The Limitations of Food Intake and Biomarkers in the Prevention of Chronic Diseases

The links between high fat/high sugar diets with insulin resistance and non alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) [1] has escalated with recent research that is relevant to the role of healthy diet consumption that may reverse NAFLD connected to Type 2 and Type 3 diabetes [2,3]. A low calorie diet is essential for the treatment of NAFLD and the benefit of this dietary regime is to activate the nuclear receptor Sirtuin 1 (Sirt 1) that is connected to improvements in glucose, cholesterol and antimicrobial activity [4]. Sirt 1 is a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) dependent class III histone deacetylase that targets transcription factors to adapt gene expression to metabolic activity and its deacetylation of nuclear receptors indicates its critical role in insulin resistance in rodents, livestock and man [4]. High fibre diets [5] are essential to maintain glucose and cholesterol homeostasis with its maintenance of nuclear gene expression (Sirt 1) essential to prevent mitochondrial apoptosis and programmed cell death.

The links between high fat/high sugar diets with insulin resistance and non alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) [1] has escalated with recent research that is relevant to the role of healthy diet consumption that may reverse NAFLD connected to Type 2 and Type 3 diabetes [2,3]. A low calorie diet is essential for the treatment of NAFLD and the benefit of this dietary regime is to activate the nuclear receptor Sirtuin 1 (Sirt 1) that is connected to improvements in glucose, cholesterol and antimicrobial activity [4]. Sirt 1 is a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) dependent class III histone deacetylase that targets transcription factors to adapt gene expression to metabolic activity and its deacetylation of nuclear receptors indicates its critical role in insulin resistance in rodents, livestock and man [4]. High fibre diets [5] are essential to maintain glucose and cholesterol homeostasis with its maintenance of nuclear gene expression (Sirt 1) essential to prevent mitochondrial apoptosis and programmed cell death.
Major interests in food intake and the effects on various plasma biomarkers has been the focus of many research groups [6,7]. A review of existing literature on currently available dietary biomarkers include novel biomarkers of specific foods and dietary components that has revealed several dietary biomarkers in need of additional validation research [8][9][10][11]. The availability of biomarkers that determine the intake of specific foods and dietary components could greatly enhance nutritional research targeting with reversal of global disease such as NAFLD [12]. Identification of specific foods that induce changes in novel biomarkers such as Sirt 1 [13,14] are essential to determine the importance of existing literature with relationship to dietary foods and biomarkers. The projected cost of plasma and cell biomarker analysis is expected to cost by the year 2012 approximately 52 billion dollars, with relevance to major efforts to assess progression and severity of diseases with relevant these biomarkers are connected to dietary biomarkers that may delay the severity of progression of global chronic disease.
In previous research studies experiments in rodents and man [15,16] have indicated the role of various diets that may accelerate hepatic lipid metabolism with reversal of NAFLD. The progression and severity of NAFLD may not be delayed without the measurement of plasma Sirt 1 [13,14]. In rodents low calorie diets may increase hepatic lipid metabolism with increased plasma Sirt 1 levels [15]. In obese man and individuals with NAFLD levels of plasma Sirt 1 have been shown to be decreased [13,14] in spite of additional research on specific foods and dietary components with the measurement of several dietary biomarkers that may assist to prevent the progression of various chronic diseases [6][7][8][9][10][11].
Dietary interventions with the use of nutrigenomic diets are required early in life to reverse the defective adipose tissue-liver interaction that leads to NAFLD [17]. The role of nutrigenomic diets to activate the nuclear receptor Sirt 1 has become important with relevance to the nuclear-mitochondria interaction in the adipose tissue and liver cells. In rodents food restricted diets that do not contain various contaminants may allow nuclear Sirt 1 regulation of the immune system with mitochondrial biogenesis relevant to reversal of NAFLD [17]. Food quality has led to the identification of various contaminants in foods by microbiological spoilage associated with the inhibition of Sirt 1 with defective hepatic lipid metabolism and the induction of NAFLD.
In the developing world nuclear Sirt 1 repression by bacterial lipopolysaccharides and the mycotoxin patulin ( Figure 1) may not allow Sirt 1 release into the plasma and central nervous system with diseases linking to core body temperature defects related to diabetes and neurodegenerative diseases [18][19][20]. In the developed world various inhibitors of Sirt 1 (Figure 1) should be carefully assessed to stimulate Sirt l release into the blood plasma. Diagnostic tests that measure plasma analytes such as lipids, hormones, liver/ kidney function tests, drug levels, immune tests, enzymes and metals (zinc/magnesium) should be conducted with Sirt 1 and heat shock protein analysis to validate the importance of diagnostic plasma analysis in the diagnosis of global chronic disease. Dietary biomarkers and dietary components that have stimulated the need for additional validation research now require the measurement of caffeine in the blood plasma. Caffeine is a Sirt 1 modulator and its presence as a food additive, plant component and in coffee requires its measurement with relevance to effects on Sirt 1 release in the blood plasma and CNS. The importance of plasma Sirt 1 and its relevance to plasma lipoprotein metabolism [15,21] may indicate its critical role in the beneficial properties of olive oil [22]. In agriculture and the livestock industry the role of dietary caffeine with various diets/dietary components need to be reassessed with relevance to the release of Sirt 1 from the liver and brain cells in various species that may be associated with chronic diseases in these animals. Activators of Sirt 1 (Figure 1) as a food additive [5] may be essential in various diets in livestock and man to maintain glucose, cholesterol and anti-microbial activity [2,4,21] related to programmed cell death and organ disease.

Conclusion
Extensive literature on dietary plasma biomarkers that include novel biomarkers of specific foods and dietary components have been assessed with relevance to various global chronic diseases. The connections between dietary plasma biomarkers and metabolism now require the plasma analysis of Sirt 1. In agriculture and the livestock industry healthy diets with relevance to Sirt 1 (cells/ plasma) and dietary biomarkers have become important with relevance to mitochondrial biogenesis and regulation of metabolism in various species. Sirt 1 activators in the diet are critical to prevent the role of various Sirt 1 inhibitors with defective nuclearmitochondria interactions related to programmed cell death and chronic disease. Dietary plasma biomarkers need to be analysed with metabolic disease biomarkers to determine the primary role of dietary biomarkers in global chronic disease outcomes.