FATHERING STYLES OF MOSLEM FAMILIES PERCEIVED FROM PERSONALITY TYPES IN NORTH SUMATERA Nurhayani

Fathering styles are highly influenced by cultural background from which the father are raised. These styles will be observed by children and eventually become an imitated model for children in shaping their attitude and behavior as well as their ethnic identity representing their cultural values. The objectives of this research is to know the difference of fathering styles between fathers in Minangkabau families and Batak families perceived from their personality types. The subjects of this research were 90 fathers in Medan, North Sumatera which consist of 45 fathers of Minangkabau ethnicity and 45 fathers of Batak ethnicity. The data of the study were collected by using two scales, which are personality types scale and fathering style scale. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was applied to analyze the data. The result of the analysis shows that personality types and ethnicity interact each other in affecting fathering styles ( F : 5.872; p = 0.004 < 0.05),so there is a difference of fathering styles between Minangkabau fathers and Batak fathers perceived from introvert and extrovert personality types. A final contribution of this study is the effort to save young generation who live fatherless and support well function families through fathers’ role in transmitting good cultural values of fathers’ ethnicity, so it is suggested that fathers’ involvement should be existed in raising children’s development any condition even divorce can not be avoided. Paternal figure should always be present in children’s life both by father’s direct involvement and by involvement of other paternal figures. Good paternal figure will help children to avoid social problems they face in life.


Background
Allah makes main distinctions between men and women in terms of their roles and responsibilities. One of these distinctions is the creation of women with the roles to give birth to the generation of humankind. Women are created to carry out their natural roles and responsibilties just like men are. Therefore, Islam distinguishes roles and responsibilities between men and women, but they are equal in worship, practice, reward and punishment. It is mentioned in the Quran: "... And due to the wives is similar to what is expected of them, according to what is reasonable. But the men have a degree over them [in responsibility and authority]." (QS. al Baqarah:228) 1 Al Qurthubi in the book of al Jaami 'li al Kaamil Quran mentions that women have the right from men just like men who also have the right from women Allah has granted men with leadership potential such as courage, strength, perfection of dien and intellect. These potentials are a provision for men to lead their household. Children need a "figure of heorisme" from their father as they need a figure of comfort and affection from their mother. 2 A father is the one with the given responsibility to a child. According to Islamic law, the fathers have an important and noble position. They are the head of the family who leads the mother, children and servants. Fathers are responsible for them and will be asked to account for their leadership and responsbility by Allah. In the Qur'an, Luqman, Allah swears by using father-child relations. the father figure listed shows the magnitude of the father's role in educating children. father's role is equivalent to mother's role in children's education, which differs only from the typical portion of intake, strategy and parenting style. if the role of the mother is needed as the closest person who has to give up much time to be near the child, the role of the father is few but of high quality and special. that's the style of father educating children. the gift will be firmly planted in the heart of the child, completing the planting of values through habituation that the mother has done. 3 According to some experts, there is a very strong tendency to behave in the family based on the certain se 4 Although leadership potential is granted men, the concept of fatherhood leadership is not intended as an arbitrary power but as a love, protection, education, guidance and humanized Being a father is not an easy role to play since there are many factors affecting men willingness to be a father, especially culturally related one. The parenting styles in Indonesian society tends to be culturally bound i.e from which cultural background the father comes from whether patrilineal system as Batak or matrilineal system as Minangkabau. It is assumed that there are different fathering between patrilineal and matrilineal culture because such culture will influence men's personality, which in turn will also influence how they view their role as a father. The demands and expectations of both patrilineal and matrilineal systems will affect the beliefs of men in their fathering styles on their children. As the result of the study that explored the relationship between mothering, fathering and Italian adolescents' problem behaviors and life satisfaction by using both typological and dimensional approaches. From a typological perspective, it is examined variations in adolescent adjustment as a function of maternal and paternal parenting styles. The results showed that for boys, maternal and paternal strictness were negatively related to behavioral problems-both internalizing and externalizing-and positively related to general satisfaction. Meanwhile, for girls, maternal and paternal strictness were negatively related only to externalizing problems. Paternal acceptance was negatively related to girls' behavioral problems, while maternal acceptance was positively related to girls' general satisfaction. 5 Culturally coding men as a father includes their rights, obligations, responsibilities and inherent status as a father as well as the dominant discourses about what defines" good "and" bad "fathers. Fathers as a man certainly has a different personality from that of woman. Their personality is influenced by their unique identities inherently manifested in the forms values, attitudes, beliefs, and goals taught in the social-cultural environment where they are and raised. Exploring fathering concept from various cultures will make us understand that fathering styles is derived from as cultural concept about a father used as an underlying principles in raising the children. How fathers play their fathering roles depend on their race, marital status, social class, and other social factors. 6 However, little is known about the fathers' personality factors in influencing their fathering styles.
Fathering styles are inevitably influenced by fathers' personality formed by inherited culture concept in which they grow. Specific attitudes and behaviors in a particular group of culture affect the fathering styles. Minangkabau ethnicity is for their family system with the mother lineage, which is certainly different from the Batak tribe who follow father lineage. These cultural differences are supposed to affect the differences in transmission of cultural values that will also affect fathers' personalities and fathering styles in each culture.
Departing from the above mentioned issues, this study aims to explore the relationship of personality type with fathers' fathering styles in Minangkanau and Batak families. Specifically, this study will attempt to find out whether there is a relationship between personality type and fathering styles in Minangkabau and Batak families. Are there any differences in fathering styles in Minang and Batak families in terms of father's' personality type?
This research is quantitative. The subjects of this study are ethnic Minangkabau and Batak ethnicity living in Medan. The subjects consist of 90, 45 Minangkabau ethinicity and 45 fat fhers from Batak ethnicity (Toba, Mandailing, Pakpak, Karo, Simalungun, Tapanuli). The subjects were selected through purposive sampling with the following categories and characteristics: (1) born and raised in their ethnic culture (Minangkabau/ Batak), (2) have biological teen children from their legitimate marriages, ( 3) at least 30 year old. The selection of criteria for research subjects based on the above criteria is due to the following considerations: a. Based on age factors, Carnoy and Carnoy, in his book Fathers of a Certain Age, cited in Andayani reported their observation that older fathers tend to enjoy their involvement with children, compared to younger fathers who are more focused on their identity problems. 7 b. Based on the experience factor, the men have served their role as fathers in the three phases of their child's development for quite a long time, infant, childhood, and adolescent phase.
c. The criteria for subjects raised in their ethnic culture (Minangkabau / Batak) are chosen because the subjects are assumed be a supporter of the culture of their ethnicity. d. Data analysis in this study will be conducted by checking the data by scoring and tabulating data scores from the three scales after data collection. Then, it proceeds to the statistical processing and interpretation. e. This study, based on the assumptions (hypotheses), is then analyzed using twoway analysis of variance. This analysis will test the relationship between personality types and parenting styles for Minang and Batak families. f. After obtaining the required research data, the data are analyzed using two-way analysis of variance techniques to test the research hypothesis.

Fathering Concepts
A father is a man deemed by society to be responsible for a child. Fatherhood is a special status given by a culture when a man becomes a father which includes "rights, duties, responsibilities and status as well as problems related to "good" and "bad" father 8 There are differences between the terms "father," "fatherhood," and "fathering" The term fathering signifies how fathers represent themselves when "doing" fatherhood. Fathering referred in this study is the attitude and manner of the fathers in displaying or showing their authority by giving attention and response in educating, controlling, disciplining and protecting their children based on customary norms and embedded in their culture.
However, not all men are biological fathers and not all fathers have biological children. Child care in fathering can occur through the adoption of children to obtain legal status to give protection and responsibility for the children just like their own biological children. Men become de facto fathers when they marry women who have children from previous marital relationships, which are called stepchildren.
Some aspects influence how and why men are involved in the lives of their children included shared dwelling places, social class, race, masculinity, and psychological attributes and social support. First, social class influences how and why men become fathers. Fathers' income poses challenges for them in caring for their children under economic and social tension. Second, race affects how and why men make decisions to become fathers. The widely used patrilineal norm can cause fathers to have different expectations about their role. Third, masculinity affects how and why men become fathers. Masculinity interacts with the way fathers care for children. Because the behavior of child parenting is not in accordance with hegemonic masculinity, the willingness of men to participate in child care tasks is often limited to what psychologically can contribute to men without threatening their masculinity. 9 Little is known about how masculinity affect men as fathers. Do men believe that the system of matrilineal and patrilineal parenting increases or decreases their masculinity? Fourth, psychological attributes and social support affect how and why men should be good fathers. Research shows how cultural views predict that behaviors and beliefs have an influence on parental care. There are several factors that influence how and why men are involved in a child's life, namely: First, social status affects how and why men involve in child care. Income is a challenge for fathers to pay attention to their social conditions and demands. Second, ethnicity influences how and why men make decisions to become fathers because every family norm still carries its own culture. The norms of both patrilineal and matrilineal families require fathers to have different expectations based on their role as fathers. Third, masculinity has an impact on how and why men involve in child care. Although according to parenting involvement does not affect masculinity because the desire of men to take part in childcare tasks is often limited by psychological matters without feeling their masculinity threatened. However, there is still little research on how masculinity influences how men act as fathers. Fourth, psychosocial attributes and social support affect how and why men involve in child care. 10 Without awareness and acceptance of their own cultural values, individual may suffer from "cultural myopia," so they fail to perceive the cultural differences between them selves and those in other group.
Fathers can individually construct on what they should do as good fathers by comparing their self-concept as fathers along with cultural concepts about good fathers. There is an exchange between personal experience in the culture and knowledge shared according to the adopted care system. according McAdoo, cultures differ wordviews in perspective on the rythmy and pattern of life and in concepts. The impact of culture is apparent in personality and behavior, in patterns of social interaction and in social institution. Ethnicity reveals itself in the customs, ritual, values, attitude and personality types of individual. 11 A father in patriarchal culture in the era of Freud was described as a figure with full power and frightening for children so that in an effort to avoid punishment from the father, the child embraces the values of the father. Freud with his his psychoanalytic theory, he said that children's morality in phallic phase is shaped because of the child's relationship with his father. In other words, children internalize both good and bad values (ideal ego) and about right and wrong (conscence) based on fear. But it is different in moslem families, both man as father and woman as mother and children have rights, role, and responsibilities. Islam is as belief of system in family life that plays a vital role in promoting togetherness in family life to reduce conflict. Islam is a religion of rules. A way of life because it guide in every aspect of life. Those guidelines help resolve conflicts between parents, between husband and wife, father and children in almost every aspects. 12 Parenting is certainly related to culture. Every culture is characterized, and distinguished from other cultures, by deeprooted and widely acknowledged ideas about how one needs to feel, think andact as an adequately functioning member of the culture. In so far as parents subscribe to particular conventions of culture, they likely follow prevailing "cultural scripts" in childrearing. 13 In Javanese culture, described by Koentjaraningrat cited in Andayani, the relationship between children and parents, Nurhayani especially fathers, is characterized by obedience. It is considered impolite and inappropriate if are denied by their children. Sak kecap dha sak kecap is a negative expression to describe the disputes between parents and children. 14 During the childhood, a child did not know good and bad. There was only a feeling of pleasure which encouraged him to obey the person who directed and guided him, so the child lived in the influence of the person who guided him. If the influence of the supervisor and director is absent, the child will grow in a weak, unmotivated, and personal doubt. Allah says in the Quran: " Fathers' in controlling anger is an important factor because children will learn to control emotions from their father. Besides, fathers must avoid everything that causes anger to the child and protect from the cause of anger. According to Yusuf Saad al Hilal cited in Baharits, the causes of children's anger include: 1. Jealousy towards friends and siblings 2. Failure in learning and achievement 3. Harsh parental education 4. The loss of love feelings for children 5. Pampering children excessively so as to encourage them to realize all their desires 6. Imitation of parents who are often angry in front of their children 7. Suffering from one physical disorder 16 Wise fathers will know the limits of their children's ability, so as not to burden them with ethics and manners beyond it. If children make a mistake, such as anger, fathers must be patient to deal with it and not scold them because it will have bad consequences and trauma to the children.
Child factors cannot also be ignored in fathering styles. Marsaglio in Andayani, found that fathers tend to be more comfortable interacting with boys than girls. Marsaglio suspected this is because boys identify themselves with their fathers, and father-child communication becomes easier.
As a male, fathers have a personality that can generally be said to be different from women. The process of socializing childhood will play a very big role in this matter. Therefore, what is called "sexual role" arises to distinguish the roles of men and women.
The problem arising today related to the presence of psychosocial lag between changes in the role of men in families, which is slow, compared to changes in the role of women, which is relatively faster. As predicted by the perspective of role change, in the 21st century men began to play a greater role in household tasks and care. Its emphasize the importance of involvement of fathers in parenting, especially in terms of developing children's emotional intelligence.
Essentially, fathers' personality will influence their strategies in educating their children. Some important aspects related to fathers' personality are:

Exemplary
There is an inherent tendency in children to imitate the things around it. Everything their parents do is considered a by child as right and good thing. Hence, the child will imitate them. The process of imitation comes from the love of a pure child to his father. Based on this fact, Freud's concept of Oedypus complex a child (male) bear hatred and anger towards his father because he adored his mother very much is not accurate. This is certainly contrary to the nature of children who are still pure. Father's psychological tendencies also become a child's tendency.

Affection and love
Fathers' love is a nature that must be expressed in children's education. Children who capture their fathers' hatred will make mistakes that make them upset.

Fairness
Being fair in certain circumstances sometimes has difficulties because of the limitations of the fathers in controlling themselves, and the child is very sensitive to changes in behavior towards him. 17 Fathers' attitude, temperament, characteristic and behavior influences the strategies they choose in educating their children in the form of exemplary, affection and love, and fairness. As The study Noviati who explored about the parenting strategy by single mothers and single fathers in form ethical behavior of adolescents relationships in upper middle class family. Parenting strategies by a single mother is small threat. Parenting strategies by a single father in terms of the parenting model is divided into two, namely: the architect model and a farmer model. Parenting strategies by a single father with an architect model is habituation and discipline. For parenting strategies by a single father with a farmer model is habituation and real action. 18 The absence of a father, mothers cannot be assertive or have any power over their children is problematic as Lisnani's research shows that the highest percentage (63.3%) with the category of negative self-concept in 17  divorced family mothers is on the dimensions of emotional stability. Emotional stability is the mother's assessment of their emotional ability to feel calm, relaxed, stable and the ability to manage anxiety. 19 when mothers are in a state of stress, tend to produce negative parenting behaviors and styles and interactions that are oriented towards lack of acceptance. 20 Its mean that fathers have a direct and indirect role in parenting. Indirectly, the fathers act as a supporting partner to improve mothers' nurturing abilities while directly fathers' role encourages the level of emotional attachment of children from an early age. As the study showed that fathers absence during childhood and divorce of parents affect negatively the future quality of fathering of their sons. 21 Therefore, the presence of a father is the mother's need for his role interacting with the child. there is not much data that states that children whose care is dominated by mothers experience serious problems, or conversely children whose care is dominated by fathers. But a mother who handles all household affairs and child problems, not to mention the problem of taking care of a family who is sick or has economic problems. Then a mother will experience considerable stress. This condition will affect the way the mother approaches the child. According to Gottman and DeClaire cited in Andayani the male style of a father will provide an opportunity for developing emotional intelligence in children 22 .
Parenting competencies are determined by some factors. Contextual support and stress can directly and indirectly influence parental care by influencing the psychological well-being of the individual which in turn results in various ways of nurturing. Parenting is also influenced by various factors, namely personality (which is influenced by the history of individual development), conditions that provide support or stress from the work environment, marriage and other social conditions. From this model, it seems that the factors affecting individual personality in child care can be said as a complex process.
Fathers often apply harsh discipline, for example they are generally known to have more power assertive than that of mothers. Mothers' need for the role of the father. Without a father, they cannot be expected to have a power assertive. The study found that boys without fathers reported that their mothers revealed less affection than boys who had fathers, but different from girls, the absence of fathers had little effect on social and emotional development. There are different patterns regarding the influence of fathers' absence on boys and girls. Based on Hetherington's findings cited in Dagun showed that the influence in girls arises when adolescents appear to be unable to interact appropriately with the opposite sex. This causes fear, inadequate skills, and feelings of insecurity, anxiety, and helplessness in dealing with male 23 Dagun states that father-child relationships are the basis of romantic attachment to girls. He claimed that a woman's capacity to have attachment in love and sex is related to how close she is to his father. 24 This is in line with one of the main theoretical perspectives on sex differences in shaping behavior, namely the perspective of 23  the learning process theory, which emphasizes the existence of processes in the formation of behavior such as strengthening and imitation of a person obtaining permanent characteristics related to sex. Parents through actions and examples influence boys and girls to adjust to moral norms in their cultural environment. 25 Every parent is different in their beliefs about the innate nature of children and about acceptable and unacceptable behavior. Parents differ not only in their beliefs about the innate nature of children but also in their beliefs about acceptable and unacceptable behavior. It turns out that its is easier for fathers to accept differences in children and considers "difficult temperament" in the mothers' perception as something natural. The characteristic factor of children according to Belsky cited in Andayani is a factor that is no less important in the form of fathers' involvement. Children who are perceived by mothers as "difficult" children will receive different treatment from children who are perceived as sweet children. 26 Fathers involved and sensitive in parenting will have a positive effect on children's development. When fathers are involved and discipline, it will reduce the tendency of children to behave disturbantly (angry, stubborn, deviant behavior), especially during school.
Father involvement will also develop a children's ability to empathize, be attentive and affectionate and better social relationships. Research also shows that father involvement will provide positive benefits for boys in developing self-control, in the ability to delay gratification of desires and in the social adjustment of male adolescents. 25 Sears, David C., Freedman, Jonathan L., Although the research has not provided strong support for the role of fathers, it is believed that father's involvement and sensitivity in care will provide great benefits for the development of girls. In the development of a daughter, affection and affective attention from the father are very needed. Gottman and DeClaire cited in Andayani, underline that although father's role in women's academic and career achievements has not been supported by strong research results, girls who are accompanied by their father will tend not to be promiscuous sexually early and able to develop healthy relationships with men in their adult life. Girls who get positive attention from their father will get fulfillment of affective wholeness and at the same time will learn how to deal with the opposite sex in a healthy manner. 27 Fathers have a tendency to act differently towards boys and girls in accordance with the prevailing cultural values in their society. As an adopting parent, fathers have certain behavioral expectations according to their children's sex that allow boys and girls to get the opportunity for different roles. This is in line with the theory of social learning that children learn to behave in accordance with gender behavior through observation and imitation of differences in parental treatment. Girls will observe behavior expected by parents according to their gender roles and so do boys. However, a particular environment will have different influences depending on the tendencies of boys and girls to build their own version of behavior patterns actively. In everyday life, boys and girls use their basic talents and drives in ways that are related to gender.
Women's emotions according to Archer, 1996 tend to be bigger that that of men and girls generally tend to be less assertive or easily 27 Andayani,Psikologi Keluarga,Peran Ayah Menuju Coparenting.....,p. 45 hesitated and have anxiety. Girls have emotional responses that are different from boys when experiencing tension. 28 According to Campbell cited in Chesney, anger in girls is accompanied by emotions such as fear, anxiety, guilt and shame; whereas anger in boys is characterized by tantrums or opposing values in their social environment. When angry, girls tend to blame themselves because they worry that their anger will harm others and damage relationships with others 29 . Authoritative fathers who show sympathy, warmness and support will help girls manage emotions effectively. Thus, the impact of the emotional experience that children get from childhood from father figures influences their ability to control their emotions, Hence, if fathers support children's emotional development by becoming a model figure who is able to control emotions in a healthy manner, children will be able to achieve emotional maturity as male and female.
In each culture, men and women receive different treatment and demands that are quite striking. Boys and girls receive different views and expectations. Such views and expectations influence parenting styles. The research of Christopher G. Sansone cited in Rahman found that racial and ethnic backgrounds influence the way fathers applied parenting. Fathers who have ethnic awareness will consider how their parenting style will shape ethnic identity in children so that they form a sense of belonging and form cultural competence in their children's identity. Division of sex roles related to what things can be done and who can do them also influence the understanding of the participation of each sex in social life. Thus, when there is an imbalance of the roles obtained from the status between boys and girls, it will affect cognitive and affective differently between boys and girls which ultimately affects the development of moral emotions and moral reasoning.
The habitual experience that children receive through parents in treating, educating, controlling, disciplining and protecting them is inseparable from the traditional background factors of a community. Culture influences men when acting as ideal fathers according to the customs they believe in. Fathering styles in treating, educating, controlling, disciplining and protecting children is considered to have a relationship with the father's personality due to the parenting system adopted by the culture in which the father was raised.

The Correlation between Personality Types and Fathering in the Minang and Batak Families
In each culture, men and women receive different treatment and demands. This will influence parenting styles. Racial and ethnic backgrounds influence the way fathers applied parenting and they will consider how their parenting styles based on their ethnic awareness. Ethnic awareness form their ethnic identity and become father's personality. Based on statistical calculations through the two-way variance analysis, it obtains the correlation between the personality types and fathering styles with a significance value of 0,000 <0.05.
Based on Test of Subject Effects, it has been found : 1) The correlation between fathering styles and ethnicity with a significant value of ethnicity 0,045 < 0,05. It can be concluded that fathering styles correlated to ethnicity (Bataknese and Minangnese).

2) The correlation between fathers'
personality types and fathering styles and with significant value 0,000 < 0,05. It means that fathers' personality types correlated to fathering styles.
3) The correlation between ethnicity and personality types with a significant value 0,004 <0,05. It means that there was a significant correlation between ethnicity (Batak and Minang) and father's personality. Based on Survey was conducted to 90 fathers (split between Minangkabau and Batak) by using three scales, they are fathering styles scale and personality types scale. Fathering styles scale is compiled based on 6 dimensions of the fathering scale practice proposed. The components measured by the scale in this study are: awareness, consistency, protecting, active listening, respect for their mother's child (respecting child mother), involvement. This scale consists of 38 items. The personality type scale is intended to collect data about the father's personality type that is displayed in his role as father. This study uses a personality type scale compiled with reference to the theoretical which distinguish personality types from extrovert and introvert personality types. Someone who shows the extrovert personality type has the characteristics of being sociable, responsive to the environment, friendly, relaxed, passionate, cheerful, impulsive, obedient to heart encouragement, following changes, easily aroused and affected, aggressive, easily agitated, risk-taking, expressive, practical and unable to be responsible. While someone who has an introverted personality type will show characteristics of being less sociable, quiet, pessimistic, calm, rigid, moody, easy to worry, his emotions flat, often doing his own From these theories blue-print was compiled and then developed into items. On the scale of father's parenting pattern is composed of 38 items, while the scale of personality type is composed of 55 items. Next is the reliability test and the validity of the gauge in 20% of the total number of subjects. The results of the measurement test showed that there were a number of deaths (could not be used. On the scale of the 6 parenting pattern, the items used on the scale were 32 items. While the scale of the personality type was 36 items, there were 19 items that were dropped. This study, based on the assumptions (hypotheses) which are then analyzed using two-way analysis of variance. This analysis will test the relationship between personality types and parenting styles for Minang and Batak families. Data analysis in this study was carried out by multiple comparison analysis (Multiple Comparison Analysis) and two ways ANOVA test. The entire data computation was done with the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) program for Windows Release 16.0.
Based on a statistical analysis of the sample, H0 is rejected and H1 is accepted, 31 Kuntadi, Heru, Gaya Pengambilan Keputusan Ditinjau Dari Tipe Kepribadian", Tesis, Yogyakarta, Fakultas Psikologi Universitas Gajah Mada, 2004 (unpublish), p. 12 meaning there is a relationship between the personality type and fathering. Regarding the relationship of fathering styles based on ethnicity, it is obtained a significance value (2tailed) of 0.045 and > 0.05. Thus H0 is accepted and H1 is rejected, so it can be concluded that there is an ethnicity relationship with the fathering styles. Thus, the hypothesis that there is a relationship between the personality type and fathering style is accepted.
According to Geertz cited in Poerwanti, human behavior as a member of society will be bound by culture, which can be seen in various institutions that function as a control mechanism for this behavior. The values contained in culture are a reference for human attitudes and behavior as individual beings that are inseparable from their relation to others with their distinctive cultural orientation. Each ethnic group has its own culture and habits which they obtain from generation to generation from their respective groups. 32 Human individuals are dynamic in their society and culture. Their personality development in society is faced with behavioral models that are sometimes rewarded and agreed upon by several groups but disapproved by other groups. Each culture has a different standard of behavior. Culture will shape the personality of a child who is developing from existing conditions. A personality becomes a persons' personal identity if their entire psychophysical systems including talent skills, activity, characteristics express their distinctiveness in adjusting themselves to their cultural environment.
Individuals seek to recognize their identity and other people will also claim to be an identity of a particular ethnic group. The 32 Poerwanti, Endang, (2006) formation of ethnic identity is through a long and complex process from one generation to the next which forms a distinctive individual attitude. 33 Individuals tend to accept and trust what is conveyed in their culture and tend not to accept and ignore what is contrary to their cultural values. This is what will affect the distinctiveness of individual personalities based on their ethnic culture. Cultivating cultural values is done through instilling habits that will accumulate into one's personality.
Fathers' personality is influenced by their cultural values where they are raised, so they will have a tendency to act and adopt parenting styles with certain behavioral expectations based on the cultural values adopted. Fathers' personality will influence the pattern of care through the strategies chosen by the father in treating, educating, controlling, disciplining and protecting theu children. Customary culture of a society influences the differences in men when acting as ideal fathers according to the customs they believe in.

Differences in Fathering Styles in Terms of Personality Types in the Minang and Batak Families
Fathers as a man from a certain ethnic group adopt typical fathering styles in accordance with the standards of cultural expectations that shape their personality. Information about ethnic characteristics inherent in an ethnic identity personality greatly determines whether individuals identify themselves as an ethnic member and then confirms their ethnic identity. Each of father's ethnic identity effect to be personality which has standard of behavior based on cultural environment. Thus, each of father will give parenting styles based on standard of behavior that is absorbed from fathers both Batak and Minangkabau.
The difference in parenting style in terms of personality types obtained significance value of 0000 <0.05. It can be seen as follows: Based on the coloum of Mean Diffrence, it can be seen star signs and significant value at the .05 level 0,000< 0,05. It can be concluded that there are difference and the hypothesis is accepted. Thus, there are significant differences in fathering styles in terms of personality types in the Minang and Batak families. Similarly, the hypothesis that there are differences in fathering for Minangkabau and Batak families is accepted.
Ethnic identity confirmed by fathers becomes the personality experienced in the culture in which they are raised. It is then integrated and gives a distinctive pattern to their behavior and adjustment patterns. Hence, fathering styles in treating children have a significant relationship with fathers' personality as a result of the parenting system adopted by the culture in which they are raised. Parents become a central reference for the formation of one's personal character. If fathers are raised with an authoritarian parenting style, they tend to commit violence when fathering their children. Fathers who have an indifferent and permissive personality will tend to adopt parenting patterns in a cold atmosphere and are less familiar with their children, as Anderson says: "Earlier socialization experiences appear to play an important role in men's and women's different approaches to parenting. Most men lack role models for parenting because they have come from families in which their fathers did not participate in the of young children. Women are identified within our culture as being more responsible for parenting than men. Many women still do not expect men to much around the house or to be highly involved in child care. " 34 Childhood experiences have a strong influence on the differences in approaches taken by men and women in childcare. According to David and Nestor, there are several reasons why parents apply parenting differently based on children's gender. First, boys and girls are different in their level of internalization. For example, since early childhood girls have higher empathy and social cognitive maturity. Second, parents use different types or levels of discipline. Third, some types of discipline are applied by parents and their effects are mediated by gender. 35 As Miller's research found that when fathers are involved in parenting and applying sufficiently high discipline will reduce the tendency of children to behave externally such as anger, stubbornness and deviant behavior especially in school. a father who has a high level of appreciation will involve himself in the process of socializing children. Expresiveness trait is one of the personalities described as tend to direct the 34 Anderson, Stephen A, (2003), Family Interaction : A Multigenerational Developmental Perspective, Boston: Allyn and Bacon, p. 2009. 35 David C. R., Nestor L. Lopez, Parental Discipline and Externalizing Behavior Problems in Childhood : the Roles of Moral Regulation and Child Gender. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, Vol. 32, No.4, 2004, p. 375. orientation of communal oriented relations so that he will try to give his best to maintain a harmonious close relationship. 36 Since their childhood, fathers have been required to be able to think calmly, hold back feelings, and resolve his emotional problems by being busy. When men have a problem, they will focus on thinking about the problem more clearly, and think of certain plans related to the problem. Men will use a more focused strategy. This is what distinguishes their from that of women when caring for children. This is in line with one of the main theoretical perspectives on sex differences in shaping behavior, namely the perspective of the learning process theory which emphasizes the existence of processes in the formation of behavior such as strengthening and imitation of a person obtaining permanent characteristics related to sex. 37 There is a strong connection between culture and parenting. What is acceptable in one culture is frowned upon in another. This applies to behavior after birth, encouragement in early childhood, and regulation and freedom during adolescence. There are differences in affection and distance, harshness and repression, and acceptance and criticism. Some parents insist on obedience; others are concerned with individual development. 38 According to Pauline, fathers' behavior is influenced by other family members. Each family member will be a behavioral model, namely as an reinforcement or inhibitor for the formation of a behavior of other family 36  members. For example, a baby's cry is present as a stimulus, and the parents process this stimulus in his cognitive. This cognitive process is based on the history of the learning process which can produce his personal experience of baby crying and imitate other people's reactions to the baby's crying. When a father observes his wife's behavior that does not respond to the baby's cries, the father will regard the wife as a woman who does not care and is not caring. Based on the socialization of the role of traditional sex observed from the family and culture, he will think according to the scheme of life in his family, he believes that the wife do not love her baby as she was (attribution), his wife could not be a good mother (hope). I am angry with him, tired and disappointed (psychological statement). This then continues to be a problem in marriage that causes less attention to children. Next, his son made observational learning that his mother is scolded by his father. Then the son reveals his anger at the father and the father will give his full attention as best he can and try to convince him to give whatever the child want. This pattern repeats itself and accidentally the son even learn accidentally to be coercive. In other words, this is the pattern that is learned as a child that shapes the personality of a father. 39 The differences in fathering styles of Minangkabau and Batak families in terms of fathers' personality are accepted because Minangkabau and Batak fathers are influenced by the distinctiveness of their cultural identities inherent in their personality in the form of values values, attitudes, beliefs, and goals taught by the socio-cultural environment. Harkness cited in Anderson mentions that cultural values are transmitted 39 Pauline, G. Boss, (ed.al), (1993), Source of Family Theories and Methods : a ContextualAapproach,New York : Plenum Press,p. 544 by parents to children but keep in mind that diverse values and beliefs in each culture are not deterministic, meaning cultural influences in the process parenting is very diverse depending on the situation and the individual. 40 As Dumas and others found a correlation between the perceived positive parenting and the influence on the ability to convey the stories with positive resolution. Fathering factors that were perceived to have a positive effect on identity development can lead to positive life stories. 41 Not all individuals in groups of a particular culture behave the same. Every individual has a strong difference in identifying a cultural value. This is because the signals of treatment The treatment signals that aim to differentiate between men and women in society actually exist, which have then permeated since they were children, that he is a man, so he must be like this and because he is a woman he must be. This difference in treatment based on gender has become the norm from an early age which subsequently becomes stronger and more real in social life. 42 Fathers' special attitudes and behaviors in a particular group culture influence their fathering style they apply. If they are raised by families, where their fathers do not participate in parenting, then women will be considered to be more responsible for parenting than men. But sometimes, when men are actively involved in parenting, women tend to monitor the activities of men in doing care to ascertain 40 Anderson,  , 2011, p. 117 whether men as fathers have done everything well. 43 The conflict between psychological needs and people's expectations of gender roles forms a thinking pattern and feelings of fathers in certain ethnic groups to adjust to their cultural environment and to determine their willingness to be involved in childcare. Thus, the relationship of the etnicity (Batak and Minangkabau) with fathering styles is evident in Minang culture with matrilineal cultural characteristics (kinship with maternal lines) and Batak who adhere to patrilineal culture (kinship with fatherhood). It influences the peculiarities of Minang and Batak fathers' personality in applying their fathering. In other words, the peculiarities of the fathering style of the Minangkabau and Batak families have a close relationship with the fathers' personality type which is inseparable from how the cultural influences of each ethnicity shape it. That is why there are differences in fathering style for Minangkabau and Batak families.
Typical parenting styles are influenced by local culture about the role that must be taken in caring for children as stated Brofenvreener in Santrock, cited in Rahman, care is influenced by culture, ethnicity and socioeconomic status. 44 Culture colours fathers' style in giving parenting. Fathers who think that the education given by their parents is true can make their children accepted into society well. Thus, the culture or habits of the community in caring for children also affect every father to follow the ways he does to nurture children. Edwards said that the habits of the community in caring for children will be followed by parents, especially fathers because these 43  patterns are considered successful in educating children toward maturity.
The differences in the personality type of Minangkabau and Batak fathers can be observed from the personality characteristics of Minangkabau ethnicity in terms of decision making with strong determination and as well as as the ability to survive in a new environment. According to Navis cited in Suciati, Minangkabau people have a high motivation to live continuously in the achievement of glory, intelligence and wealth so that the Minangkabau people tend to be more courageous and open. 45 Minangkabau man ibarat abu di atas tunggul (like ash on a stum), if a wind blows, the wind will bring the ashes fly. So too, the Minangkabau man will go merantau (leave his hometown to make better living) because there really is no place for him in Rumah Gadang (familiy house). Children from Minangkabau descendants tend to be brave because they are educated to be independent with their tradition of merantau. 46 As a result of adopting a matrilineal family system, Minangkabau ethnicity do have a nuclear family in marriage because each husband or wife remains a member of their respective lineage. The notion of a nuclear family consisting of mothers, fathers and children as a separate unit does not exist in the Minangkabau social structure because they are centered on a stronger maternal lineage system. As a result, children are considered as members of the maternal families and always attach more to their mother and her family members. This situation weaken the ties or estrange fathers' role in the household as well as their power 45  in regulating their family. The existence of the gap between paternal family and children can be seen when a man does polygamy visit his children less often. The bond of fathers and children decreases when divorce occurs making them rarely meet their children. Eventually, the children do not know their father , do not his the role of a father in the family, and become distant with him. 47 The same characteristics are also seen in Batak ethinicty who are more likely to be expressive. Batak people are known for their physical and verbal openness, spontaneity, and aggressiveness. The personality of the Batak people is known for its tenacity, style of speaking loud, brave, and decisive. These things basically form from the values of Batak culture which have been adhered to and delivered from generation to generation, dalihan na tolu, meaning three-legged furnace, if one leg is damaged then it cannot be used anymore because it is not balanced. In addition, in expressing emotions in the form of behavior, words or facial expressions Batak people are adjusted them to strong or weak extent of those emotions. They neither exaggerate them nor sugarcoat them.
The kinship system in the Batak ethnicity is "patrileneal", in which the children follow the family line of their father. Therefore a father in the Batak ethnicity expects the birth of a son as the successor of "tarombo" or his lineage. If a father does not have a son until the end of his life as a successor to his line, he is said to be "punu" or extinct. When having a son, there are several stages of the relationship between fathers and their son. The first stage is when the son is born until the age of 5 year old. In this stage, fathers proudly tells everyone that their son is born and take him to a crowded place like a party. After that the "very close" relationship begins 47 Purnomo, Faisal Aji, Transcultural Pola Asuh di Suku Minangkabau, p.2 to diminish. The second stage is when their son is adolescentgetting until "doli-doli", they have a very strict relationship. Fathers starts "not to close" with their son. There is no "intimate" relationships anymore. Both of them are reluctant to "tell stories" especially "apologize to each other"? They begin to show their ego. The way Batak fathers express their love is often not the same as their heart. 48 This personal characteristic of Minangkabau and Batak fathers causes differences in the fathering styles of Minangkabau and Batak families as well as in transmitting values to their children to be brave, decisive, open, persistent, and independent.

Conclusion
The findings of the study showed that there are significant differences in fathering styles in terms of personality types in the Minang and Batak families. Similarly, the hypothesis that there are differences in fathering styles perceived from personality types in Minangkabau and Batak families is accepted. Ethnicity and personality types have been shown to interact each other in influencing fathering styles. There are differences in fathering styles of Minangkabau and Batak families both for fathers with introverted personality types and for fathers with extrovert personality types.
From the results of the research, it is recommended that all families under any circumstances even should still try to maintain the involvement of the father in any condition even when the divorce is unavoidable.
Paternal figure should not be lost in the life of the child. It should be present by involving them directly or by presenting other 48 Rintar, Sipahutar, "Hubungan yang Kaku antara Ayah dan Anak Laki-Lakinya dalam Suku Batak", Makalah Online, diakses pada tanggal 10 Maret 2018 figures who can carry out fathers' role. Fathers' personality will be observed by the children and becomes a model emulating and forming their self-confidence in behaving according to cultural values in an ethnic environment. Good fathers will help their children deal with social adjustment problems that they encounter in their life. This happened because fathers can have significant impact on identity development of adolescent. During adolescent, it is common for adolescents to explore and seek out their own beliefs. Basic principles and values are often established and adolescents rely on others for support and guidance. In accordance with Vygotsy's model of scaffolding, adolescents' perception support the idea that fathers can provide sufficient support to promote identity development by being and providing resources, positing and communicating compelling questions and scenarios for adolesecents. 49 Fathers today faced great challenges both in their professional and personal life to pursuit the balance between their traditional bread winner role and an active involvement in rearing children, so fathers whom believe in the inherent value of the fathering role should prepare to win their rights and the way for a new definition of fathering.
A final contribution of this study is the effort to save young generation who live fatherless and support well function families through fathers' role in transmitting good cultural values of fathers' ethnicity.