Radicalism on World Wide Web and Propaganda Strategy

Radical individual and organizations are setting strong foothold on Internet. They operate in dark network hidden from authorities view to pursuade, recruit, and coordinate radical and violent actions.  The presence of radical individual and organizations onInternet sites have caused massive debate and contraversi among Internet users, law enforcement bodies,and policy makers regarding misuse of Internet. However, little is known how exactly radical individual and organizations deliver their propaganda on Internet and what radical organizations practice such activities on Internet. Through the use of content analysis approach, this study analyzed various radical websites content  to provide deep insight of radical operation and propaganda on Internet. Data was collected from various popular radical organization websites and previous studies.  The findings show that well-kown  organized radical and terorist oragnizations in Indonesia and International have intensively used Internet for new arena to radical and terror public across the globe. They use Internet  topursuade, deliver  propaganda to a global audience, recruit new members, communicate with International supporters, solicit donations, and fostering public awareness. This study concludes that  Internet has become a new instrument to spread radicalism and terror within community life.

activities, more and more internet applications are also emerged. For example, various social media sites have emerged to support interactive and collaborative activities in online space.
Realizing those advantages, radical individuals and groups who utilize Internet for radical purposes flourished.The growing of moderen radical and terrorist on the Internet is at the nexus of two key trends: the democratization of communications driven by user-generated content on the Internet and the modern terrorists' growing awareness of the Internet's potential for their Purposes 7 . In a seminal study carried out by Gabriel Weimann 8 found that about 90percent of organized radical and terrorism use Internet venue for their opertaion. For example, they use Intenet to recruit new friends and to obtain support across the globe. In this context, Internet has become a powerful tool for facilitating recruitment, reaching global audiences, linking with other extremist groups, and spreading hate materials that help to persuade others to violence and terrorism 9 .
Altought radicalism on World Wide Web has grown exponentially in recent years, very little is known about how radical individuals and groups use of Internet for their propaganda and for what purposes those individuals and groups use the Internet. Studies which focus in this issue is also limited. Eventhough few studies, e.g: Weiman 10 and Hui 11 , on the use of Internet by radical and terrorist have been carried out, but those studies did not deeply address issues ofradical propaganda strategies on Internet. Lack understanding of radicalism in online space may harm our national security and generation.
Motivated by this phenomenon, the author intents to explore how radical individuals and groups use Internet as new venue for radical purposes. This study is expected to shed light on how radical individuals and organizations operate in online space particularly through the use of Internet for propaganda. This might become useful information for 7 Weimann, G. 2006. Terror in Cyberspace (pp. 31). Washington: Haifa University, p.2 8 CBCnews, "Terrorist Groups Recruiting Through Social Media" Retrieved 26 June 2015 http://www.cbc.ca/news/technology/terrorist-groups-recruiting-through-social-media-1.1131053 (2015) 9 Zhou, Y., Reid, E., Qin, J., Chen, H., & Lai, G,"US Domestic Extremist Groups on the Web: Link and Content Analysis". Paper presented at the IEEE Intelligent Systems Conference, Arizona,2005, PP.44-51 10 Weimann, G., Lone Wolves in Cyberspace. Journal of Terrorism Research, Vol. 3 No. 2, 2012, p. 18 11 Hui, J. Y, The Internet in Indonesia, P.2 Nurdin relevant government or contra terrorism organizations in combating online radicalism. This study might also help experts and practitioners in terrorism, law-reinforcement, intelligence, and policy-making actors better understand the domestic and international extremist and radicals' operation to boost our national security.
In conducting this study, the author will address the following research questions: Why do radical organizations use world wide web/ Internet and how do they deliver propaganda on the Internet?
The structure of this paper is as follows; the next section presents literature review which includes definition of radicalism, World Wide Web, and radicalism in online context. Section fourth discusses methodology used to write to this paper. The result and discussion are presented in section fifith which then followed by conclusion in the final section.

B. Literature Review 1 Understanding World Wide Web
First world wide web was created in 1990s in a lab at Cern in Geneva, Switzerland by Tim Berners-Lee and his team. The aim was to set the agenda for far-reaching transformations in the political sphere, in economies everywhere, in social interaction, even in concepts of our own identity 12 . The World Wide Web (commonly known as the web) is the most prominent part of the internet that can be defined as a techno-social system to interact humans based on technological networks 13 . Since it was created, the Internet has been improved significantly as we experience this day.
The arrival of new generation of Internet has supported the emergence of various communication and colaboration applications such as email and social media sites. These applications help people to connect with others and communicate in a virtual space. Most activities, which previously were practiced with face to face interaction, have moved to online space. People are no longer need to spend time and space to communicate, interact, and collaborate. Due to its interactivity, Internet become part of society and organizations life. 12 Krotoski, A. 2010 Internet has been used by community for many purposes. For example, Internet can be used to facilitate social relationship through online communication such as emails and social media platforms. Social media platforms is believed to be useful to facilitate social relationship to increase humans' live satisfaction 14 , 15 . McKenna et al., (2002) 16 argue that those who better express their true self over the Internet were more likely than others to have formed close on-line relationships and moved these friendships to a face-to-face basis. For radical individual and groups, Internet is mostly used to initiate new relationship or follow up their conventional relationship.

Understanding Radicalisms
Radicalism has been recognized by societies and religions across the world. Radicalism has been understood as situation or behaviour which is different from universal belief. Max Weber argues that radicalism as differing in one crucial aspect from the socially sanctioned outlook of common sense 17 . Radicalism is not merely exists within Islam but also in other societies and religions such as in Christian 18 and Judaism 19 .
The term radicalism has no precise definition in which the term has been defined in various contexts by scholars and praticioners according to their perspectives. The term radicalism itself was derived from Latin radix meaning "root"which also can be understood as something come from basic. Within political context, the term radical is defined as "fundamental  Issues, Vol. 58 No. 1, 2002,pp. 9-31. 15 Ellison, N. B., Steinfield, C., & Lampe, C. (2007). The Benefits of Facebook "Friends:" Social Capital and College Students' Use of Online Social Network Sites. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, Vol. 12 No. 4, 2007, pp. 1143-1168 Shahak, I. and N. Mezvinsky (1999). Jewish Fundamentalism in Israel. Bon Germany, Pluto Press. Nurdin approach to politics, rather than one that makes do and mend, and radicalism suggests complete rather than gradual change" 20 .
Meanwhile, Islamic radicalism and extremism is understoood as a thinking driven by a totalitarian interpretation of Islam that believes in a global Islamic state through an interpretation of Islamic law, or sharia 21 . Radicalism in Islam is often associated with word "jihad". The word Jihad is verbal noun of the form-three Arabic verb "jahada", which literally means "to do jihad". The literal root of "jihad" is also associated with the concept of "striving". The one-form verb word has similar root unequivocally means "to strive" 22 . Although the word "jihad" has no relationship with violent acts and war, it is often associted with terror and radicalism 23 .
Mauro's (2014) argument could be influenced by early definition of radicalism provided by Egon 24 who defines radicalism as follows :" a conspicuously stressed attitude or frame of mind . . . which may envisage the entire complex of a society or a culture . . . [or] tends to expand in scope until [its] field is coincident with the entire setup of a society,". This definition implies that radical groups tend to change entire world order with their view and ideas. The change is not considering heterogeneity of entire society in the world. This radical call is practiced by a radical group, for example Islamic State for Syiria and Iraq (ISIS), in oppose to western values and culture. This radical view and movement is relevant to Casciani 25 definition of radicalism who says ""radicalism is a vocal or active opposition to fundamental British values, including democracy, the rule of law, individual liberty and mutual respect and tolerance of different faiths and beliefs". 20

Radicalism on World Wide Web
Radicalism is also exist within religion other than Islam. For example, Christian fundamentalism in America Latin and USA is considered to bring real threat to democracy in the United States 26 . Similarly, small number of Judaism belivers in Israel and Europre also have radical belief who post threat to other communities life 27 . Most acholars agree that radicalism is resulted from excessive interpretation of religion, social, and political values within communities.
Within Islam context, scholars also argue that radicalism derives from a radical interpretation of Islam teaching. Even among radical individual and groups, there are interpretative differences stemming from different sects and/or doctrines but it is important to note that not all Muslims subscribe to a radical interpretation of Islam 28 . However, radical individual and group are much lesser in number, their presence and activities have caused massive impact on many government policies across the world. This exacerbated by use of world wide web in every activities of radicalism groups.
As result, it is important for any interest institutions to monitor radicalism on websites. According to Hui et al.,(2010)monitoring extremist websites allows the understanding of two important points.The first is the development of the organizations responsible for managing the websites.The second is to allow researchers to understand the activities conducted by the groups orindividuals and what these may mean for the organization, individual, or the society aroundthem. In addition, monitoring websites allows readers to identify the ideology held by thegroups or individuals responsible for creating them and the message they communicate tofollowers in order to win supporters 29 .
The number of radical and terrorist groups operate on Internet is increasing from day to day because they realize benefits provided by this technology. For example, Hui found that websites which belong to Al-Qaeda affiliated radical organizations is increasing by 900 every year 30 . Terrorint mostly use Internet for; propaganda, recruitmemnt, incitement, 26  1) Access to information is easy; 2) Government and regulation usually have little or no regulation to censor and control online radical activities; 3) Radical groups may able to recruit huge audiences throughout the world; 4) Radical groups is also able to practice anonymous communication; 5) Internet support fast flow of information; 6) A website is inexpensive in term of development and maintenance; 7) Internet supports a multimedia environment (such as the ability to combine text, graphics, audio, and video andto allow users to download films, songs, books, posters, and so forth); 8) Internet also has the ability to shape coverage in the traditional mass media, which increasingly use theInternet as a source for stories 32 .
Terrorism in cyberspace consists of both cybercrime and terror. Terrorist attacks in cyberspace are a category of cybercrime and a criminal misuse of information technologies. The term "cyberterrorism" is often used to describethis phenomenon, but using this term doest not mean "cyberterrorism" can be chatergorized as a new category of crime 33 . This implies that terror in online space has similar law consequences and the actors will be presecuted as normal crimes.
However, online radicalim and terrorism might cause massive and widespread impact within community due to technology ability to reach wider audience across the globe. People may become a jihadist or terrorist without direct interaction with radical organizations. In this context, Internet may serve as an alternative to "violent radical" practice 34 .
An example of how internet can serve as an altenative tool to practice radicalism. Sageman 36 . There is broad agreement and many evidences amongst bothresearchers and policymakers that the Internet is a new venue forjihadistst radicalization. Lates finding shows that 50%of the top ten videos on social media are hailing individuals as martyrs, while a further 30% contain footage of suicide bombingswhich were use to explore the support base for political violenceamongst the online audience 37 .

C. Approach of this Paper
This study employs content analysis approach 38 , 39 . Content analysis approach is common used in studying online content 40 . The use of content analysis approach in studying online issue can deepen understanding of a topic being studied because a researcher is able to obtain sufficient data from different format such as texts, images, symbols, graphics, etc. Such data is avaliable at various radical websites and former studies.Content analysis also enable the reseacher to chategorize online content, exstract emergence concept, and detect various radical sentiment and subjects in online space 41 .
The researcher gathered data from the large number of web sites run by different terrorist organizations, through the URLs and geographical Nurdin locations of these web sites as practiced by Last & kandel 42 . The websites' content, then, was analysed using thematic approach 43 . The result was presented based on emergence themes and the use of web sites by radical individuals and organizations.

1.Internet adoption and use in Indonesia
Internet is new technology which is adopted fastly and widely used across the globe. Currently about 3.36 billion or about 46 percent of world population use internet and 1.6 billion or 48 percent of them live in Asia continent 44 . This number is increasing significantly every year due to improvement in technology infrastructure, regulation, and politics. Western population has adopted and use the Internet in every aspect of life earlier compared to Asian and African population. However, Asian countries' populations are considered have experienced higher Internet adoption and use in last few years due to economic development.
Indonesia is a muslim country where the number of citizens who have access to the Internet and telephone lines has significantly increased in last few years. According to Asia World Stats, Internet subscribers in Indonesia is about 78 million or about 30.5 % of Indonesia population. However, overall internet penetration in Indonesia is lower (23%) compared to other South East Asia countries such as Malaysia (67.5%), Brunai (72%) Singapore (82%) Philippines (43%), and Thailand (56%) 45 . It is predicted, Indonesia internet users will outnumber neighbourcontries in next few years.
This impacts the increase of humans activities in online space. People start moving their conventional daily activities to online space. For example, conventional trading is changed with e-commerce, offline learning become e-learning, and so on. Such fenomena is also practiced by radical individual and organiozations. They use Internet to pursuade and recruit new members as well as deliver massive online propaganda across the globe. In Indonesia, number of radikal websites is also increase sharply. This requires governemnt hard effort from relevant authorities to monitor radical groups online activities. From 2010 to 2015, there were 814594 radical sites was shut down 46 . Those websites were used to disseminate hatred and radical contents that potentially harm Indonesian security.

Radical Groups on World wide web
Base on web monitoring and observation, the author found a number of radical individuals and groups in Indonesia and International have intensively used the Internet to recruit, radicalize, prepare and plan for attacks. A website is considered radical when it posts radical views, violents, and terror 47 , 48 Radical organizations explore world wide web to promote and disseminate their missions. Currently, many radical and terrorist group built their own sites as a tool to effectively achieve those missions. The number of radical and terrorist sites could have reached more than thousand but there is no accurate numbers have been reported. Some example of well-known radical and terrorist sites in Indonesia and International are depicted in table 1.

TrueIslam1.com Unknown
The site hosted an impressive archive of jihadist texts, with audio and video organized by means of the online publishing tool Blogger. The website connects to Pimentel's YouTube channel, which was similarly thorough; it had collected more than 600 videos relating to radical and violent interpretations of Islam, 60 of which he had uploaded himself. This channel had more than 1,500 subscribers. The ek-Is.org (the site is associated with Al-Qaeda)

Iraq
The site provide six training sessions for aspiring terrorists: The site posted "Do you want to form a terror cell?" Using the name Shamil al-Baghdadi, the instructor described how to choose a leader, recruit members and select initial assassination targets. The second lesson outlined assassination techniques.
Sources : adopted from Detiknews 49 Mantel 50 and Weimann 51 The numbers of radical websites could be millions because in Indonesian itself has been found about 814594 radical websites. The selection of websites for this study was based on number of users and visitors of the websites as well as their popularity 52 . This number is not included unaffiliated individual site accused radicalism. Those individual websites are often operated under lone wolf radicalism, jihadist, or 49 Detiknews. 2016. Pemerintah Tutup 11 Situs Radikalisme Termasuk www.bahrunaim.com.
Retrieved 21 Pebruary 2016, from Detik News http://news.detik.com/berita/3119768/pemerintah-tutup-11-situs-radikalisme-termasukwwwbahrunnaimco 50 Mantel, B. 2009 terrorist. Lone wolf jihadist is understood as Leaderless Jihad 53 . Lone wolf jihadist operate without coordinatedbyradical organizations or groups. There are also other sites which are widely considered radical or terrorist, but who are not officially so designated according to the criteria dicussed in section two above.
Since the emerging of Internet, radical individual and groups have move their offline activities to online platforms. Their presences on various online sites allow them to reach more audience and supporter across the world. They have proved fluent in setting foothold in cyberspace by creating identities on various sites such as YouTube, Twitter, Instagram, Tumblr, internet memes and other Internet sites. For example, Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS) used online sites to post their activities and it gained huge respond from online users across the world during early offensive. ISIS postings on Twitter has ramped up during early offensive and the posting were tweeted and re-tweeted almost 40.000 a day as they attacked northern Iraqi city of Mosul 54 .
However, the way radical and terrorist groups use Internat is shifting every year depend on technological development. This shifting is described in the following table 2. 53 Bräuchler, B, Islamic Radicalism Online: The Moluccan Mission of the Laskar Jihad in Cyberspace. The Australian Journal of Anthropology, Vol. 15 No. 3, 2004, 267-285 54 Odell, J. S, Case Study Method in International Political Economy. International Studies Perspectives, Vol. 2, 2001 Tabel 2. Evolution of Terrorist Use of Internet Author (s) Furnell & Warren (1999) 55 Cohen (2002) 56 Thomas (2003) 57 Weimann 58 Conway (2005) 59 Weimann (2006) (2013) 62 Data from table 2 shows that since 1999 terorists activities on Internet have become more complexs. At the beginning, terrorists use Internet merely to disseminate information and to communicate with with other users. In later years, terrorist use Internet for more sophisticate actions such as to recruit new members, raise funds, build networking, and coordinate attacks.

Radical Propaganda Strategy on Internet
The use of Internet by radical and terrorist groups is sharply increased as found by Hui 63 . The radical and terrorist groups have been found expert in using various websites such as Facebook, You Tube, and Twitter to infuse images and texts that inspire young and vulnarable generation. In certain case, the radical and terrorist groups have posted not only an online magazine or text that contains a wide range of inspirational narratives material but also to practical bomb making techniques 64 . These strategies have brought huge impact on public psychology, social, and political views.
The findings of this study show some propaganda strategies of social media use by radical and terrorist groups as presented in table 3 below. Mostly online propaganda shares a number of key attributes: It tends to use video rather than text, takes full advantage of the linguistic skills of members (sometimes translating statements and videos into European languages), and makes good use of music-all of which appears to resonate with western youth culture 70 . This helps factional radical across the globe to connect each other. Radical groups in Indonesia are also typically factional in character and retain some sort of director indirect link to larger hardline organizations 71

E. Conclusion and Addressing Research Questions
The findings show that a number of well-recognized radical organizations within and outside Indonesia have used Internet in their daily operation. Their reasons to use Internet in their daily activities are included: a). Radical propaganda is able to be spread to entire community in the world without limited by time and geographycal area, b). Internet helps them to coordinate attacks online, c). Funds can be raised from organization or individual donators across the world, d). Radical activites can be practiced anonimously, and e). Communication and interaction can be practice 24 hours a day and seven days a week.

Radicalism on World Wide Web and Propaganda Strategy
The findings also show that the propaganda strategies are practiced in the ways; a). Radicals groups upload images and vidoes daily on Internet and then it is shared globally by footsoldiers, b). They create massive number of account on Internet and use hastag for branding, c). They promote open jihad and difuse ideology online, and d). They use Internet to warn their members from being traced and cought by security agencies.
The implication of this study is that Internet has been used as a new arena for moderen radical and terrorist operation. This requires all authorities in Indonesia and across the globbe to take actions through allocation of resources such as fund, intelligence, and military forces to combat radicalism in online sphere. Government should also gather intelligence data gathering from Internet because to prevent devestating effect on society as suggeted by Xu et al.,72 .