be matched by excess demand in another market so that both factors are balanced out.Walras's law asserts that an examined market must be in equilibrium if all other markets are in equilibrium.Equilibrium needs optimal behaviour.Optimal behaviour needs perfect rationality.Perfect rationality requires perfect foresight and information.This is not at all congruent with reality which is not in a state of perfect equilibrium with perfect rationality and thereafter perfect behaviour.Perfect knowledge, perfect rationality and perfect behaviour in a state of total equilibrium is therefore unreal if the measurement of time is involved.The bone of contention is rooted in the perfect rationality assumption which is a necessary condition for optimal behaviour.This does not allow for a 'real' choice and the treatment of true uncertainty subject to entrepreneurial behaviour, which burns down the role of the entrepreneur to a static and passive and therefore redundant economic agent.Any model built on perfect foresight and rationality with complete information is a contradiction in itself.Until an appropriate methodology that can accommodate these indeterminism and reinterpret the equilibrium concept to provide for the morphing from determinism to indeterminism, new theorizations need to address the realities faced by entrepreneurs who is alternating between equilibrium-destruction (innovating) (Chiles et al., 2007) and equilibrium-seeking (Valliere, 2013).

HUMAN ACTIONS
Core element of in the model are the actors who are the dynamic entrepreneurs driven by purposeful, energized human action.These actors exist in an ecosystem of risks and opportunities and there is a certain regularity and interdependence of market phenomena which is built upon the solid foundation of the general theory of human action, or praxeology.Proxeology is the theory of human action based on the notion that humans engage in purposeful behaviour as opposed to reflexive or unintentional behaviours.French social philosopher Alfred Espinas (Espinas, 1897) gave the term its modern meaning.Modern economics calls praxeology the science of choice and it studies choices that inevitably flow from scarcity.In contemporary neoclassical theory, human agents are modelled and fashioned as rational agents that maximize utility subject to constraints.Mises (Mises, 1949) began from a different concept of choice and subsequently weaved a dramatically different foundation for economic theory.
Without the consideration of causality and regularity of phenomena there will be no field for human reasoning and subsequent action that will lead to the many venture pathways.The specific study of human action is always complex, thus rendering the notion of scientific positivism impossible.Praxeology, will be used a lens in this paper to seek an understanding of how entrepreneurial energy and perception of risk in entrepreneurs' choice of strategies adoption affects subsequent action.This is part of the research question in the paper.
The model set up in this paper involves the study of means and uncertainties over time.Means, time and uncertainties are important considerations though it is mentioned at the beginning that the core of the study is on the human action.How from the choices of means, adoption of strategies for the capture of opportunities through strategies, to specific action that would lead to an outcome.If means were not scarce, there would not Entrepreneurial Energy in a Far-From-Equilibrium Opportunity Driving Entrepreneurial Actions.

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Dr David Leong, PhD, davidleongsk@gmail.com 5 be any action with regard to them.Again the principle of scarcity applies.Action is an attempt to substitute a more satisfactory state of affairs for a less satisfactory one.The variance between the value of the costs incurred and that of the outcome attained is called a gain or loss.Profit and loss is purely subjective depending on the time of measure -any calculation of values is impossible unless there is a terminal end to compute all the gains and losses.Momentary loss or gain cannot be the same final loss or gain because it is still in the process of adding up and being averaged out.Thus, human action must take into account time in attaining a certain end.Time is scarce.Human agent must economize time as other scarce factor.The intention of all means serves toward an optimum utility over time.Mises discussed the relation of labour as a means: "The employment of the physiological functions and manifestations of human life as a means is called labour."Human agent, in this paper referring to entrepreneur, works only when the return of labour is deemed higher than the the satisfaction brought about by leisure.Labour is also a scarce mean of production.Mises stated the use of "means" "is a transformation of given elements through arrangement and combination (Mises, 1949).It is the method that man, directed by reason, employs for the best possible removal… of his own unease."Owing to the high degree of freewill to entrepreneurial behaviour, true uncertainty follows.Entrepreneurs neither know the set of possible outcomes nor the corresponding probabilities.Entrepreneurs have to make decisions to the best to their knowledge, to craft out a venture pathway to proceed through Mises's human actions (Mises, 1949), arising from entrepreneurial energy.Entrepreneurs have to evaluate their individual endowment of resources, capabilities, capacities and competencies and second, the chances or possibilities to acquire missing complementarities through borrowing resources and third, to effectively assess the economic situation where the risks and opportunities are surrounding the actor/ entrepreneur at a particular point in time.In this case where the entrepreneur's perceived endowments, environmental suitability (basing on the perception of risks and opportunities) appear to be sufficient to enter a market, through energized human action, with the expected conclusion of a future that signals promising rewards, a new pathway is being crafted out.

SPACE CONTEXT
In theorizing about entrepreneurship in this paper, the concept of space is crucial because entrepreneurial action do not exist independent of space or time but in a specific space-time.The study will therefore feature researches on individual-and venture-level entrepreneurial emergence and on the role of orientation/ intention and action in the creation of new ventures.The space in which the study will premise will be called the entrepreneurial ecosystem.This paper will study the three related forces that work in tandem to influence the emergence of the ecosystem: the orientation/ intentionality and adaptive tensions of entrepreneurs, the coherence of entrepreneurial activities that create the pathway, and resources availability in the ecosystem and the entrepreneur's perception and exploitation of the resources.From the orientation/ intentionality to exploitation of opportunities and resources in the ecosystem to developing the pathway trajectories through a series of entrepreneurial activities, they are driven by that entrepreneurial energy.This brings to the next research question-uuncovering the determinants of entrepreneurial energy that pervades in the ecosystem.This paper will theorize that the lens of complex adaptive systems can be used to understand the linkages between these forces that operate in the ecosystem across spacetime.Complexity science can illuminate the study of the entrepreneurial ecosystem by providing insights into their emergence.The study of the complex constellation of connections among the ecosystem components.The ecosystem is best treated as a system and that system theory which is an analytical approach represents the phenomena as sets of stocks and flows regulated by interactions.(Roundy et al., 2018).The first approach assumes that systems are commonly in (or near) equilibrium depict the study under the broad heading of determinism, which negates the need to examine dynamic relationships and nonlinear interactions among the systems' elements and instead focuses on isolating and parameterizing stable, individual components.Although the "simple" systems approach is appropriate for explaining the behaviour of some types of systems, a second approach used by a variety of disciplines, including biology, ecology, chemistry, economics, and management suggests that there is a second type of system that does not operate at equilibrium (indeterminism).There is a subset of these non-equilibrium systems -complex adaptive systems (CAS) -that cannot be explained using general systems theory.The study of complex adaptive systems -systems in which macro-level behaviours both emerge from and influence the micro-level interactions of the elements of the system has led to an interdisciplinary branch of scholarship referred to as complexity science.The aim of this research is to provide a framework for analysing the characteristics of complex systems, such as nonlinearity, cross-scale interactions, and emergence.(Roundy et al., 2018).The entrepreneur's orientation/intentionality and adaptive tensions need to be understood as the first step towards understanding the emergence of a complex adaptive system and in identifying the ecosystem and the forces influencing the entrepreneurs' cognition and behaviours, and the level at which these forces operate.Entrepreneurs are the agents driving the creation of the complex system.It is entrepreneurs' intentionality, "the tendency towards a goal that first appears in the individual's mind as a purpose" (Krueger et al., 2000) that acts as a motivating force in an ecosystem and contributes to ecosystem emergence.Scholars adopting a complexity lens have argued that entrepreneurs create new ventures because of "adaptive tensions"-internal states of tension that are triggered by an external source and motivate a creative response by the entrepreneur (Lichtenstein et al., 2007).As Lichtenstein argued, "in the context of a nascent entrepreneur, adaptive tension is created through a perceived opportunity or by a personal aspiration to start a business."Adaptive tensions are the result of "energy differentials," which occur when there are discernible and recognizable differences between the resources within entrepreneurs within the space of the ecosystem under their control, and new pools of resources that they desire to access in the pursuit of opportunities.Adaptive tensions are critical to emergence because they are tied to entrepreneurial orientation/intentions.When entrepreneurs identify, create, and respond to market opportunities, they exhibit intentionality in formulating implicit and explicit means and action plans to drive to their ends.The differential between the orientation/intentions of entrepreneurs and the opportunities and risks assessed on which they seek to capitalize generates pressures to act and the action is premised on the level of entrepreneurial energy spurring the entrepreneurs to act in certain direction.
Complexity science has developed to analyse systems in which the interactions between component elements in the ecosystem result in the emergence of new and unpredictable patterns, behaviours and structures (Anderson et al., 2012).In such systems, the patterns of action produced at one level both emerge from and are influenced by processes operating at different levels and by the behaviours of the overall system, a characteristic referred to as complexity.Systems that exhibit complexity and are adaptive with the capacities to change based on contextual conditions are referred to as complex adaptive systems.In such systems, the individual components are constantly interacting and reacting to one another including the environment across levels, modifying the system and its response to disturbances and allowing it to adapt to changes.
At the core of both complexity science and entrepreneurship study is a focus on the concept of emergence, "the creation of new 'order' (Lichtenstein et al., 2007).Emergence is central to entrepreneurship research, which has emphasized "the cominginto-being of new venture pathways.Through interactions with one another (risks, opportunities, other economic actors' actions and counter-actions), these interactivities produce continuous modifications to the system, which shape how the system responds to endogenous and exogenous disturbances and allow it to adapt to changing and novel conditions.These dynamics can lead to path variable developments, and trajectories because of historical experiences and existing environmental munificence and conditions.

OPPORTUNITIES & RISKS CONTEXT
Of particular interest are questions about the sources of entrepreneurial opportunities.Are entrepreneurial opportunities a result of discovery or one of creation?
To address these questions, (Shane, 2012) distinguishes and defines opportunities to account for both entrepreneurial failures and successes.To advance the notion of entrepreneurial energy emerging at the nexus of the entrepreneurs who are the human agents and opportunities, this paper will explore what does this energy influences and is the impact of the discovery process and to investigate it as a beneficial force that regulates entrepreneurs' actions in the different possible developmental trajectories in entrepreneurship.Opportunities, according to (Sarason et al., 2006b), are objectively presented so perceptive entrepreneurs can explore and exploit these opportunities by capturing or recombine resources in a way that allows pursuit of that opportunity".Building on (Davidson, 2001) "tripod" consisting of interactions among objective, subjective, and intersubjective, it conceptualizes entrepreneurial opportunities as being both "made" and "found" in and through such interactions.Between the human agency (entrepreneur) and the artifact (opportunity) and as a result of the relational processes, it is therefore suggested that entrepreneurial energy spurs the entrepreneur to action in the acquisition of that opportunity.
Opportunities can be looked from "discovery" and "creation" perspectives (Alvarez & Barney, 2007).From a discovery perspective, opportunities are exogenously presented in the entrepreneurial ecological space (see Diagram 3), which alert entrepreneurs can seize (Kirzner, 1997).As seen in the diagram, opportunities abound where the entrepreneurs can explore and exploit.In contrast, from a creation perspective, opportunities are endogenously generated through processes such as creative imagination (Lachmann, 1986) and effectuation (Sarasvathy et al., 2001).There is a wellspring of creative entrepreneurial energy in search of entrepreneurial opportunities.
Context matters within the space of the entrepreneurial ecosystem as it provides the basis for the generative forces for action to operate, which, in turn, produces new opportunitiesthat is, the specific manifestation of an entrepreneurial pathway.(Alvarez & Barney, 2013).As the context unfolds, risks and opportunities are transformed in dynamic ways.Human agents/ entrepreneurs are a part of an ecology of interactions within the space in the ecosystem that forms the basis for entrepreneurial pathway developments.The creative imagination of a future that has yet to emerge (Brown, et al., 2000) and sensemaking of what has transpired (Weick & Karl E, 1995).Seen from a constructivist position, opportunity spaces emerge as the human agents (entrepreneurs), environmental resources, risks and opportunities become entangled (and disentangled), thereby dynamically enabling and constraining the entrepreneurs orientation/intentionality and possibilities (Garud et al., 2010).A consideration of relationality reinforces the fact that opportunities emerge through a recombination of relations and resources.Many scholars have established this proposition-in economics (Schumpeter, 1942), who cited "recombination" to create, psychology (Koestler, 1976) who introduced the notion of "bi-sociation", sociology (Hargadon, 2003) who established the importance of "brokers", (Bessant, &Trifilova, 2017) who advocated "recombinant innovation" and(Lévi-Strauss, 1966) who explored processes such as "bricolage".This innovative recombination suggests that any act of creation from existing elements within the ecosystem is simultaneously an act of discovery, and vice versa and has very much to do with the awareness and alertness of such elements to be able to recompose and reconstitute the whole for innovative creation.Creative imagination of new ideas from existing ideas or effectuating new pathway necessitate a certain level of positive energy to sustain the momentum of creation.Rarely new ideas or concepts evolve full blown and are totally ready for use, unless it's a hole-in-one eureka moment, as it requires times and expenditure of efforts to shape the idea to fruition and the process is almost never linear.There are false starts and dead ends, ups and downs and "backing and forthing" as the entrepreneurial pathway unfolds (Garud & Gehman, 2012).While the false starts, dead ends, going into the valley of the curve and "backing and forthing" can be distracting, disconcerting and mostly discouraging but the entrepreneurial energy will hold up to spur the entrepreneurs to persist and persevere.Such nonlinear dynamics strengthen the verve and nerve of the entrepreneurs and cultivate within them the temporal orientation that at any given space-time moment, they can assess and look forward and backward in time to generate "option value" from their construction and improve on them.Past, present and future are intertwined and entrepreneurs must be able to forge new recombinants from the past failures or dead ends and to creatively imagine a future and this demands creative energy to push them into the future.This force that causes the movement and continuous motion for discovery and creation is the entrepreneurial energy at work and this paper will explore this energy in action.The individual-opportunity nexus integrates objective and subjective aspects of entrepreneurship.(Eckhardt & Shane, 2013) and this study will feature how the energy works within the nexus.
Structuration is another useful lens to view the entrepreneurial process in this paper.Entrepreneurship is presented as the nexus of opportunity and agency, whereby opportunities are not singular phenomena, but are idiosyncratic to the individual.Entrepreneurial ventures are the basis and outcome of the entrepreneurs' actions.The traditional view of entrepreneurship is that entrepreneurs fill market gaps (Sarason et al., 2006b).A structuration view proposes that the entrepreneur and social systems co-evolve by theorizing the entrepreneurial process which is a dynamic interaction where the sources of opportunities are acted on by the entrepreneurs and at the same time, the entrepreneurs are affected by the sources of opportunities.The entrepreneur is a reflexive agent engaging in purposeful action.
Structuration theory, is developed by the sociologist Anthony Giddens, explains how actors are the creators of social systems, yet at the same time are created by them.Giddens (Giddens, 1984) describes the framework as an attempt to provide the conceptual means of analysing the often delicate and subtle interlacing of reflexively organized action and institutional constraint.Structuration theory presents the agent as being simultaneously enabled and constrained by social structuring which is the context entrepreneurs experience, both sense of emancipation and constriction at the same time.The interactivity of the entrepreneur and opportunity is conceptually a duality where one cannot exist independently of the other; and therefore, cannot be understood separate and distinct from each other.Through the lens of structuration theory, it is an alternative perspective on how entrepreneurs interpret and influence their world through their perception leading to purposeful actions.This motion from perception to action is agitated by energy.Structuration theory suggests that social structures both constrain and enable entrepreneurs (Manning, 2008) in the venturing processes of discovery, evaluation, and exploitation of opportunities.Entrepreneurial opportunities can be depicted as being interdependent with the entrepreneur's actions as it coevolves with the actions taken by the entrepreneur and attempts to understand opportunities as distinct from the entrepreneur cannot be fully descriptive as it is perpetually a story in the making .A structuration theory representation of the process can enlighten and empower entrepreneurs.Opportunities do not exist a priori waiting to be discovered, but become manifested to the entrepreneur and to others as they are conceptualized and developed by the actor as part of the venturing process.(Sarason et al., 2006b) The creative act in the discovery involves the evaluation and resource acquisition of a new conceptualization with myriad of combinatorial possibilities and permutations which is developed as part of the venturing process of exploration.The idiosyncratic, path-independent nature of venture creation where many finalities through multiple means and pathways can be taken show how entrepreneurs and the opportunities in their interactions produce different outcome basing on interpretation of opportunities and the context of the environment then.The sources of opportunity and the structuring processes are constructed and reconstructed iteratively in the entrepreneur's ongoing process.Structuration theory contributes to this paper's goal of presenting it as a framework so that what moves and motivates an entrepreneur to specific action is the carry-on effect of the energy existing in the system.

CONCLUSION
This thesis starts with the definining entrepreneurship pivoting on subjective ontology and subjective epistemology and describing further on the disequibria and complexity in entrepreneurship space moving from a discussion of determinism study to indeterminism in entrepreneurship.Rather than searching for entrepreneurs and/or opportunities as individual phenomenon, the true key to understanding entrepreneurship is to examine the nexus of the two (Shane & Venkataraman, 2000) which is the space in which the two interact which is covered in the section "Space Context".However, the nature of this nexus can be comprehended through the theoretical lens of complexity science and structuration theory that account for both individual and structural elements and to provide a comprehensive conceptualization of the nature of the nexus/ space.As such, these theoretic lens provide a conceptual foundation useful in the study of entrepreneurship in this thesis and to discuss how entrepreneurial energy agitates the entrepreneurs along time to move them to purposeful action.Studying the entrepreneur and the entrepreneurial opportunity as a duality in a dynamic way provides contextual richness to the entrepreneurial theory and provides insights into the nature of the phenomenon.The research methodologies highlight the way the entrepreneurs respond to the entrepreneurial energy and how the energy affects the cognitive, affective and effective actions.Through these theoretic lens and the effect of entrepreneurial energy this paper hopes to effectively and elegantly helps interpret how entrepreneurs influence their world to accomplish their purposes through human action as covered under the section "Human Actions".The theories employed in this paper suggest the manner in which social systems both constrain and enable entrepreneurs in the processes of discovery, evaluation, and exploitation of opportunities and the study of opportunities is covered under the section of "Opportunities and Risks Context".In these pursuits under the different sections and headings the focus is on the recursive nature of entrepreneuropportunity relationships through time and space with human actions, as longitudinal perspectives that reveals the complex

Entrepreneurial
Energy in a Far-From-Equilibrium Opportunity Driving Entrepreneurial Actions._________Dr David Leong, PhD, davidleongsk@gmail.com 3 Entrepreneurial Energy in a Far-From-Equilibrium Opportunity Driving Entrepreneurial Actions._________Dr David Leong, PhD, davidleongsk@gmail.com 4