Abstract
Humans have intentionally used biological materials such as bone, ivory and shells since prehistoric times due to their particular physical and chemical properties. The composite nature of biological materials at the nanoscale combined with an important structural hierarchy up to the macroscopic level is responsible for these exceptional properties. In this chapter we discuss the relation of the structural features of different biological materials within their archaeological and historical contexts along with their anthropological use and function. Amid the wealth of biological materials of archaeological interest, a special attention is paid to carbonate–based materials such as corals and shells and phosphate-based ones, including bone, teeth, ivory and antler. The structural features of these archaeobiominerals at different length scales down to the nanoscopic scale are highlighted in this chapter as they allow drawing conclusions on ancient working techniques, the provision and circulation of raw materials, anthropological heat processes, and, last but not least, on diagenetic changes and authentication purposes. The informative potential of observations of archaeological biological materials at different length scales is finally illustrated by some case studies.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Addadi L, Weiner S (2001) Biomineralization: crystals, asymmetry and life. Nature 411:753–755
Albéric M, Dean MN, Gourrier A, Wagermaier W, Dunlop JWC, Staude A, Fratzl P, Reiche I (accepted) Relation between the macroscopic pattern of elephant ivory and its three-dimensionsal micro-tubutlar network. PLOS ONE
Albéric M, Gourrier A, Müller K, Zizak I, Wagermaier W, Fratzl P, Reiche I (2014) Early diagenesis of elephant tusks in marine environment. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol 416(1):120–132
Albéric M, Müller K, Pichon L, Lemasson Q, Moignard B, Pacheco C, Fontan E, Reiche I (2015) Non-invasive quantitative micro-PIXE-RBS/EBS imaging reveals the lost polychromy and gilding of the Neo-Assyrian ivories from the Louvre collection. Talanta 137:100–108
Allard M, Drieux M, Jarry M, Pomies MP, Rodière J (1997) Perles en bois de renne du niveau 18 des Peyrugues, à Orniac (Lot): hypothèse sur l’origine du protomagdalénien. Paléo 9:355–369
Ambrose SH (1991) Effects of diet, climate and physiology on nitrogen isotope abundances in terrestrial foodwebs. J Archaeol Sci 18:293–317
Anne J, Edwards NP, Wogelius RA, Tumarkin-Deratzian AR, Sellers WI, van Veelen A, Bergmann U, Sokaras D, Alonso-Mori R, Ignatyev K, Egerton VM, Manning PL (2014) Synchrotron imaging reveals bone healing and remodelling strategies in extinct and extant vertebrates. J R Soc Interface 11(96):20140277. doi:10.1098/rsif.2014.0277
Arjmandi BH, Juma S, Beharka A, Bapna MS, Akhter M, Meydani SN (2002) Vitamin E improves bone quality in the aged but not in young adult male mice. J Nutr Biochem 13(9):543–549
Asmussen B (2009) Intentional or incidental thermal modification? Analysing site occupation via burned bone. J Archaeol Sci 36(2):528–536
Backwell L, d’Errico F (2008) Early hominid bone tools from Drimolen, South Africa. J Archaeol Sci 35(11):2880–2894. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2008.05.017
Backwell L, d’Errico F, Wadley L (2008) Middle stone age bone tools from the Howiesons Poort layers, Sibudu Cave, South Africa. J Archaeol Sci 35(6):1566–1580. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2007.11.006
Bailey R, Wijngaarden Jv (2015) The role of B-vitamins in bone health and disease in older adults. Curr Osteoporos Rep 13(4):256–261
Balasse M, Tresset A (2002) Early weaning of Neolithic domestic cattle (Bercy, France) revealed by intra-tooth variation in Nitrogen isotopes ratios. J Archaeol Sci 29:853–859
Balasse M, Bocherens H, Mariotti A, Ambrose SH (2001) Detection of dietary changes by intra-tooth carbon and nitrogen isotopic analysis: an experimental study of dentine collagen of cattle (Bos taurus). J Archaeol Sci 28:235–245
Balasse M, Brugal J-P, Dauphin Y, Geigl E-M, Oberlin C, Reiche I (2015) Message d’os. Archéométrie du squelette animal et humain. Collection «Sciences Archéologiques». Editions des archives contemporaines, Paris
Banks WJ (1974) The ossification process of the developping antler in the white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). Calc Tiss Res 14:257–274
Baohua J, Gao XJ (2004) Mechanical properties of nanostructure of biological materials. J Mech Phys Solids 52(9):1963–1990
Bartsiokas A, Middleton AP (1992) Characterization and dating of recent and fossil bone by Xray diffraction. J Archaeol Sci 19:63–72
Baud CA, Tochon-Danguy HJ (1985) Les caractéristiques physico-chimiques de l’ivoire et leurs modifications par traitement thermique. Bulletin l’association pro Aventico 29:49–52
Bennett JL (1999) Thermal alteration of buried bone. J Archaol Sci 26:1–8
Benzerara K, Miller VM, Barell G, Kumar V, Miot J, Brown GE Jr, Lieske JC (2006) Search for microbial signatures within human and microbial calcifications using soft X-ray spectromicroscopy. J Investig Med 54(7):1–15
Bergmann U, Morton RW, Manning PL, Sellers WI, Farrar S, Huntley KG, Wogelius RA, Larson P (2010) Archaeopteryx feathers and bone chemistry fully revealed via synchrotron imaging. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 107(20):9060–9065. doi:10.1073/pnas.1001569107
Berna F, Matthews A, Weiner S (2004) Solubilities of bone mineral from archaeological sites: the recrystallization window. J Archaeol Sci 31(7):867–882. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2003.12.003
Bertrand L, Bernard S, Marone F, Thoury M, Reiche I, Gourrier A, Sciau P, Bergmann U (submitted) Emerging approaches in synchrotron studies of materials from cultural and natural history collections. Top Curr Chem
Betts F, Blumenthal NC, Posner AS (1981) Bone mineralization. J Cryst Growth 53(1):63–73
Bocherens H, Fizet M, Mariotti A (1994) Diet, physiology and ecology of fossil mammals as inferred from stable carbon and nitrogen isotope biogeochemistry: implications for Pleistcene bears. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol 107:213–225
Bocherens H, Drucker DG, Billiou D, Geneste J-M, Jvd Plicht (2006) Bears and humans in Chauvet Cave (Vallon-Pont-d’Arc, Ardèche, France): insights from stable isotopes and radiocarbon dating of bone collagen. J Hum Evol 50(3):370–376. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2005.12.002
Bocherens H, Polet C, Toussaint M (2007) Palaeodiet of Mesolithic and Neolithic populations of Meuse Basin (Belgium): evidence from stable isotopes. J Archaeol Sci 34:10–27
Boivin G, Chapuy M-C, Baud CA, Meunier PJ (1988) Fluoride content in human iliac bone: results in controls, patients with fluorosis, and osteoporotic patients treated with fluoride. J Bone Miner Res 3(5):497–502
Bozec L, Odlyha M (2011) Thermal denaturation studies of collagen by microthermal analysis and atomic force microscopy. Biophys J 10(1):228–236
Buckley M, Walker A, Ho SY, Yang Y, Smith C, Ashton P, Oates JT, Cappellini E, Koon H, Penkman K, Elsworth B, Ashford D, Solazzo C, Andrews P, Strahler J, Shapiro B, Ostrom P, Gandhi H, Miller W, Raney B, Zylber MI, Gilbert MT, Prigodich RV, Ryan M, Rijsdijk KF, Janoo A, Collins MJ (2008) Comment on “Protein sequences from mastodon and Tyrannosaurus rex revealed by mass spectrometry”. Science 319(5859):33; author reply 33. doi:10.1126/science.1147046
Buckley M, Whitcher Kansa S, Howard S, Campbell S, Thomas-Oates J, Collins M (2010) Distinguishing between archaeological sheep and goat bones using a single collagen peptide. J Archaeol Sci 37(1):13–20. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2009.08.020
Budd P, Montgomery J, Barreiro B, Thomas RG (2000) Differential diagenesis of strontium in archaeological human dental tissues. Appl Geochem 15:687–694
Cain CR (2005) Using burned animal bone to look at Middle Stone Age occupation and behavior. J Archaeol Sci 32(6):873–884
Carter DR, Beaupré GS (2007) Skeletal function and form. Mechanobiology of skeletal development, aging, and regeneration. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Castillo RF, Ubelaker DH, Acosta JAL, Rosa RJE, Garcia IG (2013) Effect of temperature on bone tissue: histological changes. J Forensic Sci 58(3):578–582
Caubet A, Gaborit-Chopin D (2004) Ivoires. Réunion des Musées Nationaux, Paris
Chadefaux C, Reiche I (2009) Archaeological bone from macro- to nanoscale. Heat-induced modifications at low temperatures. J NanoResearch 8:157–172
Chadefaux C, Vignaud C, Menu M, Reiche I (2008a) Effects and efficiency of consolidation treatments on Palaeolithic reindeer antler. Multi-analytical study by means of XRD, FT-IR microspectroscopy, SEM, TEM and μ-PIXE/PIGE analyses. Appl Phys A 92:171–177. doi:10.1007/s00339-008-4469-3
Chadefaux C, Vignaud C, Menu M, Reiche I (2008b) Multianalytical study of Palaeolithic reindeer antler. Discovery of antler traces in Lascaux pigments by TEM. Archaeometry 50:516–534
Chadefaux C, Le Hô A-S, Bellot-Gurlet L, Reiche I (2009a) Micro-ATR-FTIR studies combined with curve fitting of the amide I and II bands of type I collagen in archaeological bone materials. epreservation Science 6:129–137
Chadefaux C, Vignaud C, Chalmin E, Robles-Camacho J, Aarroyo-Cabrales J, Johnson E, Reiche aI (2009b) Color origin and heat evidence of paleontological bones: case study of blue and gray bones from San Josecito Cave, Mexico. Am Mineral 94:27–33
Chalmin E, Menu M, Vignaud C (2003) Analysis of rock art painting and the technology of Palaeolithic painters. Meas Sci Technol 14:1590–1597
Chapman DI (1981) Antler structure and function—a hypothesis. J Biomech 14(3):195–197
Chauvière F-X (2012) Objets d’ici et d’ailleurs: les industries osseuses du Paléolithique supérieur du Blot (Cerzat, Haute-Loire). Bulletin Préhistorique du Sud-Ouest 20(1):55–77
Chauvière F-X, Fontana L (2005) Modalités d’exploitation des rennes dans le Protomagdalénien du Blot (Haute-Loire, France): entre subsistance, technique et symbolique. In: Industrie osseuse et parures du Solutréen au Magdalénien en Europe—table ronde sur la paléolithique supérieur récent, Angoulême (Charente). Société Préhistorique Française, pp 137–147
Chen X, Nadiarynkh O, Plotnikov S, Campagnola PJ (2012) Second harmonic generation microscopy for quantitative analysis of collagen fibrillar structure. Nat Protoc 7(4):654–669
Chiotti L, Nespoulet R, Henry-Gambier D, Morala A, Vercoutère C, Agsous S, Lenoble A, Marquer L, Grimaud-Hervé D (2009) Statut des objets “extra-ordinaires” du Gravettien final de l’abri Pataud (Les Eyzies, Dordogne): objets abandonnés dans l’habitat ou dépôt intentionnel? In: Bonnardin S, Hamon C, Lauwers M, Quilliec B (eds) Du matériel au spirituel. Réalités archéologiques et historiques des “dépots” de la Préhistoire à nos jours. XXIXèmes rencontres internationales d’archéologie et d’histoire d’Antibes, Juan-les-Pins, 16–18 Oct 2008. éditions APDCA, pp 29–46
Chiotti L, Nespoulet R, Henry-Gambier D, Vercoutère C, Crépin L, Lebon M, Beck L, Müller K, Reiche I (2014) Un comportement funéraire original au Gravettien final. Bilan des analyses et études 2005–2011 de la couche 2 de l’abri Pataud (Les Eyzies-de-Tayac, Dordogne, France). In: Paillet P (ed) Les arts de la Préhistoire: microanalyses, mises en contextes et conservation. Actes du colloque “micro-analyses et datations de l’art préhistorique dans son contexte archéologique” MADAPCA, Paris, 2014. Paléo
Christensen M (2004) Fiche caractères morphologiques, histologiques et mécaniques des matières dures d’origin animales. In: Collectif DR (ed) Matières et techniques, Industrie de l’os préhistorique. Cahier XI. Société Préhistorique Française, Paris, pp 17–27
Christensen M, Tejero J-M (2015) La fabrication d’objets en matières dures animales. In: Balasse M, Brugal J-P, Dauphin Y, Geigl E-M, Oberlin C, Reiche I (eds) Messages d’os. Archives contemporaines, Paris
Codron J, Codron D, Sponheimer M, Kirkman K, Duffy KJ, Raubenheimer EJ, Melice JL, Grant R, Clauss M, Lee-Thorp JA (2012) Stable isotope series from elephant ivory reveal lifetime histories of a true dietary generalist. Proc Biol Sci 279(1737):2433–2441. doi:10.1098/rspb.2011.2472
Collins MJ, Riley MS, Child AM, Turner-Walker G (1995) A basic mathematical simulation of the chemical degradation of ancient collagen. J Archaeol Sci 22:175–183
Collins MJ, Waite ER, Van Duin ACT (1999) Predicting protein decomposition: the case of aspartic-acid racemization kinetics. Phil Trans R Soc Lond B 354:51–64
Collins MJ, Nielsen-Marsh CM, Hiller J, Smith CI, Roberts JP, Prigodich RV, Wess TJ, Csapo J, Millard AR, Turner-Walker G (2002) The survival of organic matter in bone: a review. Archaeometry 44(3):383–394
Conard N (2003) Palaeolithic ivory sculptures from southwestern Germany and the origins of figurative art. Nature 426:830–832
Conard NJ (2009) A female figurine from the basal Aurignacian of Hohle Fels Cave in southwestern Germany. Nature 459(7244):248–252. doi:10.1038/nature07995
Correia PM (1996) Fire modification of bone: a review of the literature. In: Haglund WDS, Sorg MH (eds) Forensic taphonomy. CRC Press, Boca Raton
Cui FZ, Wen HB, Zhang HB, Ma CL, Li HD (1994) Nanophase hydroxyapatite-like crystallites in natural ivory. J Mate Sci Lett 13:1042–1044
Currey JD (1999) The design of mineralised tissues for their mechanical functions. J Exp Biol 202:3285–3294
Currey JD (2002) Bones - Structure and Mechanics. Princeton
Currey JD (2005) Hierarchies in biomineral structures. Science 309:253–254
Currey JD, Brear K, Zioupos P (1994) Dependence of mechanical properties on fibre angle in narwhal tusk, a highly oriented biological composite. J Biomech 27:885–897
d’Errico F, Henshilwood CS (2007) Additional evidence for bone technology in the southern African Middle Stone Age. J Hum Evol 52(2):142–163. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2006.08.003
Dauphin Y, Williams CT (2004) Diagenetic trends of detnal tissues. C R Palevol 3:583–590
Denys C, Patou-Methis M (2014) Manuel de taphonomie. Collections archéologiques. Editions Errance, Paris
Dupont C, Marchand G (2008) Coastal exploitation in the Mesolithic of western France: la Pointe Saint-Gildas (Préfailles). Environ Archaeol 13(2):143–152. doi:10.1179/174963108X343263
Duval M (2011) High resolution LA-ICP-MS mapping of U and Th isotopes in an early Pleistocene equid tooth from Fuente Nueva-3 (Orce, Andalusia, Spain). Quat Geochronol 6(5):458–467
Edwards HGM, O’Connor S (2012) Archaeological ivory: a challenge for analytical Raman spectroscopy. In: Edwards HGM, Vandenabeele P (eds) Analytical archaeometry. The Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, pp 449–467
Edwards HGM, Brody RH, Nick Hassan NF, Farwell DW, O’Connor S (2006) Identification of archaeological ivories using FT-Raman spectroscopy. Anal Chim Acta 559:64–72
Ellingham ST, Thompson TJ, Islam M (2015a) The effect of soft tissue on temperature estimation from burnt bone using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy. J Forensic Sci 61:153–159
Ellingham ST, Thompson TJ, Islam M, Taylor G (2015b) Estimating temperature exposure of burnt bone: a methodological review. Sci Justice 55(3):181–188
Enk J, Devault A, Debruyne R, King CE, Treangen T, O’Rourke D, Salzberg SL, Fisher D, MacPhee R, Poinar H (2011) Complete Columbian mammoth mitogenome suggests interbreeding with woolly mammoths. Genome Biol 12(5):R51
Enzo S, Bazzoni M, Mazzarello V, Piga G, Bandiera P, Melis P (2007) A study of thermal treatment and X-ray powder diffraction on burnt fragmented bones from tomb II, IV and IX belonging to the hypogeic necropolis of “Sa Figu” near Ittiri, Sassari (Sardinia, Italy). J Archaeol Sci 34:1731–1737
Ericson JE (1985) Strontium isotope characterization in the study of prehistoric human ecology. J Hum Evol 14:503–514
Eriksson C, Börner K, Nygren H, Ohlson K, Bexell U, Billerdahl N, Johansson M (2006) Studies by imaging TOF-SIMS of bone mineralization on porous titanium implants after 1 week in bone. Appl Surf Sci 25:6757–6760
Espinoza EO, Mann M-J (1991) Guide d’identification de l’ivoire et de ses substituts. World Wildlife Fund and Conservation Foundation, New York
Falguères C, Bahain J-J, Duval M, Shao Q, Han F, Lebon M, Mercier N, Perez-Gonzalez A, Dolo J-M, Garcia T (2010) A 300–600 ka ESR/U-series chronology of Acheulian sites in Western Europe. Quatern Int 223–224:293–298. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2009.10.008
Finch AA, Allison N (2007) Coordination of Sr and Mg in calcite and aragonite. Mineral Mag 71(5):539–552. doi:10.1180/minmag.2007.071.5.539
Fischer PM, Lodding ARE, Noren JG (1989) Trace elements and dating studies of teeth by secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS). In: Maniatis Y (ed) Archaeometry. Elsevier Science Publishers B. V, Amsterdam-Oxford-NY-Tokyo, pp 109–119
Fontan E, Reiche I (2011) Les ivoires d’Arslan Tash (Syrie) d’après une etude de la collection du Musée du Louvre: mise en oeuvre du matériau, traces de polychromie et de dorure, état de conservation. ArcheoSciences 35:283–295
Fox DL, Fisher DC (2004) Dietary reconstruction of Miocene Gomphotherium (Mammalia, Proboscidea) from the Great Plains region, USA, based on the carbon isotope composition of tusk and molar enamel. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol 206(3–4):311–335. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2004.01.010
Fox DL, Fisher DC, Vartanyan S, Tikhonov AN, Mol D, Buigues B (2007) Paleoclimatic implications of oxygen isotopic variation in late Pleistocene and Holocene tusks of Mammuthus primigenius from northern Eurasia. Quatern Int 169–170:154–165. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2006.09.001
Fratzl P (2004) Hierarchical structure and mechanical adaptation of biological materials. In: Weiner RLRS (ed) Learning from nature how to design new implantable biomaterials: from biomineralisation fundamentals to biomimetic materials and processing routes. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Berlin, pp 15–34
Fratzl P (2007) Biomimetic materials research: what can we really learn from nature’s structural materials? J R Soc Interface 4(15):637–642. doi:10.1098/rsif.2007.0218
Fratzl P, Weinkammer R (2007) Nature’s hierarchical materials. Prog Mater Sci 52(8):271–298
Fratzl P, Gupta HS, Paschalis EP, Roschger P (2004) Structure and mechanical quality of the collagen–mineral nano-composite in bone. J Mater Chem 14:2115–2123
Fürst S, Müller K, Paris C, Bellot-Gurlet L, Pare C, Reiche I (2014) Neue Identifizierungsstrategie eisenzeitlicher Korallen anhand optischer und Raman-spektroskopischer Charakteristiken. Berliner Beiträge zur Archäometrie, Kunsttechnologie und Konservierungswissenschaft 22:25–35
Gaschen AA-M, Krähenbühl U, Döbeli M, Markwitz A, Barry B, Ulrich-Bochsler S (2008) Fluorine age dating of archaeological bones: fluorine depth profiling as a function of environmentally induced bone degradation. J Archaeol Sci 35:535–552
Geigl E-M (2002) Why ancient DNA research needs taphonomy. In: O’Connor T (ed) 9th Conference of the International Council of Archaeozoology, Durham, UK, 2004. Oxford, Oxbow Books, pp 78–85
Gifford DP (1981) Taphonomy and paleoecology: a critical review of archaeology’s sister disciplines. In: Advances in archaeological method and theory, vol 4. Springer, Berlin, pp 365–438
Gillespie R, Hedges REM, Wand JO (1984) Radiocarbon dating of bone by accelerator mass spectrometry. J Archaeol Sci 11:165–170
Godfrey IM, Ghisalberti EL, Beng EW, Byrne LT, Richardson GW (2002) The analysis of ivory from a marine environment. ICC 47:1–29
Gonçalves D, Thompson T, Cunha E (2011) Implications of heat-induced changes in bone on the interpretation of funerary behaviour and practice. J Archaeol Sci 38(6):1308–1313
Goodwin MB, Grant PG, Bench G, Holroyd PA (2007) Elemental composition and diagenetic alteration of dinosaur bone: distinguishing micron-scale spatial and compositional heterogeneity using PIXE. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol 253:458–476
Gourrier A, Wagermaier W, Burghammer M, Lammie D, Gupta HS, Fratzl P, Riekel C, Wess TJ, Paris O (2007a) Scanning X-ray imaging with small-angle scattering contrast. J Appl Crystallogr 40(Supplement):s78–s82
Gourrier A, Wagermaier W, Burghammer M, Lammie D, Gupta HS, Fratzl P, Riekel C, Wess TJ, Paris O (2007b) Scanning X-ray imaging with small-angle scattering contrast. J Appl Crystallogr 40(Supplement):s78–s82
Gourrier A, Li C, Siegel S, Paris O, Roschger P, Klaushofer K, Fratzl P (2010) Scanning small-angle X-ray scattering analysis of the size and organization of the mineral nanoparticles in fluorotic bone using a stack of cards model. J Appl Crystallogr 43:1385–1392
Gourrier A, Bunk O, Müller K, Reiche I (2011a) Artificially heated bone at low temperatures: a quantitative scanning small-angle X-ray scattering imaging study of the mineral particle size. ArcheoSciences 35:191–199
Gourrier A, Bunk O, Müller K, Reiche I (2011b) Artificially heated bone at low temperatures: a quantitative scanning small angle X-ray scattering imaging study of the mineral particle size. ArcheoSciences 35:191–199
Grime G, Watt F (1993) A survey of recent PIXE applications in archaeometry and environmental sciences using the Oxford scanning proton microphobe facility. Nucl Instrum Methods Phys Res B75:495–503
Grün R, Aubert M, Hellstrom J, Duval M (2010) The challenge of direct dating old human fossils. Quatern Int 223–224:87–93. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2009.10.005
Gueriau P, Mocuta C, Dutheil DB, Cohen SX, Thiaudiere D, Charbonnier S, Clement G, Bertrand L (2014) Trace elemental imaging of rare earth elements discriminates tissues at microscale in flat fossils. PLoS One 9(1):e86946. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0086946
Gupta HS, Seto J, Wagermaier W, Zalansky P, Boesecke P, Fratzl P (2006) Cooperative deformation of mineral and collagen in bone at the nanoscale. PNAS 103 (47):17741–17746
Haile J, Froese DG, MacPhee RDE, Roberts RG, Arnold LJ, Reyes AV, Rasmussen M, Nielsen R, Brook BW, Robinson S, Demuro M, Gilbert MT, Munch K, Austin JJ, Cooper A, Barnes I, Möller P, Willerslev E (2009) Ancient DNA reveals late survival of mammoth and horse in interior Alaska. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 106(52):22352–22357
Hameau S, Falguères C, Bahain JJ, Sémah F, Sémah AM, Dolo JM (2007) ESR dating in song terus cave (East Java, Indonesia). Quat Geochronol 2(1–4):398–402
Hanson M, Cain CR (2007) Examining histology to identify burned bone. J Archaeol Sci 34(11):1902–1913
Hedges REM (2002) Bone diagenesis: an overview of processes. Archaeometry 44(3):319–328
Hedges REM, Law IA (1989) The radiocarbon dating of bone. Appl Geochem 4:249
Hiller JC, Wess TJ (2006) The use of small-angle X-ray scattering to study archaeological and experimentally altered bone. J Archaeol Sci 33:560–572
Hiller JC, Thomson TJU, Evison MP, Chamberlain AT, Wess TJ (2003) Bone mineral change during experimental heating: an X-ray scattering investigation. Biomaterials 24:5091–5097
Hillson S (2009) Teeth. Cambridge manuals in archaeology. Cambridge University Press, New York
Hodge AJ, Petruska JA (1963) Recent studies with the electron microscope on ordered aggregats of the tropocollagen molecule. In: Narayana RG (ed) Aspects of protein structure. Academic Press, New York, pp 289–300
Holden J, Phakey P, Clement J (1995) Scanning electron microscope observations of heat-treated human bone. Forensic Sci Int 74(1–2):29–45
Hulmes D (2008) Collagen diversity, synthesis and assembly. In: Fratzl P (ed) Collagen. Springer US, New York, pp 15–47
Iacumin P, Bocherens H, Mariotti A, Longinelli A (1996) Oxygen isotope analyses of co-existing carbonate and phosphate in biogenic apatite: a way to monitor diagenetic alteration of bone phosphate? Earth Planet Sci Lett 142:1–6
Jäger I, Fratzl P (2000) Mineralized collagen fibrils: a mechanical model with a staggered arrangement of mineral particles. Biophys J 79:1737–1746
Jans MME, Kars H, Nielsen-Marsh CM, Smith CI, Nord AG, Arthur P, Earl E (2002) In situ preservation of archaeological bone: a histological study within a multidisciplinary approach. Archaeometry 44:343–352
Jans MME, Nielsen-Marsh CM, Smith CI, Collins MJ, Kars H (2004) Characterisation of microbial attack on archaeological bone. J Archaeol Sci 31:87–95
Jantou-Morris V, Horton MA, McComb DW (2010) The nano-morphological relationships between apatite crystals and collagen fibrils in ivory dentine. Biomaterials 31(19):5275–5286. doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2010.03.025
Kalsbeek N, Richter J (2006) Preservation of burned bones: an investigation of the effects of temperature and pH on hardness. Stud Conserv 51(2):123–138
Kierdorf H, Kierdorf U, Szuwart T, Clemen G (1995) A light microscopic study of primary antler develoment in fallow deer (Dama dama). Ann Anat 177:525–532
Klein-Nulend J, Bacabac R, Mullender M (2005) Mechanobiology of bone tissue. Pathol Biol 53(10):576–580
Kohn MJ, Schoeninger MJ, Barker WW (1999) Altered states: effects of diagenesis on fossil tooth chemistry. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 63(18):2737–2747
Koon HEC, Nicholson RA, Collins MJ (2003) A practical approach to the identification of low temperature heated bone using TEM. J Archaeol Sci 30:1393–1399
Koon HEC, O’Connor TP, Collins MJ (2010) Sorting the butchered from the boiled. J Archaeol Sci 37:62–69
Krauss S, Fratzl P, Seto J, Currey JD, Estevez JA, Funari SS, Gupta HS (2009) Inhomogeneous fibril stretching in antler starts after macroscopic yielding: indication for a nanoscale toughening mechanism. Bone 44(6):1105–1110. doi:10.1016/j.bone.2009.02.009
Krauss S, Wagermaier W, Estevez JA, Currey JD, Fratzl P (2011) Tubular frameworks guiding orderly bone formation in the antler of the red deer (Cervus elaphus). J Struct Biol 175(3):457–464. doi:10.1016/j.jsb.2011.06.005
Lafontaine RH, Wood PA (1982) The stabilization of ivory against relative humidity fluctuations. Stud Conserv 27:109–117
Lakes R (1993) Materials with structural hierarchy. Nature 361:511–515
Landis WJ, Hodgens KJ, Arena J, Song MJ, McEwen BF (1996) Structural relations between collagen and mineral in bone as determined by high voltage electron licroscopic tomography. Microsc Res Tech 33:192–202
Lange K, Perlès C, Vanhaeren M, Reiche I (2008) Heat-induced modification of marine shells used as personal ornaments at the prehistoric site of Franchthi cave, Greece: first results of a multi-analytical approach. In: Rabin I, Weiner S (eds) art’2008. Jerusalem, Israel
Large D, Müller K, Reiche I (2011) Approche analytique pour l’étude des ivoires archéologiques. ArcheoSciences 35:167–177
Latham AG (1997) Uranium-series dating of bone by gamma-ray spectrometry: comment. Archaeometry 39(1):217–219
Launey ME, Chen P-Y, McKittrick J, Ritchie RO (2010) Mechanistic aspects of the fracture toughness of elk antler bone. Acta Biomater 6:1505–1514
Lebon M, Reiche I, Gallet X, Bellot-Gurlet L, Zazzo A (2016) Rapid quantification of preserved bone collagen content by ATR-FTIR spectroscopy. Radiocarbon (in press)
Lebon M, Reiche I, Fröhlich F, Bahain J-J, Falguères C (2008) Characterization of archaeological burnt bones: contribution of a new analytical protocol based on derivative FTIR spectroscopy and curve fitting of the ν1ν3 PO4 domain. Anal Bioanal Chem 392(7–8):1479–1488
Lebon M, Reiche I, Bahain J-J, Chadefaux C, Moigne A-M, Fröhlich F, Sémah F, Schwarcz HP, Falguères C (2010) New parameters for the characterization of diagenetic alterations and heat-induced changes of fossil bone mineral using Fourier transform infrared spectrometry. J Archaeol Sci 37:2265–2276
Lebon M, Müller K, Bahain J-J, Fröhlich F, Falguères C, Bertrand L, Sandt C, Reiche I (2011a) Imaging fossil bone alterations at the microscale by SR-FTIR microspectroscopy. J Anal At Spectrom 26(5):922. doi:10.1039/c0ja00250j
Lebon M, Müller K, Bellot-Gurlet L, Paris C, Reiche I (2011b) Application des micro-spectrométries Infrarouge et Raman à l’étude des processus diagénétiques altérant les ossements Paléolithiques. ArcheoSciences 35:179–190
Lee-Thorp J, Manning L, Sponheimer M (1997) Problems and prospects for carbon isotope analysis of very small samples of fossil tooth enamel. Bulletin de la Société géologique de France 168(6):767–773
Leroi-Gourhan A, Allain J (1979) Lascaux inconnu. Editions du CNRS edn
Li C, Suttie JM, Clark DE (2005) Histological examination of antler regeneration in red deer (Cervus Elaphus). Anat Rec Part A 282A:163–174
Liverino B (1989) Red coral. In: Jewel of the Sea. Bologna
Llamas B, Holland ML, Chen K, Cropley JE, Cooper A, Suter CM (2012) High-resolution analysis of cytosine methylation in ancient DNA. PLoS One 7(1):e30226
Locke M (2008) Structure of ivory. J Morphol 269(4):423–450. doi:10.1002/jmor.10585
Lowenstam HA, Weiner S (1989) On biomineralization, 1st edn. Oxford University Press, New York Oxford
Mann S, Weiner S (1999) Biomineralization: structural questions at all length scales. J Struct Biol 126:179–181
Mellars P (1989a) Major issues in the origin of modern humans. Curr Anthropol 30:349–385
Mellars P (1989b) Technological changes across the Middle-Upper Paleolithic transition: economic, social, and cognitive perspectives. In: Mellars P, Stringer C (eds) The human revolution: behavioral and biological perspectives on the origins of modern humans. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh, pp 338–365
Meneghini C, Dalconi MC, Nuzzo S, Mobilio S, Wenk RH (2003) Rietveld refinement on X-ray diffraction patterns of bioapatite in human fetal bones. Biophys J 84(3):2021–2029
Miles AEW, F.D.S., L.R.C.P., M.R.C.S., J.W.White, L.D.S., R.C.S (1960) Ivory. In: Meeting at the Royal College of Surgeons Lincoln’s Inn Fields, London. Section of Odontology, Royal Society of Medicine, pp 775–780
Millard AR, Pike AWG (1999) Uranium-series dating of the Tabun Neanderthal: a cautionary note. J Hum Evol 36:581–585
Molleson T (1987) Trace elements in human teeth. In: Grupe G, Herrmann B (eds) Trace elements in environmental history, Göttingen. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 67–82
Müller K, Reiche I (2011) Differentiation of archaeological ivory and bone materials by micro-PIXE/PIGE with emphasis on two Upper Palaeolithic key sites: Abri Pataud and Isturitz, France. J Archaeol Sci 38:3234–3243
Munro LE, Longstaffe FJ, White CD (2007) Burning and boiling of modern deer bone: effects on crystallinity and oxygen isotope composition of bioapatite phosphate. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol 249:90–1002
Nalla R (2003) Effect of orientation on the in vitro fracture toughness of dentin: the role of toughening mechanisms. Biomaterials 24(22):3955–3968. doi:10.1016/s0142-9612(03)00278-3
Nalla RK (2005) Fracture in human cortical bone: local fracture criteria and toughness mechanism. J Biomech 38(7):1517–1525. doi:10.1016/s0142-9612(03)00278-3
Nalla RK, Kinney JH, Ritchie RO (2003) Mechanistic fracture criteria for the failure of human cortical bone. Nat Mater 2(3):164–168
Nicholson RA (1996) Bone degradation, burial medium and species representation: debunking the myths, an experiment-based approach. J Archaeol Sci 23(4):513–533
Nielsen-March CM, Hedges REM (1999) Bone porosity and the use of mercury intrusion porosimetry in bone diagenesis studies. Archaeometry 41(1):165–174
Nielsen-Marsh CM, Hedges REM, Mann T, Collins MJ (2000) A preliminary investigation of the application of differential scanning calorimetry to the study of collagen degradation in archaeological bone. Thermochim Acta 365:129–139
Nielsen-Marsh CM, Smith CI, Jans MME, Nord A, Kars H, Collins MJ (2007) Bone diagenesis in the European Holocene II: taphonomic and environmental considerations. J Archaeol Sci 34:1523–1531
Nogués-Bravo D, Rodríguez J, Hortal J, Batra P, Araújo MB (2008) Climate change, humans, and the extinction of the woolly mammoth? PLoS Biol 6(4):e79
Nothnagel G, Le Roux SD, Grotepass WP (1996) Correlation between texture of hydroxyapatite and mechanical anisootropy in Loxodonta Africana ivory. Textures Microstruct 26–27:579–583
O’Connor S, Edwards HGM, Ali E (2011) An interim investigation of the potential of vibrational spectroscopy for the dating of cultural objects in ivory. ArcheoSciences 35:159–165
Olhausen O (1888) Über die farbigen Einlagen einer Bronzefibel von Schwabsburg in Rheinhessen. Kr. Mainz. Verhandlungen Berliner Ges Anthrop Ethnol u Urgesch XX:140–151
Perlès C, Vanhaeren M (2010) Black cyclope neritea marine shell in the Upper Palaeolithic and Mesolithic of Franchthi (Argolid, Greece). Arguments for an intentionnal heat treatment. J Field Archaeol 35(3):314–325
Perrin F (1996) Technologie et économie du corail de Méditerranée en Gaule du VIe au 1er siècle avant J.-C., Lyon
Person A, Bocherens H, Saliège J-F, Paris F, Zeitoun V, Gérard M (1995) Early diagenetic evolution of bone phosphate: an X-ray diffractometry analysis. J Archaeol Sci 22:211–221
Person A, Bocherens H, Mariotti A, Renard M (1996a) Diagenetic Evolution and experimental heating of Bone Phosphate. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol 126:135–149
Person A, Bochérens H, Mariotti A, Renard M (1996b) Diagenetic Evolution and experimental heating of Bone Phosphate. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol 126:135–149
Piga G, Malgosa A, Thompson T, Enzo S (2008) A new calibration of the XRD technique for the study of archaeological burned human remains. J Archaeol Sci 35:2171–2178
Piga G, Solinas G, Thompson T, Brunetti A, Malgosa A, Enzo S (2013) Is X-ray diffraction able to distinguish between animal and human bones? J Archaeol Sci 40(1):778–785
Pijoan CM, Mansilla J, Leboreiro I, Lara VH, Bosch P (2007) Thermal alterations in archaeological bones. Archaeometry 49:713–727
Politi Y, Batchelor DR, Zaslansky P, Chmelka BF, Weaver JC, Sagi I, Weiner S, Addadi L (2010) Role of magnesium ion in the stabilization of biogenic amorphous calcium carbonate: a structure-function investigation. Chem Mater 22:161–166. doi:10.1021/cm902674h; 10.1029/2008GL033543
Posner AS (1969) Crystal chemistry of bone mineral. Physiol Rev 49(4):760–792
Prozesky VM, Raubenheimer EJ, Heerden WFPV, Grotepass WP, Przybylowicz WJ, Pineda CA, Swart R (1995) Trace element concentration and distribution in ivory. Nucl Instrum Meth B 104:638–644
Pruvost M, Schwartz R, Correia VB, Champlot S, Braguier S, Morel N, Fernandez-Jalvo Y, Grange T, Geigl E-M (2007) Freshly excavated fossil bones are best for amplification of ancient DNA. PNAS 104(3):739–744
Pruvost M, Schwarz Bessa Correia, Champlot Grange T, Geigl E-M (2008) DNA diagenesis and palaeogenetic analysis: critical assessment and methodological progress. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol 266(3–4):211–219
Rajaram A, Ramanathan N (1982) Tensile properties of antler bone. Calcif Tissue Int 34(3):301–305
Raubenheimer EJ (1999) Morphological aspects and composition of African elephant (Loxodonta africana) ivory. Koedoe—African Protected Area Conserv Sci 42(2):57–64
Raubenheimer EJ, Biosman MC, Vorster R, Noffke CE (1998a) Histogenesis of the chequered pattern of ivory of the African elephant (Loxodonta Africana). Arch Oral Biol 43:969–977
Raubenheimer EJ, Brown JMM, Rama DBK, Dreyer MJ, Smith PD, Dauth J (1998b) Geographic variations in the composition of ivory of the african elephant (Loxodonta africana). Arch Oral Biol 43:641–647
Reiche I (2009a) Heating and diagenesis-induced heterogeneiteis in the chemical composition and structure of archaeological bones from the Neolithic site of Chalain 10 (Jura, France). Pal@thnologie 2:129–144
Reiche I (2009b) Hétérogénéité de la composition chimique et de la structure des ossements archéologiques provenant du site néolithique de Chalain 19 (Jura, France) indute par la chauffe et la diagenèse. Pal@thnologie 2
Reiche I (ed) (2011) dossier thématique: the international ArBoCo workshop. Towards a better understanding and preservation of ancient bone materials, vol 35. ArcheoSciences. PUR Rennes
Reiche I, Chalmin E (2008) Synchrotron radiation and cultural heritage: combined XANES/XRF study at Mn K-edge of blue, grey or black coloured palaeontological and archaeological bone material. J Anal At Spectrom 23:799–806
Reiche I, Chadefaux C (2009) Fluorine uptake in archaeological bone—study from macro- to nanoscale Chemistry Today N° special. Focus Fluorine Chem 27(3):48–51
Reiche I, Müller K, Rodière J, Allard M, Staude A, Riesemeier H, Chiotti L, Nespoulet R, Vercoutère C, Schwab C, Cleyet-Merle J-J (accepted) Relation between raw material, shape and function of Gravettian ornaments from three key sites in Southern France (Abri Pataud, Le Blot, Les Peyrugues). Paléo
Reiche I, Favre-Quattropani L, Calligaro T, Salomon J, Bocherens H, Charlet L, Menu M (1999) Trace element composition of archaeological bones and post-mortem alteration in the burial environment. Nucl Instr Meth Phys Res B 150:656–662
Reiche I, Vignaud C, Menu M (2000) Heat induced transformation of fossil mastodon ivory into turquoise “odontolite”. Structural and elemental characterisation. Solid State Sci 2:625–636
Reiche I, Morin G, Brouder C, Sole VA, Petit P-E, Vignaud C, Calligaro T, Menu M (2002a) Manganese accomodation in fossilised mastodon ivory and heat-induced colour transformation: Evidence by EXAFS. Eur J Mineral 14(6):1069–1073
Reiche I, Vignaud C, Menu M (2002b) The crystallinity of ancient bone and dentine: new insights by transmission electron microscopy. Archaeometry 44(3):447–459
Reiche I, Favre-Quattropani L, Vignaud C, Bocherens H, Charlet L, Menu M (2003) A multi-analytical study of bone diagenesis: the Neolithic site of Bercy (Paris, France). Measur Sci Technol 14:1608–1619
Reiche I, Chadefaux C, Vignaud C, Menu M (2007) Les matériaux osseux archéologiques Des biomatériaux nanocomposites complexes. l’actualité chimique 312–313:86–92
Reiche I, Lebon M, Chadefaux C, Müller K, Le Hô A-S, Gensch M, Schade U (2010) Microscale imaging of the preservation state of 5,000-year-old archaeological bones by synchrotron infrared microspectroscopy. Anal Bioanal Chem 397:2491–2499
Reiche I, Chadefaux C, Müller K, Gourrier A (2011a) Towards a better understanding of alteration phenomena of archaeological bone by a closer look at the organic/mineral association at microscale. Preliminary results on Neolithic samples from Chalain lake site 19, Jura, France. ArcheoSciences 35:143–158
Reiche I, Müller K, Staude A, Goebbels J, Riesemeier H (2011b) Synchrotron radiation and laboratory micro X-ray computed tomography—useful tools for the material’s identification of prehistoric objects made of ivory, bone or antler. J Anal At Spectrosc 26:1802–1812. doi:10.1039/c0ja00246a
Reiche I, Muller K, Alberic M, Scharf OU, Wahning A, Bjeoumikhov A, Radtke M, Simon R (2013) Discovering vanished paints and naturally formed gold nanoparticles on 2800 years old Phoenician ivories using SR-FF-microXRF with the Color X-ray Camera. Anal Chem 85(12):5857–5866. doi:10.1021/ac4006167
Reiche I, Müller K, Vercoutère C, Nespoulet R, Chiotti L, Staude A, Riesemeier H (2014) Nouvelles méthodes de laboratoire et de synchrotron pour l’identification de la matière dure d’origine animale. L’étude des perles du Gravettien final de l’abri Pataud (Les Eyzies-de-Tayac-Sireuil, Dordogne, France). In: Paillet P (ed) Les arts de la Préhistoire: microanalyses, mises en contextes et conservation. Actes du colloque “Micro-analyses et datations de l’art préhistorique dans son contexte archéologique” MADAPCA, Paris. PALEO, numéro spécial:75–83
Rey C, Combes C, Drouet C, Glimcher M (2009) Bone mineral: update on chemical composition and structure. Osteoporos Int 20(6):1013–1021
Rho JY, Kuhn-Spearing L, Zioupos P (1998) Mechanical properties and the hierarchical structure of bone. Med Eng Phys 20:92–102
Richter J (1986) Experimental study of heat induced morphological changes in fish bone collagen. J Archaeol Sci 13:477–481
Richter KK, Wilson J, Jones AKG, Buckley M, van Doorn N, Collins MJ (2011) Fish’n chips: ZooMS peptide mass fingerprinting in a 96 well plate format to identify fish bone fragments. J Archaeol Sci 38(7):1502–1510. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2011.02.014
Rink WJ, Schwarcz HP, Lee HK, Valdés VC, Quiros FBd, Hoyos M (1996) ESR dating of tooth enamel: comparison with AMS 14C at El Castillo Cave, Spain. J Archaeol Sci 23:945–951
Rodière J (2011) Etude tracéologique de la perforation. Application aux perles rectangulaires de l’abri Pataud, du Blot, des Peyrugues. ArchéoSciences 35:273–281
Rogers KD, Daniels P (2002) An X-ray diffraction study of the effects of heat treatment on bone mineral structure. Biomaterials 23:2577–2585
Rogers K, Beckett S, Kuhn S, Chamberlain A, Clement J (2010) Contrasting the crystallinity indicators of heated and diagenetically altered bone mineral. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol 296(1–2):125–129
Roschger P, Fratzl P, Klaushofer K, Rodan G (1997) Mineralization of cancellous bone after alendronate and sodium fluoride treatment: a quantitative backscattered electron imaging study on minipig ribs. Bone 20(5):393–397
Rubin MA, Jasiuk I, Taylor J, Rubin J, Ganey T, Apkarian RP (2003) TEM analysis of the nanostructure of normal and osteoporotic human trabecular bone. Bone 33:270–282
Rubin MA, Jasiuk I (2005) The TEM characterization of the lamellar structure of osteoporotic human trabecular bone. Micron 36:653–664
Ruppel ME, Miller LM, Burr DB (2008) The effect of the microscopic and nanoscale structure on bone fragility. Osteoporos Int 19(9):1251–1265
Saliège JF, Person A, Paris F (1995) Preservation of 13C/12C original ratio and 14C dating of the mineral fraction of human bones from Saharan tombs, Niger. J Archaeol Sci 22:301–312
Sawyer S, Krause J, Guschanski K, Savolainen V, Pääbo S (2012) Temporal patterns of nucleotide misincorporations and DNA fragmentation in ancient DNA. PLoS One 7(3):e34131
Schweitzer MH, Avci R, Collier T, Goodwin MB (2008) Microscopic, chemical and molecular methods for examining fossil preservation. CR Palevol. doi:10.1016/j.crpv.2008.02.005
Shahack-Gross R, Bar-Yosef O, Weiner S (1997) Black-coloured bones in Hayonim Cave, Israel: differentiating between burning and oxide staining. J Archaeol Sci 24:439–446
Shipman P, Foster G, Schoeninger M (1984) Burnt bones and teeth: an experimental study of color, morpholgy, crystal strucure and shrinkage. J Archaeol Sci 11:307–325
Singh RR, Goyal SP, Khanna PP, Mukherjee PK, Sukumar R (2006) Using morphometric and analytical techniques to characterize elephant ivory. Forensic Sci Int 162(1–3):144–151. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2006.06.028
Skinner H (2013) Mineralogy of bones essentials of medical geology. Springer, Netherlands
Smith CI, Nielsen-Marsh CM, Jans MME, Collins MJ (2007) Bone diagenesis in the European Holocene I: patterns and mechanisms. J Archaeol Sci 34(2007):1485–1493
Spadavecchia J, Apchain E, Alberic M, Fontan E, Reiche I (2014) One step synthesis of collagen hybrid gold nanoparticles and formation on egyptian-like gold-plated archaeological ivory. Angew Chem Int Ed 53:8363–8366. doi:10.1002/anie.201403567
Squires KE, Thompson TJ, Islam M, Chamberlain A (2011) The application of histomorphometry and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy to the analysis of early Anglo-Saxon burned bone. J Archaeol Sci 38(9):2399–2409
Stiner MC, Kuhn SL, Weiner S, Bar-Yosef O (1995) Differential burning, recrystallisation, and fragmentation of archaeological bone. J Archaeol Sci 22:223–237
Stiner MC, Kuhn SL, Gulec E (2013) Early upper paleolithic shell beads at Ucagizli Cave I (Turkey): technology and the socioeconomic context of ornament life-histories. J Hum Evol 64(5):380–398. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2013.01.008
Strupler M, Pena A-M, Hernest M, Tharaux P-L, Martin J-L, Beaurepaire E, Schanne-Klein M-C (2007) Second harmonic imaging and scoring of collagen in fibrotic tissues. Opt Express 15:4057–4065
Su XW, Cui FZ (1999) Hierarchical structure of ivory: from nanometer to centimeter. Mater Sci Eng C7:19–29
Taborin Y (2004) Language sans parole. La parure aux temps préhistoriques. La maison des roches, Paris, France
Tejero J-M, Christensen M, Bodu P (2012) Red deer antler technology and early modern humans in Southeast Europe: an experimental study. J Archaeol Sci 39:332–346
Tesch W, Eidelman N, Roschger P, Goldenberg F, Klaushofer K, Fratzl P (2001) Graded microstructure and mechanical properties of human crown dentin. Calcif Tissue Int 69(3):147–157. doi:10.1007/s00223-001-2012-z
Tescione G (1965) Il corallo nella storia e nell’arte. Neapel
Thompson T (2004) Recent advances in the study of burned bone and their implications for forensic anthropology. Forensic Sci Int 146(Supplement):S203–S205
Thompson T, Gauthier M, Islam M (2009) The application of a new method of Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy to the analysis of burned bone. J Archaeol Sci 36(3):910–914
Thompson T, Islam M, Piduru K, Marcel A (2011) An investigation into the internal and external variables acting on crystallinity index using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy on unaltered and burned bone. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol 299(1–2):168–174
Tischler O (1886) Abriss der Geschichte des Emails. Schriften der Physikalisch-Ökonomischen Gesellschaft 27:39–59
Trapani J, Fisher DC (2003) Discriminating proboscidean taxa using features of the Schreger pattern in tusk dentin. J Archaeol Sci 30:429–438
Traub W, Arad T, Weiner S (1992) Origin of mineral crystal growth in collagen fibrils. Matrix, Depart Struct Biol 12(4):251–255
Trueman NG, Behrensmeyer AK, Tuross N, Weiner S (2004) Mineralogical and compositional changes in bones exposed on soil surfaces in Amboseli National Park, Kenya: diagenetic mechanisms and the role of sediment pore fluids. J Archaeol Sci 31:721–739
Trueman CN, Palmer MR, Field J, Privat K, Ludgate N, Chavagnac V, Eberth DA, Cifelli R, Rogers RR (2008) Comparing rates of recrystallisation and the potential for preservation of biomolecules from the distribution of trace elements in fossil bones. CR Palevol 7:145–158
Turner-Walker G, Jans M (2008) Reconstructing taphonomic histories using histological analysis. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol 266:227–235
Tütken T, Vennemann TW (2011) Fossil bones and teeth: Preservation or alteration of biogenic compositions? Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol 310(1–2):1–8
Vanhaeren M, d’Errico F, Stringer C, James SL, Todd JA, Mienis HK (2006) Middle Palaeolithic shell beads in Israel and Algeria. Science 312:1785–1788
Vashishth D, Behiri JC, Bonfield W (1997) Crack growth resistance in cortical bone: concept of microcracking toughening. J Biomech 30(8):763–769
Vashishth D, Tanner KE, Bonfield W (2000) Contribution, development and morphology of microcracking in cortical bone during crack propagation. J Biomech 33(9):1169–1174
Vashishth D, Tanner KE, Bonfield W (2003) Experimental validation of a microcracking-based toughening mechanism for cortical bone. J Biomech 36(1):121–124
Vercoutère C, Müller K, Chiotti L, Nespoulet R, Staude A, Riesemeier H, Reiche I (2011) Rectangular beads from the final gravettian level of the abri Pataud: raw material identification and its archaeological implications. ArcheoSciences 35:259–271
Veri G, Collins P, Ambers J, Sweek T, Simpson SJ (2009) Assyrian colours: pigments on a neo-Assyrian relief of a parade horse. Tech Res Bull 3:57–62
Vielzeuf D, Garrabou J, Baronnet A, Grauby O, Marschal C (2008) Nano to macroscale biomineral archtitecture of red coral (Corallium rubrum). Am Mineral 93:1799–1815
Vielzeuf D, Floquet N, Chatain D, Bonneté F, Ferry D, Garrabou J, Stolper EM (2010) Multilevel modular mesocrystalline organization in red coral. Am Mineral 95:242–248
Virag A (2012) Histogenesis of the unique morphology of proboscidean ivory. J Morphol 273(12):1406–1423. doi:10.1002/jmor.20069
Wagermaier W, Gupta HS, Gourrier A, Burghammer M, Roschger P, Fratzl P (2006) Spiral twisting of fiber orientation inside bone lamellae. Biointerphases 1(1):1–5
Wagermaier W, Gourrier A, Aichmayer B (2013) Understanding hierarchy and functions of bone using scanning X-ray scattering methods In: Materials design inspired by nature: function through inner architecture. The Royal Society of Chemistry, pp 46–73
Wang R, Weiner S (1998) Human root dentin: structural anisotropy and Vickers microhardness isotropy. Connect Tissue Res 39:269–279
Weiner S (2010) Microarchaeology, beyond the visible archaeological record. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Weiner S, Traub W (1986) Organization of hydroxyapatite crystals within collagen fibrils. FEBS Lett 206(2):262–266
Weiner S, Bar-Yosef O (1990) States of preservation of bones from prehistoric sites in the Near East: a survey. J Archaeol Sci 17:187–196
Weiner S, Wagner H (1998) The material bone: structure-mechanical function relations. Annu Rev Mater Sci 28(1):271–298
Weiner S, Quinqi X, Goldberg P, Liu J, Bar-Yosef O (1998) Evidence for the use of fire at Zhoukoudian, China. Science 281:251–253
Wess T (2008) Collagen fibrillar structure and hierarchies. In: Fratzl Pe (ed) Collagen. Springer, Berlin, pp 49–80
Wess TJ, Drakoopoulos M, Snigirev A, Wouters J, Paris O, Fratzl P, Collins M, Hiller J, Nielsen K (2001) The use of small angle X-ray diffraction studies for the analysis of structural features in archaeological samples. Archaeometry 43(1):117–129
Wess T, Alberts I, Hiller J, Drakopoulos M, Chamberlain A, Collins M (2002) Microfocus small angle X-ray scattering reveals structural features in archaeological bone samples; detection of changes in bone mineral habit and size. Calcif Tissue Int 70(2):103–110
White R (1995) Ivory personal ornaments of Aurignacian Age: technological, social and symbolic perspectives. In: Travail et usages de l’ivoire au Paléolithique supérieur, Ravello. Centre universario europeo, pp 29–62
White R (2006) The women of brassempouy: a century of research and interpretation. J Archaeol Method Theor 13(4):250–303. doi:10.1007/s10816-006-9023-z
White CD, Schwarcz HP (1989) Ancient Maya diet: as inferred from isotopic and elemental analysis of human bone. J Archaeol Sci 16:451–474
Wislocki GB (1942) Studies of the growth of deer antlers. 1. The structure and histogenesis of the antlers of the Viginia Deer (Odocoileus virginianus borealis). Am J Anat 71:371–415
Zaslansky P, Friesem AA, Weiner S (2006) Structure and mechanical properties of the soft zone separating bulk dentin and enamel in crowns of human teeth: insight into tooth function. J Struct Biol 153(2):188–199. doi:10.1016/j.jsb.2005.10.010
Zazzo A, Balasse M, Patterson WP (2006) The reconstruction of mammal individual history: refining high-resolution isotope record in bovine tooth dentine. J Archaeol Sci 33(8):1177–1187
Zioupos P, Currey JD, Sedman AJ (1994) An examination of the micromechanics of failure of bone and antler by acoustic emission tests and laser scanning confocal microscopy. Med Eng Phys 16:203–212
Zioupos P, Wang XT, Currey JD (1996) Experimental and theoretical quantification of the development of damage in fatigue tests of bone and antler. J Biomech 29(8):989–1002
Ziv V, Sabanay I, Arad T, Traub W, Weiner S (1996) Transitional structures in lamellar bone. Microsc Res Tech 33(2):203–213
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2016 Atlantis Press and the author(s)
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Reiche, I., Gourrier, A. (2016). Informative Potential of Multiscale Observations in Archaeological Biominerals Down to Nanoscale. In: Dillmann, P., Bellot-Gurlet, L., Nenner, I. (eds) Nanoscience and Cultural Heritage. Atlantis Press, Paris. https://doi.org/10.2991/978-94-6239-198-7_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2991/978-94-6239-198-7_4
Published:
Publisher Name: Atlantis Press, Paris
Print ISBN: 978-94-6239-197-0
Online ISBN: 978-94-6239-198-7
eBook Packages: Chemistry and Materials ScienceChemistry and Material Science (R0)