Skip to main content
Log in

Intensity of galactic cosmic rays in the early sun epoch

  • Extragalactic Astronomy
  • Published:
Kinematics and Physics of Celestial Bodies Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The process of heliospheric modulation of intensity of galactic cosmic rays is investigated by solving the transport equation. The spatial-energetic distribution of cosmic rays in the present epoch and in the past is analyzed. It is demonstrated that the particle density and the energy density of cosmic rays in the Solar System in the distant past were much lower than the corresponding current values. The cosmic ray intensity modulation in the early heliosphere was especially strong in the case of low-energy particles.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. V. S. Berezinskii, S. V. Bulanov, V. L. Ginzburg, V. A. Dogel’, and V. S. Ptuskin, Astrophysics of Cosmic Rays (Nauka, Moscow, 1984; North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1990).

    Google Scholar 

  2. A. Z. Dolginov and I. N. Toptygin, “Multiple scattering of particles in a magnetic field with random inhomogeneities,” J. Exp. Theor. Phys. 24, 1771–1783 (1967).

    Google Scholar 

  3. A. Z. Dolginov and I. N. Toptygin, “Diffusion of cosmic rays in the interplanetary medium,” Geomagn. Aeron. (Engl. Transl.) 7, 785 (1967).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  4. L. I. Dorman, Experimental and Theoretical Fundamentals of the Astrophysics of Cosmic Rays (Nauka, Moscow, 1975; NASA, Washington, DC, 1976).

    Google Scholar 

  5. Yu. L. Kolesnik and B. A. Shakhov, “Effect of the heliosheath and standing termination shock on galactic cosmic ray propagation in a stationary heliosphere model,” Kinematics Phys. Celestial Bodies 28, 261–269 (2012).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  6. E. N. Parker, Interplanetary Dynamical Processes (Interscience, New York, 1963; Mir, Moscow, 1965).

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  7. I. N. Toptygin, Cosmic Rays in Interplanetary Magnetic Fields (Nauka, Moscow, 1983; Springer-Verlag, Dordrecht, 1985).

    Google Scholar 

  8. Yu. I. Fedorov, “Modulation of galactic cosmic ray intensity in the turbulent heliosphere,” Kinematics Phys. Celestial Bodies 31, 105–118 (2015).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  9. B. A. Shakhov and Yu. L. Kolesnik, “Iterative method for solving boundary-value problems in the theory of cosmic ray propagation,” Kinematics Phys. Celestial Bodies 22, 101–108 (2006).

    Google Scholar 

  10. L. I. Cleeves, F. Adams, and E. A. Bergin, “Exclusion of cosmic rays in protoplanetary disks: Stellar and magnetic effects,” Astrophys. J. 772, 5 (2013).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  11. O. Cohen, J. J. Drake, and J. Kota, “The cosmic ray intensity near the Archean Earth,” Astrophys. J. 760, 85 (2012).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  12. L. I. Dorman, M. E. Katz, Yu. I. Fedorov, and B. A. Shakhov, “Variations of cosmic-ray energy in interplanetary space,” Astrophys. Space Sci. 94, 43–95 (1983).

    Article  ADS  MATH  Google Scholar 

  13. L. J. Gleeson and W. I. Axford, “Solar modulation of galactic cosmic rays,” Astrophys. J. 154, 1011–1026 (1968).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  14. L. J. Gleeson and I. H. Urch, “A study of the force-field equation for the propagation of galactic cosmic rays,” Astrophys. Space Sci. 25, 387–404 (1973).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  15. L. J. Gleeson and G. M. Webb, “Energy changes of cosmic rays in the interplanetary region,” Astrophys. Space Sci. 58, 21–39 (1978).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  16. M. L. Goldstein, R. Ramaty, and L. A. Fisk, “Interstellar cosmic ray spectra from the nonthermal radio background from 0.4 to 400 MHz,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 24, 1193–1196 (1970).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  17. E. F. Guinan and S. G. Engle, “The Sun in time: Age, rotation, and magnetic activity of the Sun and solar-type stars and effects on hosted planets.” in The Ages of Stars: Proc. 258th IAU Symp., Baltimore, MD, Oct. 13–17, 2008, Ed. by E. E. Mamajek and D. Soderblom; Proc. Int. Astron. Union 4 (S258), 395–408 (2008).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  18. X. Guo and V. Florinski, “Galactic cosmic-ray modulation near the heliopause,” Astrophys. J. 793, 18 (2014).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  19. C. P. Johnstone, M. Güdel, I. Brott, and T. Lüftinger, “Stellar winds on the main-sequence II. The evolution of rotation and winds,” Astron. Astrophys. 577, A28 (2015). https://arxiv.org/abs/1503.07494.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  20. H. Moraal, “Cosmic-ray modulation equations,” Space Sci. Rev. 176, 299–319 (2013).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  21. E. N. Parker, “The passage of energetic charged particles through interplanetary space,” Planet. Space Sci. 13, 9–49 (1965).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  22. J. S. Perko, “Solar modulation of galactic antiprotons,” Astron. Asrophys. 184, 119–121 (1987).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  23. M. S. Potgieter, “Solar modulation of cosmic rays,” Living Rev. Sol. Phys. 10 (3), 1–66 (2013).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  24. M. S. Potgieter, “A very local interstellar spectrum for galactic electrons, protons and helium,” in Proc. 33rd Int. Cosmic Ray Conf. (ICRC2013), Rio de Janeiro, July 2–9, 2013 (Braz. Phys. Soc., 2013), paper id. ICRC2013-1300.

    Google Scholar 

  25. M. S. Potgieter and R. T. Strauss, “At what rigidity does the solar modulation of galactic cosmic rays begin?” in Proc. 33rd Int. Cosmic Ray Conf. (ICRC2013), Rio de Janeiro, July 2–9, 2013 (Braz. Phys. Soc., 2013), paper id. ICRC2013-0156.

    Google Scholar 

  26. V. S. Ptuskin, H. J. Volk, V. N. Zirakashvili, and D. Breitschwerdt, “Transport of relativistic nucleons in a galactic wind driven by cosmic rays,” Astron. Asrophys. 321, 434–443 (1997).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  27. R. Schlickeiser, Cosmic Ray Astrophysics (Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 2002).

    Book  Google Scholar 

  28. N. J. Shaviv, “Toward a solution to the early faint Sun paradox: A lower cosmic ray flux from a stronger solar wind,” G. Geophys. Rev.: Sol. Phys. 108, 1437 (2003). https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0306477.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  29. M. G. Sterenborg, O. Cohen, J. J. Drake, and T. I. Gombosi, “Modeling the young Sun’s solar wind and its interaction with Earth’s paleomagnetosphere,” J. Geophys. Res. 116, A01217 (2011).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  30. T. K. Suzuki, “Evolution of solar-type stellar winds,” Astron. Nachr. 334, 81–84 (2013). https://arxiv.org/abs/1301.2359.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  31. H. Svensmark, “Cosmic rays and the biosphere over 4 billion years,” Astron. Nachr. 327, 871–875 (2006).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  32. I. H. Urch and L. J. Gleeson, “Galactic cosmic ray modulation from 1965–1970,” Astrophys. Space Sci. 17, 426–446 (1972).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  33. I. G. Usoskin, K. Alanko-Huotari, G. A. Kovaltsov, and K. Mursula, “Heliospheric modulation of cosmic rays: Monthly reconstruction for 1951–2004,” J. Geophys. Res.: Space Phys. 110, A12108 (2005).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  34. W. R. Webber, P. R. Hiegbie, and F. B. McDonald, “The unfolding of the spectra of low energy galactic cosmic ray H and He nuclei as the Voyager 1 spacecraft exits the region of heliospheric modulation” (2013). https://arxiv.org/abs/1308.1895.

    Google Scholar 

  35. W. R. Webber and F. B. McDonald, “Recent Voyager 1 data indicate that on 25 August 2012 at a distance of 121.7 AU from the Sun, sudden and unprecedented intensity changes were observed in anomalous and galactic cosmic rays,” Geophys. Rev. Lett. 40, 1665–1668 (2013).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  36. B. E. Wood, H.-R. Müller, S. Redfield, and E. Edelman, “Evidence for a weak wind from the young Sun,” Astrophys. J. Lett. 781, L33 (2014).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  37. B. E. Wood, H.-R. Müller, G. P. Zank, and J. L. Linsky, “Measured mass-loss rates of solar-like stars as a function of age and activity,” Astrophys. J. 574, 412–425 (2002).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Yu. I. Fedorov.

Additional information

Original Russian Text © Yu.I. Fedorov, B.A. Shakhov, Yu.L. Kolesnyk, 2017, published in Kinematika i Fizika Nebesnykh Tel, 2017, Vol. 33, No. 1, pp. 3–20.

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Fedorov, Y.I., Shakhov, B.A. & Kolesnyk, Y.L. Intensity of galactic cosmic rays in the early sun epoch. Kinemat. Phys. Celest. Bodies 33, 1–12 (2017). https://doi.org/10.3103/S0884591317010032

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.3103/S0884591317010032

Navigation