UTILIZING FILLER POWDER POWDER AND WOOD POWDER WITH POLYSTYRENE MATRIX AS A BASIC MATERIAL FOR MAKING PLASTIC WOOD COMPOSITE BOARD

Wood sawdust and eggshells are very easy to get, wherein the eggshell contains CaCO 3 , it will be used as a filler in the manufacture of composite boards and polystyrene as a binder (matrix). By varying the ratio of sawdust and eggshell 0:50, 10:40, 20:30, 30:20, 40:10 and 50: 0 (gr), we expect to get a quality composite board. This research analyzes compressive strength, water absorption and density. In this research, the first thing to do is a treatment consisting of diminution, sifting. Then proceed with board making. For the strength of the composite board, a compressive test is performed. From the test it was found that the greatest compressive firmness is owned by the board with a filler ratio of 20:30 which is 94.564 kg / cm 2 , the highest water absorption value is obtained on the board with a filler ratio of 50: 0 that is 31.517% and the largest density value obtained on the board with a filler ratio of 20: 30 which is 1,231 gr / cm 3 .


INTRODUCTION
The human need for wood from year to year continues to increase along with the rate of population growth.The need for wood has been obtained from tree felling in natural forests and partly fulfilled from plantation forests (Septiari, Karyasa & Kartowarsono, 2014).At present the community's need for wood is increasingly difficult because on the one hand the potential and volume of felling in natural forests is diminishing and on the other hand the wood processing process results in residual production that has not been maximally utilized.The presence of waste can cause problems in handling it which has been left to rot, stack and burn all of which have a negative impact on the environment.So that the countermeasures need to be considered.One solution is to utilize the waste into value-added products with simple technology (Mulana, Hizbullah & Iskandar, 2011).
In Indonesia, eggshell waste production will continue to be abundant as long as eggs are produced in the field of animal husbandry whose use is still rarely used for the basis of composite board manufacturing.One of the potential uses that can be done by making it a filler on a polystyrene matrix as a base material for making composite boards.
The use of CaCO3 powder as a filler in the field of composite manufacturing has been carried out using synthesized calcite mining stones.The use of egg shells has the potential to replace the use of talc (CaCO3) produced from stone limestone mining results (Ahmad Mufidun, 2016).The use of eggshell material is expected to form a better interface area than natural calcite so that good mechanical strength is obtained.
The plastics industry traditionally uses talc, calcium carbonate, mica, and glass or carbon fiber to modify plastic performance.Around 2.5 million tons of fillers and reinforcement are used every year.The plastics industry uses wood or other natural fibers (such as kenaf, hemp, etc.) even though they are renewable and cheaper resources, lighter and less abrasive to the equipment used compared to conventional fillers.Most plastic manufacturing equipment ignores wood fibers because of their low density and heat stability and tends to absorb moisture.
Composite material is one type of material that is currently being developed.Besides being able to overcome waste in the surrounding environment, composites also have advantages when compared to conventional materials.Thus, research and composite production are expected to continue to be developed.However, some types of composites have fillers that are not environmentally friendly.The making of wood sawdust and eggshell composites is one of the efforts in overcoming the waste that cannot be utilized optimally.Besides, composite material with wood powder and eggshell as a filler is a kind of environmentally friendly composite material.
Composite wood especially conventional wood panels are produced to complement and substitute a variety of uses of solid wood.The composite wood is produced from wood elements in various forms (can be in the form of fibers, particles, finir, or other pieces of wood) that are glued together with a thermoset adhesive.The products generally resemble solid wood in many ways and in particular are products with simple shapes such as flat sheets or rectangular blocks (Iwan, 2008).

Materials and Tools
This research requires several materials including wood sawdust derived from wood crab waste in North Aceh and Lhokseumawe areas.Eggshells from household waste, polyestrene / electronic cork, acrylic acid, toluene, aluminum foil.As for the equipment used, 80 mesh sieves, a set of compressed test equipment, scales, a set of beakers and molds with a size of 12x2x0.4cm.

Raw Material Preparation
Wood waste and eggshell collected.Dried wood sawdust.The eggshells are cleaned of dirt, wash and then dry.The eggshell is crushed until broken, then mashed using an electric blender until it becomes powder.Wood dust and eggshell are sieved to 80 mesh.

Particle
Board Manufacturing Procedure The prepared polystyrene / electronic cork is weighed as much as 50 gr.Dissolve polystyrene that has been weighed using 50 ml toluene.Add wood powder and egg shell powder that has been weighed according to the variable into a polystyrene solution and add 2 ml of acrylic acid.The mixture is stirred until the ingredients are thoroughly mixed.The mixture is a composite board that is ready to be printed.Then the mixture is put into a mold that has been coated with aluminum foil.After printing, the composite board is dried at room temperature to dry for (4-7 days).Samples of the composite board that have been dried are taken to be done analysis.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Data from the analysis of the Laboratory of Water and Waste Management, Polytechnic Negeri Lhoseumawe, Bending test results obtained using the UTCE (Universal Testing Machine) EXCEED Model E43 with ASTM D-368.In Table 4.1 as follows.

Modulus of Broken (Modulus of Rapture), Water Absorption and Density
Modulus of Rapture is the ability of the board to withstand bending loads to the maximum extent or until the board sample is damaged.This parameter is important to know because the use of boards in general as furniture materials always requires vertical use.
To determine the MoR fracture modulus value generated from the board Composites and to be compared with the standards of JIS A 5908-2003 and SNI 03-2105-1996, the bending test values are entered into the equation described in the previous chapter so that the MoR results on 50% adhesive with a ratio of 0 gr of wood powder and 50 gr eggshell powder which is 53.534 kg / cm2, a ratio of 10 grams of wood powder and 40 grams of eggshell eggs are 61,640 kg / cm2, a ratio of 20 grams of wood powder and 30 grams of eggshell powder is 94.564 kg / cm2, a ratio of 30 grams of wood powder and 20 grams of eggshell powder is 86.032 kg / cm2, a comparison of 40 grams of wood powder and 10 grams of powder eggshell is 54.333 kg / cm2, the ratio of 50 grams of wood powder and 0 grams of eggshell powder is 21.031 kg / cm2, and the lowest value obtained is at a ratio of 50: 0 which is 21.031 kg / cm2. Figure 1.Graph of fracture modulus versus filler ratio From Figure 4.1 it can be seen that the MoR value that has met the standard is found in the ratio of 20:30 which is 94.564 kg / cm2 and at the ratio of 30:20 that is 86.032 kg / cm2.Judging from the results of the MoR that do not meet standards, this composite board is more suitable for non-structural uses, such as ceilings, room dividers, and as sound dampers.Furthermore, the water absorption test is carried out to determine the water absorption value contained in the composite board, by weighing the sample as initial weight and soaking the test sample for 24 hours then the board which has previously been weighed initially, after that it is weighed after immersion.and the results are entered into the equation and the water absorption value is obtained.

Figure 2. Graph of the effect of water absorption on filler ratio
The value of water absorption of the composite board test sample after the composite board test sample was carried out 24 hours immersion ranged from 2.078% to 31.517%.The highest average absorption value of water after 24 hours immersion was found on the board with a ratio of 50 gr wood sawdust and 0 gr powder eggshell 31.517%, while the value of water absorption on the board with a ratio of 0 grams of wood powder and 50 grams of eggshell powder is lower, which is 2.078%.According to FAO (1996), the water absorption analysis on this composite board has fulfilled the established standards of 6-40%.The average value of the particleboard water absorption test results after 24 hours of immersion can be seen in Figure 4.2, which shows that the high average value of composite board water absorption for 24 hours has a relatively high water absorption value.This is caused by wood powder and eggshell powder having low specific gravity, where the cell cavity is large so it is easy to absorb water in large capacities.The use of polystyrene adhesive aims to reduce the absorption of water on the composite board.Plastic polystyrene can reduce water absorption.The density values of the composite board test samples produced ranged from 0.802 g / cm³ to 1.231 g / cm³.The highest average particleboard density values were found in particleboards with a ratio of 20 g of wood powder and 30 grams of eggshell powder in the amount of 1.231 g / cm³, while the average value of density for composite boards with a ratio of 50 gr of wood powder and 0 gr of eggshell powder was equal to 0.802 g / cm³.
Overall the resulting composite board density values are not far from the JIS A 5908-2003 standard values which require that composite board densities range from 0.4 g / cm³ to 0.9 g / cm³.Where if below 0.4 g / cm3 is classified as low density while if above 0.9 g / cm³ classified as high density.The average value of the board density test results can be seen in the graph above, showing that the resulting composite board density values are still close to the target density.Values that exceed the standard are due to uneven distribution of particles during the process of sowing wood particles in the mold and when pressing is done manually so that the adhesive does not occupy empty space on the board.

CONCLUSION
Composite boards can be made using polystyrene, wood powder, and eggshell powder.Composite boards that have fulfilled the standards of JIS A 5908-2003 andSNI 032105-1996 in the MOR test are needed in the ratio of wood powder and eggshells of 20:30 which is 94.564 kg / cm2 and at the relationship of 30:20 that is 86.032 kg / cm2.The water absorption test has fulfilled FAO standard (1996) and the average density test has fulfilled JIS A 5908-20035908- and SNI 03-21055908- -1996 standards.The highest fracture modulus (MoR) of composite boards in a combination of 20 grams of wood powder and 30 grams of eggshell powder was 94,564 kg / cm2.The air absorption value of the composite board test sample after 24 hours of immersion was collected between 2.078% and 31.517%.The largest value of the density of the composite board test sample at a ratio of 20 grams of wood powder and 30 grams of eggshell powder is 1,231 g / cm³.

Figure 3 .
Figure 3. Graph of the effect of Density on filler ratio