Agro-morphological Growth Response of Acha (FONIO) ( Digitaria exilis and Digitaria iburua [Kippist] Stapf.) Exposed to Colchicine: Germination, Plant Height and Leaf Number

Acha (Fonio) Digitaria sp . is a valuable cereal crop widely cultivated in several African countries. The genetic improvement of Acha through induced mutagenesis has gained attention for enhancing desirable traits. Colchicine, a mitotic inhibitor, is commonly used to induce polyploidy, which can lead to alterations in plant characteristics. This study aimed to investigate the effects of colchicine treatment on germination, plant height, and leaf count of two Acha species. Seeds from two Digitaria species, Digitaria exilis, and Digitaria iburua , were subjected to colchicine treatment using different concentrations (0.05, 0.10, 0.15, and 0.20g/dL). The control group was treated with distilled water. Germination rates were assessed by measuring the percentage of seeds that successfully sprouted. Plant height and leaf number were measured at maturity and analyzed using ANOVA on SPSS Version 26. The results indicated that colchicine treatment signi(cid:976)icantly affected germination, plant height, and leaf number in both Digitaria species. Germination rates varied depending on the concentration, with lower germination observed at higher concentrations (70.70% and 74.3% for 0.20g/dL treatment in both species). In terms of plant height, colchicine-treated Acha plants exhibited signi(cid:976)icant differences compared to the control group. The majority of treated plants showed increased growth (57.00 cm to 60.70 cm in D. exilis and 114.10 to 122.40 cm in D. iburua ) compared to the control. Variability in plant height was observed among the treated plants, suggesting that colchicine-induced polyploidy had varying effects on height across different genotypes. Similarly, the number of leaves was affected by colchicine treatment. Treated plants exhibited an increase in leaf number (56.70 to 60.7 for D exilis and 32.60 to 36.30 for D. iburua ), compared to the control group (49.7 and 29.7 respectively). This variability suggests that colchicine-induced polyploidy may have in(cid:976)luenced leaf development and growth patterns in Acha. Colchicine treatment had signi(cid:976)icant effects on germination, plant height, and leaf count in both varieties of Acha. The results suggest that colchicine-induced polyploidy can alter these plant characteristics. These (cid:976)indings provide insights into the potential use of colchicine treatment for inducing desirable traits in Acha through polyploidization, which may have implications for crop improvement and breeding programs. Further research is warranted to explore the underlying mechanisms and assess the impact of these alterations on overall agronomic performance and yield potential

two Acha species, Digitaria exilis, and Digitaria iburua, were also obtained from the Institute.The seeds were surfacesterilized by immersing them in a 0.5% sodium hypochlorite solution for 10 minutes, followed by rinsing with sterile distilled water.1gram of colchicine powder was obtained from a chemical supplier and used for the study.Two doses each of 0.05g, 0.10g, 0.15g, and 0.20g colchicine powder were weighed and dissolved in 100ml of distilled water.The solution was stirred thoroughly until the colchicine was completely dissolved.Seeds of both varieties of Acha were soaked in distilled water for 24 hours.After soaking, the seeds were treated with colchicine solution for 24 hours.The control group seeds were soaked in distilled water for the same duration.The treated seeds were then rinsed thoroughly with distilled water and dried in shade for 24 hours before sowing.This study employed a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with two factors; Variety (V) and Colchicine Treatment (CT).There were two levels of Variety (V 1 and V 2 ) and ive levels of Colchicine Treatment (0.00g/dL, 0.05g/ dL, 0.10g/dL, 0. 15G/dL and 0.20g/dL) resulting in a total of ten treatments (0.00g/dLV1, 0.05g/dLV 1 , 0.10g/dLV 1 , 0.15G/dLV 1 , 0.20g/dLV 1 , 0.00g/dLV 2 , 0.05g/dLV 2 , 0.10g/dLV 2 , 0. 15G/dLV 2 , 0.20g/dLV 2 ).Each treatment was replicated three times, resulting in a total of 30 experimental units.Germination rates were recorded daily for three weeks after planting.Treated and untreated seeds were sown on the ield.Percentage germination was determined by dividing the number of germinated seeds by the total number of sown seeds multiplied by 100.This was taken for three weeks.Plant height (cm) was taken by measuring the height of the plant from the soil surface to the tip of the tallest leaf using a ruler.Five plants were measured and the average was computed for each experimental unit.The number of leaves was determined by counting the number of leaves on each plant by visual inspection.The leaves of ive plants were counted and the average was calculated for a more accurate estimate.Data obtained from the germination assay, plant height, and leaf numbers were subjected to statistical analysis.Two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed to determine signi icant differences among treatments.Post-hoc tests, Tukey's HSD (Honestly Signi icant Difference) test, were conducted to compare treatment means.The Turkey HSD test was used to compare the means of the groups to determine if there were signi icant differences between them.This test is used to identify which groups are signi icantly different from each other.

Germination
The germination rates of colchicine-treated seeds exhibited signi icant variations compared to the control group (Table 1).In Digitaria exilis, the highest germination rate (91%) was observed in the treatment group with a colchicine concentration of 0.05g/dL, while the lowest including seed coat permeability, water uptake, and hormonal regulation.By subjecting seeds of the two Digitaria Spp. to colchicine treatment at varying concentrations and exposure durations, we can evaluate its in luence on germination ef iciency and subsequent seedling development.
Furthermore, plant height is an important trait that contributes to biomass production and overall plant itness.Colchicine treatment has been shown to affect cell division and elongation processes, resulting in altered plant heights.By measuring the height of colchicine-treated Acha plants compared to untreated control plants, we can assess the impact of this compound on plant growth.
Leaf number is another vital morphological trait directly associated with plant productivity.Colchicine has been documented to in luence leaf development and morphology through its in luence on cell division and differentiation.By quantifying the number of leaves produced by colchicinetreated Acha plants, we can determine whether this compound induces any noticeable changes in leaf production and potentially identify novel strategies for increasing foliage in agricultural crops.
Several studies have reported the successful induction of polyploidy in various plant species using colchicine treatment.For instance, Wang, et al. [1] demonstrated the ef icient induction of polyploidy in Trifolium repens through colchicine treatment, resulting in improved forage quality and increased biomass production.Similarly, Zhang, et al. [2] employed colchicine treatment to induce polyploidy in Arabidopsis thaliana, resulting in altered leaf morphology and enhanced drought tolerance.
Moreover, investigations focusing on the effects of colchicine treatment on cereals have yielded promising results.Omondi, et al. [3] observed increased grain size and yield in colchicine-treated rice plants, highlighting the potential for improved crop productivity.However, limited research has been conducted on the impact of colchicine treatment speci ically on Acha varieties.
Overall, this research study will provide valuable insights into the effects of colchicine treatment on the germination process, plant height, and leaf number of two varieties of Acha.The indings will contribute to our understanding of colchicine's potential applications in plant breeding and its implications for improving crop productivity and agronomic traits.By exploring the effects of colchicine on Acha, we aim to shed light on its broader applicability in crop improvement strategies, potentially bene iting food security and agricultural sustainability.germination rate (70.70%) occurred in the treatment group with a concentration of 0.20g/dL.In Digitaria iburua, the highest germination rate (92.30%) was recorded in the treatment group with a colchicine concentration of 0.05g/dL, whereas the lowest germination rate (74.30%) was observed in the treatment group with a concentration of 0.20g/dL.No interaction existed between the effects of Colchicine treatment and Species (F (4, 20) = [0.725],p = [0.585]).Also, while Species did not have any signi icant effect on germination (p = 0.110) Colchicine treatment did have a signi icant effect on germination (p = 0.00).

Plant height
The application of colchicine resulted in alterations/ variations in plant height.In Digitaria exilis, the tallest plants were observed in the treatment group with a colchicine concentration of 0.10g/dL (Table 1), reaching an average height of 83.20 cm.Conversely, the shortest plants were found in the control group, with an average height of 76.80 cm.In Digitaria iburua, the tallest plants were recorded in the treatment group with a colchicine concentration of 0.10g/dL, with an average height of 122.40 cm.The control group exhibited the shortest plants, measuring an average of 109.30cm in height.
Whereas no interaction existed between the effects of Colchicine treatment and Species (F (4, 20) = [1.48],p = [0.25]),both species and Colchicine treatment did have a signi icant effect on plant height (p = 0.00).

Leaf number
Colchicine treatment in luenced leaf development in both varieties.Digitaria exilis plants treated with 0.10g/dL colchicine concentration exhibited the highest leaf count, with an average of 60.70 leaves per plant.The control group had the lowest leaf count, with an average of 49.70 leaves per plant.Similarly, in Digitaria iburua, the treatment group with a colchicine concentration of 0.10g/dL produced the highest leave number of 36.00.The control group recorded the least number of leaves (29.70).Interaction existed between the effects of Colchicine treatment and Species (F (4, 20) = [10.21],p = [0.00])and both Species and Colchicine had a signi icant effect on the Number of Leaves (p = 0.00).

Discussion
The exposure of Acha (Fonio) to colchicine resulted in notable effects on key growth parameters.Germination patterns exhibited variations compared to control groups, suggesting potential alterations in the genetic makeup induced by colchicine.The germination percentage increased at lower concentrations and decreased signi icantly with increasing concentrations of colchicine, suggesting a negative effect on seed viability.Essel, et al. [4], also observed that the percentage of germination was high in the control (89.3) and 0.05g/dl (90.2) of irst generation of colchicine treatment.The results showed that D. brandisii seeds were non-dormant, and seed lots achieved their highest germination rates on the 4th day and inished the whole germination period after 21 days.Colchicine inhibited seed germination and seedling growth but did not change its germination pattern.Seed germination and seedling growth decreased constantly with an increase in colchicine concentration.Colchicine showed more negative effects on seedling growth than on seed germination and root growth.High concentrations of colchicine retarded the development of plumules and even caused their aberrant development.This aligns with indings from previous studies where colchicine has been recognized for inducing genetic variations in crop plants.Lora [5], observed that the germination of Petunia axillaris seeds was stimulated by colchicine.According to her, there was an increase in the number of seeds that germinated as well as a reduction in germination time.The optimum concentration for germination (0.04 per cent) was high enough to induce polyploidy.Growth of seedlings was seriously retarded only by colchicine in concentrations of 0.1 per cent or stronger, the concentrations that have been most widely used in seed treatment.In view of these results, it would appear that seed treatment using weak solutions of colchicine rather than strong, the optimum concentration to be determined for each kind of plant, should yield satisfactory results in the practical production of large numbers of polyploid plants.Smith, et al. [6] demonstrated that colchicine treatment can alter the germination process by affecting cell division and in luencing the hormonal balance within seeds.Zhuo, et al. [7] showed that D. brandisii seeds were non-dormant, and seed lots achieved their highest germination rates on the 4th day and inished the whole germination period after 21 days.According to them, Colchicine inhibited seed germination and seedling growth but did not change its germination pattern.They further maintained that seed germination and seedling growth decreased constantly with an increase in colchicine concentration.Reduced germination percentages were observed with increasing concentration of the mutagen especially in the C1 plants which were from the initially treated seeds, whereas in the C2 generation, the germination rate ranged from 63.0% in Treatment 0.15g/dl to 86.5% in the control.Colchicine showed more negative effects on seedling growth than on seed germination and root growth.High concentrations of colchicine retarded the development of plumules and even caused their aberrant development.In this work, our indings align with these studies, indicating that colchicine exposure may have a signi icant in luence on germination rates.
In terms of plant height, the colchicine-treated plants of both Digitaria exilis and Digitaria iburua showed a signi icant increase in height compared to the control group.This increase in plant height can be attributed to the induction of polyploidy by colchicine treatment.The results indicate that colchicine treatment may have a stimulatory effect on the growth of Acha, potentially resulting in taller plants and higher biomass production.Polyploid plants often exhibit increased cell size and cell number, leading to larger overall plant size [8].The polyploid cells induced by colchicine treatment likely contributed to the enhanced growth and elongation of the treated plants.These observations coincide with the research by Doku [9], emphasizing the importance of exploring unconventional methods for crop improvement in West Africa.The impact of colchicine on plant height has been investigated in various crops, revealing its potential to induce changes in growth patterns [10].Our results show a notable difference in the height of fonio plants treated with colchicine compared to the control group.This suggests that colchicine may play a crucial role in modifying the elongation and development of fonio plants, which can have implications for overall yield and harvest management.However, Ravindra, et al. [11] observed that it causes depolymerisation and disappearance of the ibrillar microtubules in granulocytes and other motile cells, inhibiting their migration as well as metabolic and phagocytic activity.This according to them, caused the slow rate of growth and development due to physiological disturbance and reduced rate of cell division [12].Amiri, et al. [13] also reported the characteristics of colchicine-treated plants to include slow growth, altered morphology, and prolonged lowering of polyploids which may, in part, result from slowed mitotic divisions and cell divisions of larger cells with more chromosomes.According to them, total plant height was lower in tetraploid lines compared to the diploids and the reduced stature was partly due to shorter internodal distances.Several other researchers Gu, et al. [14] in Zizyphus jujuba, He, et al. [15] in Dendranthema indicum, Kazi [16] in Solanaceae crops, Kushwaha, et al. [17] in Chrysanthemum carinatum L., Manawadu [18] in radish and Manzoor, et al. [19] in Gladiolus grandi lorus reported that colchicine treatment had decreased the plant height.Reduced growth may be attributed to the increase in destruction of growth inhibitors, drop in the auxin level, or inhibition of auxin synthesis as reported by Roychowdhury and Tah [20] and Mostafa, et al. [21].These observations could perhaps be a result of higher levels of concentrations of the colchicine or the species of plant they worked on, expressing its norm of reaction.
The number of leaves is a key determinant of a plant's photosynthetic capacity and, consequently, its overall productivity.Colchicine-induced variations in leaf number have been documented in several plant species [22].Our study reveals a signi icant correlation between colchicine exposure and alterations in leaf number in both Digitaria exilis and Digitaria iburua.This increase in leaf number is likely due to the stimulation of cell division and expansion resulting from polyploidy induction [23].El-Torkey [24] also reported that the increase in leaf number in Euonymus japonicus may be due to the possibility of the physiological stimulation of the chemical mutagen.The highest of 90.2% was recorded in treatment at 0.05g/dl.Mean number of leaves, primary branches per plant and mean height and length of longest branch per plant were all signi icant (p < 0.05) within treatments but not between treatments in comparison to the control in C1.This inding suggests that colchicine treatment may induce increased branching or proliferation of leaf primordia, leading to a greater number of leaves per plant.Enhanced leaf production can have important implications for photosynthesis and overall plant growth, ultimately in luencing the yield of Acha crops.These indings agree with previous studies on colchicine-induced changes in various crops, such as rice [25].This observation underscores the potential of colchicine to in luence foliar development in fonio, with implications for biomass accumulation and nutrient assimilation.This research sheds light on the agro-morphological growth response of Acha (Fonio) exposed to colchicine, emphasizing its impact on germination, plant height, and leaf number.These indings contribute to the understanding of colchicine-induced variations in fonio, providing valuable insights for future research on crop improvement strategies.

Conclusion
In conclusion, the indings of this study demonstrate that colchicine treatment has signi icant effects on the germination, plant height, and number of leaves in two species of Acha, Digitaria exilis and Digitaria iburua.Colchicine-treated seeds exhibited improved germination rates at lower concentrations but decreased with increasing concentration.Additionally, Acha plants treated with colchicine showed increased plant height, while both species displayed a greater number of leaves compared to the control group.These results suggest the potential use of colchicine treatment as a means to enhance the agronomic traits of Acha crops.Part of the limitations of this study is the avalanche of data presented and the period of the study.This work should be conducted for three years or more, depending on the phenotypic expression (s) of the polyploids, to properly establish the status of the mutants so generated.https://doi.org/10.29328/journal.jpsp.1001133 Future studies should aim to elucidate the underlying mechanisms responsible for the observed effects of colchicine treatment on Acha crops.Understanding the molecular and physiological changes induced by colchicine can provide valuable insights into the pathways involved in germination, plant growth, and leaf development.In addition, the induction of polyploidy by colchicine treatment may lead to genetic instability in plants.Therefore, it is recommended to conduct molecular analyses, such as low cytometry or chromosome counting, to verify the stability of the induced polyploid plants and assess the potential risks that could be associated with colchicine treatment. https://doi.org/10.29328/journal.jpsp.1001133

Table 1 :
Effect of Colchicine treatment on Germination, Plant height and Number of leaves of two species of Acha.Values with the same letters do not differ signi icantly at p ≤ 0.05. https://doi.org/10.29328/journal.jpsp.1001133