Effects of Emotional Abuse on Attainment of Emotional Quotient, Adjustment Level and Reaction to Frustration

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 Department of Physiology, Jammu University, Jammu and Kashmir, India

2 Specialist Medical Officer, Calcutta, India

Abstract

Background and aim: Emotional Abuse is when someone uses their emotions to control another person by criticizing, embarrassing, shaming, blaming, or manipulating another person. An emotional quotient is the ability to manage own emotions positively, overcome challenges, and defuse conflict. Adjustment is the process of adapting or becoming used to a new situation. Typical responses to frustration include anger, quitting, loss of self-esteem and self-confidence, stress, and depression. The present study was designed to study the effect of emotional abuse on emotional quotient, adjustment level, and reaction to frustration.
Material and methods: The present study was performed on 100 female subjects. Based on the emotional abuse level, the subjects were divided into five groups: very low, low level, moderate level, high level, and extremely high level of abuse. The parameters studied were emotional quotient, adjustment level, reaction to frustration (Aggression, Resignation, Fixation, and Regression).
Results: With the increase in emotional abuse, there was an increase in reaction to frustration and; a decrease in adjustment level and emotional quotient. Comparison between different groups for various parameters- emotional abuse, adjustment level, emotional quotient, and reaction to frustration exhibited statistically significant differences.
Conclusions: Emotional Abuse has a deteriorative effect on emotional well-being.

Keywords

Main Subjects


[1]  Kent A, Waller G. The impact of childhood emotional abuse: An extension of the child abuse and trauma scale. Child Abuse & Neglect. 1998;22(5):393-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0145-2134(98)00007-6.
[2]  Mammen G. After abuse. Aus Cncl Edu Res 2006: pp. 29.
[3]  World Health Organization. Global and regional estimates of violence against women: prevalence and health effects of intimate partner violence and non-partner sexual violence. World Health Organization; 2013.
[4]  Braiker HB. Who's pulling your strings. New York, NY, USA: McGraw Hill;2004:1-272.
[5]  Goleman D, Boyatzis R. Social intelligence and the biology of leadership. Harvard business review. 2008;86(9):74-1.
[6]  Jones MM. The Unconventional Wisdom of Emotional Intelligence. Psychology Today. 1997.
[7]  Hammond KR, O'Kelly LI. A note on adjustment as achievement. The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology. 1955;51(2):171-74. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0048667.
[8]  De Ridder D, Geenen R, Kuijer R, van Middendorp H. Psychological adjustment to chronic disease. The Lancet. 2008;372(9634):246-55. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(08)61078-8.
[9]  Jeronimus BF, Laceulle OM. Frustration. In Zeigler-Hill V, Shackelford TK, editors, Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences. 1st ed. Springer. 2020. 1-5.
[10] Nesheen F, Alam S, Nazir T. Emotional abuse: Wiping out mental health of adolescents. Indian Journal of Health and Wellbeing. 2015;6(11):1138-41.
[11] Schutte NS, Malouff JM, Hall LE, Haggerty DJ, Cooper JT, Golden CJ, et al. Development and validation of a measure of emotional intelligence. Personality and individual differences. 1998;25(2):167-77. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(98)00001-4.
[12] Saxena MS. Adjustment Inventory. Prasad Psycho Corp. 2010.
[13] Srivastava LT, Dixit B. Manual for Reaction to Frustration Scale, National Psychological Corporation, Agra. 2005;1-16.
[14] Mega LT, Mega JL, Mega BT, Harris BM. Brainwashing and battering fatigue. Psychological abuse in domestic violence. North Carolina Medical Journal. 2000;61(5):260-5.
[15] Cerezo MA, Frias D. Emotional and cognitive adjustment in abused children. Child Abuse & Neglect. 1994;18(11):923-32. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0145-2134(05)80003-1.
[16] Riggs SA. Childhood emotional abuse and the attachment system across the life cycle: What theory and research tell us. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma. 2010;19(1):5-1. https://doi.org/10.1080/10926770903475968.
[17] Mattar JW. The difference in emotional intelligence in relation to levels of maltreatment of Jordanian secondary school students. International Journal of Adolescence and Youth. 2018;23(1):61-9. https://doi.org/10.1080/02673843.2017.1292926.
[18] Anthony LG, Anthony BJ, Glanville DN, Naiman DQ, Waanders C, Shaffer S. The relationships between parenting stress, parenting behaviour and preschoolers' social competence and behaviour problems in the classroom. Infant and Child Development: An International Journal of Research and Practice. 2005;14(2):133-54. https://doi.org/10.1002/icd.385.
[19] Salzinger S, Feldman RS, Hammer M, Rosario M. The effects of physical abuse on children's social relationships. Child development. 1993;64(1):169-87. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.1993.tb02902.x.
[20] Hildyard KL, Wolfe DA. Child neglect: developmental issues and outcomes☆. Child abuse and neglect. 2002;26(6-7):679-95. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0145-2134(02)00341-1.
[21] Hanson JL, Hair N, Shen DG, Shi F, Gilmore JH, Wolfe BL, et al. Family poverty affects the rate of human infant brain growth. PloS one. 2013;8(12):e80954.
[22] Cicchetti D, Toth TL. Child maltreatment. Annu Rev Clin Psychol 2005; 1: 409-38.
[23] Fried M. Endemic stress: The psychology of resignation and the politics   
        of scarcity. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry. 1982;52(1):4-19.
        https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-0025.1982.tb02660.x.
[24] Nunn KP, Lask B, Owen I. Pervasive refusal syndrome (PRS) 21 years on: a re-conceptualisation and a renaming. European child & adolescent psychiatry.2014;23(3):163-72. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-013-0433-7.
[25] Roy A. Childhood trauma and neuroticism as an adult: possible implication for the development of the common psychiatric disorders and suicidal behaviour. Psychological medicine. 2002;32(8):1471-4. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291702006566.
[26] Shackman JE, Pollak SD. Impact of physical maltreatment on the regulation of negative affect and aggression. Development and psychopathology. 2014;26(4pt1):1021-33. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579414000546.
[27] Camras LA, Grow JG, Ribordy SC. Recognition of emotional expression by abused children. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology. 1983;12(3):325-8. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374418309533152.
[28] Weiss JA, Waechter R, Wekerle C. The impact of emotional abuse on psychological distress among child protective services-involved adolescents with borderline-to-mild intellectual disability. Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma. 2011;4(2):142-59. https://doi.org/10.1080/19361521.2011.574677.
[29] Freud S. Lecture 32, anxiety and instinctual life (tr. J. Strachey). The Penguin Freud Library, New Introductory Lectures on Psychoanalysis. 1933:113-44.