Myiasis in a Backyard Pig: A Case Report

Background: Myiasis is a parasitic infestation of livestock animals caused by dipteran larvae. The presence of wounds, lack of hygiene on the farm, and temperate climatic conditions contribute to myiasis. Swine can be infested by myiasis if injured pigs are not treated properly and failure to treat myiasis in time may cause the culling or death of the pigs, resulting in huge economic loss to the farmers. But like humans and other farm animals, pigs also deserve to be treated and cured of any suffering or disease. Therefore, this study is documented on pig myiasis and its management because to date a few cases have been reported on it. Case presentation: This case report documented the successful management of neck myiasis in a male, 9-month-old, 12-kg-weighing


Introduction
Pigs are highly fertile animals and well-known for their large litter sizes [1].In comparison to other livestock, they are two times more ef icient at converting food into meat [2,3].Genetically, pigs are high meat producers, and the average ratio of feed conversion is around 3.00 [4,5].Pigs are found and raised around the world, and they provide valuable products to human beings, including meat, lard, hide, adhesives, fertilizers, and various pharmaceuticals.According to the USDA report , most of the pigs (78% of total pigs) in the world are raised in China, the EU, and the United States, and they roughly contribute 48%, 19% and 11% of total pork production, respectively [6].In the United States, they produce more lean meat than lard, a fat used in cooking [7].Pig meat is considered the richest but comparatively cheaper protein source [8].According to the FAO report (2013), the signi icant pork-consuming countries in the world are Austria, Germany, Spain, Poland, Italy, Netherlands, and France, and they consume 51-52 kg/capita/ year, 51-52 kg/capita/ year,

Abstract
Background: Myiasis is a parasitic infestation of livestock animals caused by dipteran larvae.
The presence of wounds, lack of hygiene on the farm, and temperate climatic conditions contribute to myiasis.Swine can be infested by myiasis if injured pigs are not treated properly and failure to treat myiasis in time may cause the culling or death of the pigs, resulting in huge economic loss to the farmers.But like humans and other farm animals, pigs also deserve to be treated and cured of any suffering or disease.Therefore, this study is documented on pig myiasis and its management because to date a few cases have been reported on it.
Case presentation: This case report documented the successful management of neck myiasis in a male, 9-month-old, 12-kg-weighing backyard pig.The wound site was cleaned using antiseptics and maggots were removed.The site was treated with turpentine oil, and ivermectin at 0.2 mg/kg B.W. and S/C.A combination of streptomycin (12.5 mg/kg B.W.) and penicillin (20000 IU/kg B.W.) was used IM daily for 5 days to prevent secondary bacterial infection.The wound was dressed regularly on every alternate day until the complete removal of maggots and the formation of granulation tissue.

Conclusion:
Through proper therapeutic management, the backyard pig's neck myiasis wound was successfully healed in 10 days without any complications.
Due to religious beliefs and taboos, only non-Muslim minorities like Christians, lower-class Hindus, Sweepers, ethnic or tribal peoples, the Cobbler community, and nomadic peoples raise pigs in Bangladesh [10][11][12].As a result, most of the people in Bangladesh are not familiar with pig farming.Currently, pig farmers are not aware of the treatment of injured or diseased pigs due to their illiteracy and communication gap with the veterinary services in Bangladesh [13].Like other livestock, pigs also suffer from many diseases, including classical swine fever, foot and mouth diseases (FMD), brucellosis, anemia, injury, mange, myiasis, etc.
Adult pigs are most susceptible to injury or wounds, followed by myiasis if untreated [14,15].Myiasis is an external parasitic infestation caused by ly larvae in live animals or humans [14,15].Unhygienic conditions and tropical weather favor the prevalence of myiasis [16].Female lies lay eggs [17] at the wound area when feeding the oozing.Fly eggs are https://doi.org/10.29328/journal.ivs.1001042usually licked off wherever the animal can reach their tongue at the site of a wound.There are three different larval stages of ly (1st Instar, 2nd Instar, and 3rd Instar), depending on the time of infestation and larval development [17].Larvae in tissue cavities cause unwanted in lammatory reactions, bacterial infections, or granuloma formation [18].Areas at risk for animals where larvae frequently infest are the hind limb, ear, fore limb, back of the body, shoulder, tail, and vulva [19].Although myiasis is relatively common in cattle and goats (46.4%), pigs also suffer (6%) [16].The surgical affections of the pigs are considered a threat to their productive capabilities, market values, and welfare.Immediate care against myiasis relieves the suffering of the pigs and saves production losses.Failure to treat may result in the culling or death of the pigs.The study aims to heal the myiasis wounds of the pigs and improve animal welfare by decreasing animal suffering.

Case presentation
The Research titled 'Study design and operation for Nipah virus vaccine candidate among backyard pigs of the indigenous communities in Rajshahi, Bangladesh' was conducted in a pigraising community in Rajshahi, Bangladesh.During this study time, a pig owner complained about a backyard pig having a wound in its neck region for the last few days with the following identi ication: Sex: male; age: 9 months; body weight: 12 kg; and coat color: black.The owner also reported scratching the neck against any hard objects.Our investigation revealed the pig was tightly secured on its neck with a nylon rope, causing an incised wound.Close inspection and physical examination found the presence of numerous larvae in the wound (Figure 1), con irming the case of myiasis.
After proper restraining of the pig, the nylon rope was removed, and the wound and its surrounding area were cleaned thoroughly by removing all of the tissue debris and dirt with an antiseptic solution.Then, super icial maggots (1 st and 2 nd instar stage of larva) were removed using forceps.Oil of turpentine was applied locally, and dead maggots were removed the following day.The pig was administered to Inj.Ivermectin at 0.2 mg/kg B.W. (Inj.Vermic Vet 5ml; Techno Drugs Ltd. at S/C route).As post-operative care and to prevent further complications from secondary bacterial infection, systemic antibiotics like a combination of penicillin at 20000 IU/kg B.W. and streptomycin at 12.5 mg/kg B.W. (Inj.SP-Vet 2.5 g; ACME Laboratories Ltd.) were given IM daily for 5 days.Dressing of the wound was done with Tr. of iodine as an antiseptic wash every other day until the granulation of tissue started to grow.The pig was kept in a con ined area instead of tying it up with rope.The owner was suggested to spray turpentine oil 4-6 times a day around the wound to prevent further ly infestation.The wound healed in 10 days without any further complications.

Discussion
Myiasis is a parasitic infestation of living tissues with dipteran ly larvae.Larvae ingest the tissue, tissue luid, and tissue debris of the wound.There are four different types of myiasis reported: bloodsucking myiasis, cutaneous myiasis, wound myiasis, and cavitary myiasis [15,20].Adult male pigs are less susceptible to myiasis than females, but young male pigs are more affected than adults [19].The victim of this case is also a young pig affected by both wounds and cavitary myiasis.The incidence of myiasis is more frequent from June to November [19,21], but it has the lowest incidence from December to February in southeast Asia [19].The present case was also reported in October, which indicates the in luence of the season on the occurrence of myiasis.Burgess, in his study, also reported that myiasis is relatively more frequent and common in tropical regions [22].In dairy animals, myiasis is the most frequent, and most incidences are observed around the hooves [23].In pigs, myiasis at the hind limb is most prevalent, but neck myiasis is also reported in higher numbers [19].Myiasis in this case report was found in the necks of the pigs.Tightly securing the pig with the nylon thread through the neck works as a predisposing factor in creating the wound.Oozing from the wound attracts the ly to infest it.Wound healing depends on various factors, including aging, medications, obesity, blood circulation, and the presence of infection in the wound [24].Healing may be delayed when wounds are infected by microorganisms, swollen or edematous, and contain any foreign bodies or necrotic tissues [25].Thorough irrigation of the wound and dressing is necessary to improve the healing process and save the animal from further complications like abscess, gangrene, or septicemia and death [26,27].

Conclusion
The backyard pig's neck myiasis wound was successfully healed in 10 days without any complications through proper therapeutic management.