EFFECTS OF SODIUM GLUTAMATE ON HUMAN AND ANIMAL

Kinash O. V., Yeroshenko G. A., Shevchenko K. V., Lisachenko O. D., Donets I. M., Kinash P. M., Hryhorenko A. S.

LITERATURE REVIEWS

Scentific article

Monosodium glutamate is used in the manufacture of food, medicine and animal feed. The largest share of sodium glutamate consumed is in the population of Asia. A number of authors report a positive potential for the use of monosodium glutamate in medicine. Most studies on the effects of monosodium glutamate on the body have been performed in white rats. There are different opinions about the extrapolation of the results of experiments with laboratory animals to humans. The general effect of monosodium glutamate on humans and animals is described mainly as metabolic disorders. It has been proven that increasing the daily dose of monosodium glutamate by even 1 g significantly increased the risk of developing metabolic syndrome and overweight in a specific population, regardless of diet and level of physical activity. In laboratory animals there was weight gain, obesity, development of insulin resistance, impaired secretion of insulin and somatostatin. In particular, changes in serum biochemical parameters have been reported with the use of monosodium glutamate. For example, serum glucose, insulin, total cholesterol, and triglycerides increased in the serum, most commonly associated with liver and kidney damage, particularly in the renal tubules. Glucose was detected in the urine. Due to the occurrence of local inflammatory reactions in the liver tissues, there was an infiltration of lymphoid cells, there were signs of edema, microcirculation disorders, progressive development of tissue hypoxia, fibrosis and fatty decomposition. Hepatocytes also recorded apoptosis, pyknosis of nuclei, lysis of the nuclear membrane, vacuolation of the cytoplasm, edema of mitochondria, dilation of the endoplasmic reticulum and sinusoidal capillaries, disorganization of collagen fibers in the extracellular space. An interesting fact is the increase in the level of proapoptotic proteins in tissues. Prolonged use of monosodium glutamate has been shown to directly increase blood pressure in humans and experimental animals, as well as to cause functional changes in the form of arrhythmias.

monosodium glutamate, E 621, food additives.

1. Bampidis V, Azimonti G, Bastos ML, Christensen H, Dusemund B, Kos Durjava M et al. EFSA Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP). Safety and efficacy of monosodium l-glutamate monohydrate produced by Corynebacterium glutamicum KCCM 80188 as a feed additive for all animal species. EFSA J. 2020 Apr 28;18(4):4-8. DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2020.6085.
2. Kazmi Z, Fatima I, Malik SS. Monosodium glutamate: Review on clinical reports. International Journal of Food Properties. 2017 Dec 22;20(2):1807-15. DOI: 10.1080/10942912.2017.1295260.
3. EFSA Panel on Food Additives and Nutrient Sources Added to Food. Re-evaluation of glutamic acid (E 620), sodium glutamate; (E 621), potassium glutamate (E 622), calcium glutamate; (E 623), ammonium glutamate (E 624) and magnesium; glutamate (E 625) as food additives. EFSA Journal. 2017 July 12;15(7):4910. DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2017.4910.
4. Kouzuki M, Taniguchi M, Suzuki T, Nagano M, Nakamura S, Katsumata Y, et al. Effect of monosodium L-glutamate (umami substance) on cognitive function in people with dementia. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2019 Feb;73(2):266-275. DOI: 10.1038/s41430-018-0349-x.
5. Blais A, Rochefort GY, Moreau M, Calvez J, Wu X, Matsumoto H, et al. Monosodium glutamate supplementation improves bone status in mice under moderate protein restriction. JBMR Plus. 2019 Sep 16;3(10). DOI: 10.1002/jbm4.10224.
6. Rousseau E, Lau J, Kuo HT, Zhang Z, Merkens H, Hundal-Jabal N, et al.. Monosodium glutamate reduces 68Ga-PSMA-11 uptake in salivary glands and kidneys in a preclinical prostate cancer model. J Nucl Med. 2018 Dec;59(12):1865-1868. DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.118.215350.
7. Fernstrom JD. Monosodium glutamate in the diet does not raise brain glutamate concentrations or disrupt brain functions. Ann Nutr Metab. 2018;73(5):43-52. DOI: 10.1159/000494782.
8. Yeroshenko GA, Donets IM, Shevchenko KV, Grigorenko AS, Ryabushko OB, Klepets OV. Strukturni osoblyvosti lehenʹ shchuriv ta yikh remodelyuvannya pislya diyi riznykh ekzohennykh chynnykiv. Visnyk problem biolohiyi i medytsyny. 2021;2(160):26-9. DOI: 10.29254/2077- 4214-2021-2-160-26-29. [in Ukrainian].
9. Nnadozie JO, Chijioke UO, Okafor OC, Olusina DB, Oli AN, Nwonu PC, Mbagwu HO, Chijioke CP. Chronic toxicity of low dose monosodium glutamate in albino Wistar rats. BMC Res Notes. 2019 Sep 18;12(1):593. DOI: 10.1186/s13104-019-4611-7.
10. Mustafina HM, Starchenko II, Koka VM, Lukachina YeI, Cherniak VV. Suchasni uiavlennia pro vplyv okremykh kharchovykh dobavok na orhanizm liudyny. Aktualni problemy suchasnoi medytsyny. 2021 Mar 21;21(1):194-8. DOI: 10.31718/2077-1096.21.1.194. [in Ukrainian].
11. Hryhorenko AS, Yeroshenko HA, Shevchenko KV, Donets IM, Vatsenko AV, Ulanovska-Tsyba NA. Vplyv hlutamatu natriiu na orhany travnoi systemy. Visnyk problem biolohii ta medytsyny. 2021;1(159):254-7. DOI: 10.29254/2077-4214-2021-1-159-254-257. [in Ukrainian].
12. Rutska AV, Hetsko NV, Krynytska IY. Toksychnyi vplyv hlutamatu natriiu na zhyvyi orhanizm (ohliad literatury). Medychna ta klinichna khimiia. 2017:19(1):119-127. DOI: 10.11603/mcch.2410-681X.2017.v0.i1.7685. [in Ukrainian].
13. Volkov II, Kosilova OY, Katelevska NM. Hlutamat natriiu yak kharchova dobavka i yii vplyv na zdorovia. Proceedings of the International Scientific and Practical Conference Scientific discoveries: projects, strategies and development; 2019 Oct 25; Edinburgh, UK. Edinburgh: European Scientific Platform; 2019. p.38-40. DOI: 10.36074/25.10.2019.v2.09. [in Ukrainian].
14. Insawang T, Selmi C, Cha’on U, Pethlert S, Yongvanit P, Areejitranusorn P, et al. Monosodium glutamate (MSG) intake is associated with the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in a rural Thai population. Nutr Metab (Lond). 2012 Jun 8;9(1):50. DOI: 10.1186/1743-7075-9-50.
15. Shi Z, Yuan B, Taylor AW, Dai Y, Pan X, Gill TK, et al. Monosodium glutamate is related to a higher increase in blood pressure over 5 years: findings from the Jiangsu Nutrition Study of Chinese adults. J Hypertens. 2011 May;29(5):846-53. DOI: 10.1097/HJH.0b013e328344da8e.
16. Konrad SP, Farah V, Rodrigues B, Wichi RB, Machado UF, Lopes HF, et al. Monosodium glutamate neonatal treatment induces cardiovascular autonomic function changes in rodents. Clinics (Sao Paulo). 2012 Oct;67(10):1209-14. DOI: 10.6061/clinics/2012(10)14.
17. Nusaiba S, Fatima SA, Hussaini G, Mikail HG. Anaemogenic, obesogenic and thermogenic potentials of graded doses of monosodium glutamate sub-acutely fed to experimental wistar rats. Curr Clin Pharmacol. 2018;13(4):273-8. DOI: 10.2174/1574884713666181002120 657.
18. Hernández Bautista RJ, Mahmoud AM, Königsberg M, López Díaz Guerrero NE. Obesity: Pathophysiology, monosodium glutamateinduced model and anti-obesity medicinal plants. Biomed Pharmacother. 2019 Mar;111:503-16. DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.12.108.
19. Miranda RA, Agostinho AR, Trevenzoli IH, Barella LF, Franco CC, Trombini AB, et al. Insulin oversecretion in MSG-obese rats is related to alterations in cholinergic muscarinic receptor subtypes in pancreatic islets. Cell Physiol Biochem. 2014;33(4):1075-86. DOI: 10.1159/000358677.
20. Nakagawa T, Ukai K, Ohyama T, Gomita Y, Okamura H. Effects of chronic administration of sibutramine on body weight, food intake and motor activity in neonatally monosodium glutamate-treated obese female rats: relationship of antiobesity effect with monoamines. Exp Anim. 2000 Oct;49(4):239-49. DOI: 10.1538/expanim.49.239.
21. Hordiienko LP, Falalieieva TM. Zminy adypotsytokiniv u shchuriv za umov hlutamat-indukovanoho ozhyrinnia. Visnyk VDNZU «Ukrainska medychna stomatolohichna akademiia». 2014;2(46):130-2.[in Ukrainian].
22. Nakadate K, Motojima K, Kamata S, Yoshida T, Hikita M, Wakamatsu H. Pathological changes in hepatocytes of mice with obesity-induced type 2 diabetes by monosodium glutamate. Yakugaku Zasshi. 2014;134(7):829-38. DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.14-00025.
23. Fujimoto M, Tsuneyama K, Nakanishi Y, Salunga TL, Nomoto K, Sasaki Y, et al. A dietary restriction influences the progression but not the initiation of MSG-Induced nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. J Med Food. 2014 Mar;17(3):374-83. DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2012.0029.
24. Pongking T, Haonon O, Dangtakot R, Onsurathum S, Jusakul A, Intuyod K, et al. A combination of monosodium glutamate and highfat and high-fructose diets increases the risk of kidney injury, gut dysbiosis and host-microbial co-metabolism. PLoS One. 2020 Apr 8;15(4):e0231237. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0231237.
25. Trent JS, Tassin S. A Case of Possible Monosodium Glutamate-Dependent, Exercise-Induced Anaphylaxis. Cureus. 2019 Aug 8;11(8):e5345. DOI: 10.7759/cureus.5345.
26. Nnadozie JO, Chijioke UO, Okafor OC, Olusina DB, Oli AN, Nwonu PC, et al. Chronic toxicity of low dose monosodium glutamate in albino Wistar rats. BMC Res Notes. 2019 Sep 18;12(1):593. DOI: 10.1186/s13104-019-4611-7.
27. Hussein UK, Hassan NEY, Elhalwagy MEA, Zaki AR, Abubakr HO, Nagulapalli Venkata KC, Jang KY, Bishayee A. Ginger and Propolis Exert Neuroprotective Effects against Monosodium Glutamate-Induced Neurotoxicity in Rats. Molecules. 2017 Nov 8;22(11):1928. DOI: 10.3390/molecules22111928.
28. Tawfik MS, Al-Badr N. Adverse effects of monosodium glutamate on liver and kidney functions in adult rats and potential protective effect of vitamins C and E. Food and Nutrition Sciences. 2012;3:651-9. DOI: 10.4236/fns.2012.35089.
29. Eweka A, Igbigbi P, Ucheya R. Histochemical studies of the effects of monosodium glutamate on the liver of adult wistar rats. Ann Med Health Sci Res. 2011 Jan;1(1):21-9.
30. El-Meghawry El-Kenawy A, Osman HE, Daghestani MH. The effect of vitamin C administration on monosodium glutamate induced liver injury. An experimental study. Exp Toxicol Pathol. 2013 Jul;65(5):513-21. DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2012.02.007.
31. Eid RA, Al-Shraim M, Zaki MS, Kamar SS, Abdel Latif NS, Negm S, et al. Vitamin E protects against monosodium glutamate-induced acute liver injury and hepatocyte ultrastructural alterations in rats. Ultrastruct Pathol. 2019;43(4-5):199-208. DOI: 10.1080/01913123.2019.1673860.
32. Al-Salmi FA, Hamza RZ, El-Shenawy NS. The Interaction of Zinc Oxide/Green Tea Extract Complex Nanoparticles and its Effect on Monosodium Glutamate Toxicity in Liver of Rats. Curr Pharm Biotechnol. 2019;20(6):465-75. DOI: 10.2174/13892010206661904081205 32.
33. Hordiienko LP, Falalieieva TM. Zminy adypotsytokiniv u shchuriv za umov hlutamat-indukovanoho ozhyrinnia. Visnyk VDNZU «Ukrainska medychna stomatolohichna akademiia». 2016:15(56):13-5.[in Ukrainian].

«Bulletin of problems biology and medicine» Issue 3 (161), 2021 year, 49-52 pages, index UDK 613.295:(604.4:663.051):613.9+614.9)

10.29254/2077-4214-2021-3-161-49-52