Professional Ethics in Performance and Educational Technology

The purpose of the study is to discuss approaches for developing professional ethics in educational technology (ET) based on definitions of educational technology and performances in the field of instructional design and technology (IDT). We will do in several stages, first, we will review historical definitions of educational-instructional technology and discussions for ET field. Then, we will discuss each of definition of ET as previous concepts, focusing attention for rules to primary concepts and contents presented in each definition. In the paper, we discuss the professional ethics strategies and steps from past to present that a project design teams should follow the strategies and rules for designing learning environments in education, industry, business and army based on philosophy of educational technology and professional ethics in performance with ID models by using newest technologies in society. The process compares both understanding global ethics strategies and considerations for research and product design by ID Models. The steps include understanding words in educational technology practice concept, psychological and instructional trends in instructional design (ID) as well as educational technology movement and using professional ethics rules for conducting multimedia projects in last decays. At the end of the study, conceptions of educational technology will be discussing as a last definition of educational technology. In addition to professional ethical standards in performance in the field, we will present the relationships between educational technology and application problems for creating instructional materials in society. All steps and standards in professional ethics based on AECT’s code and philosophical approaches in the field will be given at the end of paper.


Introduction
Ethics issues in the field of Educational Technology (ET) shows several different aspects, including internet, "netiquette", student safety and privacy, unouthorized access at school, industry, business, and objectionable materials developed in class or schools. This is important work for designers, developers and learners in the classroom that use technology in classroom or learning environments. Learners and academician are encouraged to use technology in the classroom and in society. Thus, cyber ethics and professional ethics should also be part of instructional design and materials design for educational technology. All teachers and designers need to address cyber ethics and professional ethics, but they can address them in the context of their current instructional design models and learning environments and also provide contributions with lessons into ongoing instructional design and technology (IDT) field or educational technology programs.
Association for Education Communications and Technology (AECT) defined professional's ethical standards as AECT Code of Ethics in 1977. Later, The AECT (1977 Task force on definition and concepts welcomed the newly code (p. 116, 118-119).  clarify the modification of professional's ethical standards in instructional technology as well as educational technology field. At this time, they used instructional technology interchangeable with educational technology. This work recommended that reference is very important to keep specific ways given in AECT Code. Professional ethics was addressed in several perspectives, such as sociohistorical perspective, investigating a professional mystery, archaeology that includes public awareness, traditional expectations and professional knowledge defining good practice and historical beginning as well (Yeaman, Eastmond & Napper, 2008).

Historical definitions of educational-instructional technology
AECT has kept a definitions and terminology committee through the decades that review these educational and political issues. They defined instructional or educational technology with instructional design contexs. For instance, In 1994, AECT defined Instructional Technology as "the theory and practice of design, development, utilization, management and evaluation of processes and resources for learning" (Seels & Richey,p. 1). Later, the new definition of educational technology or instructional design and technology (IDT) contained by AECT as follows: "Educational technology is the study and ethical practice of facilitating learning and improving performance by creating, using, and managing appropriate technological processes and resources" (AECT, 2007;Januszewski & Molenda, 2008). The new AECT definition becomes the latest light to present our thinking into the 21st century society.
Ethics in education and the society brings together related topics, the practice of ethics in the education as academic ethics and the teaching of practical or applied ethics in the Educational Policy Analysis andStrategic Research, V 14, N 4, 2019 © 2019 INASED society (Davis, 1999). The ethics respects, philosophy and the school work has connection to consider people behaviors which is right or false. Thus, the point includes academic freedom, academic ethics and professional ethics in university and society. Looking back over the last three decades, we can see several booms in our society. The first is in medical ethics. Because medical technology was also becoming expensive for patients and physicians as well. Medical technology was also changing the practice of medicine for people. During the last centry, in 1850, there was several ethics such as medical ethics, business ethics and religious ethics as philosophy. Ethics can be also defined as an alternative to law in society (Davis, 1999).
Basically, research ethics and teaching ethics including ethics in curriculum, case method, a moral values in teaching of practical ethics and sex ethics will be important points in our universities.
The field of educational technology (ET) consists of both theory and ethical practice in the educational process across different sectors (Januszewski & Molenda, 2008;Reiser & Dempsey, 2007;Seels & Glasgow, 1998;. These sectors deal with new learning technologies to develop learning research-proposals, instructional materials and classrooms for environments, including digital learning, learning design and digital humanism, and programming language with ID models . In addition to definitions of AECT in 1995 and 2007, another definition as the latest definition of Instructional Technology (IT) was introduced by Reiser (2007), He defined that "the field of instructional design and technology (also known as instructional technology) contains the analysis of learning and performance problems, and design, development, implementation, evaluation, and management of instructional and non-instructional processes and resources" (p. 7). The field of ET indicates several stages. Reiser and Dempsey (2007) use both systematic instructional design procedures and media in ID practices. They also use that human performance analysis have been integrated into the training future of IDT field which professionals receive and the activities individuals undertake. For this, professional ethics in performance will be vital for students as well as scholars in society.

Philosophy of educational technology and its theory, definition and applications
Philosophical approaches and instructional fields deal with ontology (existentialism), knowledge, epistemology and ethics, which consists of ethics and aesthetics. All performances and learning strategies in educational technology movement, from ancient times to present, include well known philosophers who work effectively and efficiently in society and educational organizations, such as Socrates, Plato, Dewey, Skinner and others (Phillips, 2008).
Educational Policy Analysis and Strategic Research, V 14, N 4, 2019 © 2019 INASED Each philosopher or scholar in education addressed and worked on philosophical perspectives as well as today's educational technology or instructional design dimensions to develop and improve ID models strategies and instructional projects for teaching in e-learning environments for society (İpek, İzciler & Baturay, 2008a(İpek, İzciler & Baturay, , 2008b. Hannafin & Hill (2007) addressed learning environments, including epistemological environment, design learning strategies, and design applications in education. As discussed before, study indicates research process with all steps in education, and ethics are not only principles but are main point for making practice and other stages in definition of ET. In addition to main contexts in definition, facilitating indicates design of the learning conditions, resources and providing all new technologies and instructional materials for instruction and learning.

Professional ethics perspectives and AECT code of ethics
After 1977, AECT accepted a new definition of IT and the definition was announced by . There are two main points. They are study (research) and ethical practice for collecting data and analyzing beyond conventional subjects of research, and also defining the field's ethical standards, principles and samples for making practice. According to , educational technology also has a role for providing in cognitive and constructivist learning theories to have connection between instruction and learning to provide professional ethics for learners and graduates. There is a more facilitative rather than controlling. In practice, there were definitions of instructional design with instructional technology which combined with educational technology (ET).
On the other hand, Instructional design (ID) is the process of solving problems by systematic analysis of the conditions for learning (Seels & Glasgow, 1998) c. information technology and learning.
d. research and development in our field and major problems in the world.
Educational Policy Analysis andStrategic Research, V 14, N 4, 2019 © 2019 INASED 195 As a result, AECT's code should have attention cultural and cross-cultural aspects. Cultural divercity and cultural pluralism need to be included in instruction and education (Branch, Brigham, Chan & Stout, 1991).

Professional ethics in performance with ID models
Professional ethics should not be confused with the branch of philosophy known as ethics.
This point is important for students and practitioners in university and society. For this, ID models should be used effectively and efficiently for designing projects, materials and using ethical issues in learning environments as well (Güney, 2019a(Güney, , 2019bIpek, 2001;. There are effective performing of ethical qualifications for learners. Practice significance of the educational technology with active teaching deal with graduate students and teachers within the framework of the professional ethics for educators and psychologists as well (Song, Ustin, Popov & Mudarisov, 2017;Yeaman, et.al, 2008).

Professional ethical standards in performance in the field for society and human
In the history, epistemology is defined as the branch of philosophy. For this, many educators and scientists have focused on learning and teaching procedures and develop theories in IDT field. All approaches will be used with integrated technologies to develop virtual and real time simulations and e-learning activities in education. The improvements in educational technology as follows.
• The definition of educational technology or instructional technology field has been addressed and presented as a movement with ID process during World War II (Seels, 1989). Nor should "professionally unethical" be accepted as a euphemism for conduct which is illegal, immoral, sinful, or violation of workplace rules (Yeaman, et.al. 2008).
The definition of ET in 2007 includes mainly theory (study) and ethics practice in the educational technology field and other sub parts of definition ( Figure 3)

THEORY PRACTICE
"manager" of instruction; the student or learner was the end user (Januszewski & Molenda, 2008). The visual structure of current definition and its elements is presented in figure 3.  In addition, ethics is also important instructional variable in practice and performance for all the standards, which adopted by the AECT in 2012. These ethical issues and standards should be used in instructional design process and developing instructional system politics as well as learning ve teaching with humanistic approaches in politics and society. Educational technology and its domains should be used effectively for analyzing human performances as well as using instructional design models in theory and practice. As a result, learners, educators, managers and learning designers should be aware of this considerations for developing instructional materials, creating multimedia projects and using instructional technology tools as well.