In uence of Manure , Nitrogen , Phosphorus and Potassium Fertilizer Application on Growth of One-year-old Oil Palms on Marginal Soil in Jonggol , Bogor , Indonesia

The oil palms ( Elaeis guineensis Jacq. ) are highly efcient oil producers. It produces ve to seven times more vegetable oil per hectare than soybean, sunower, and rapeseed. The objectives of this research were to study the role of organic and N, P, and K fertilizers on growth of one-year-old immature oil palm on marginal soil in Jonggol. The research was conducted at IPB Cargill Teaching Farm (ICTF) of Oil Palm, Jonggol, Bogor,West Java from March 2013 to March 2014. The experiment was arranged in a factorial experiment following a randomized block design with three replications. The rst factor was organic fertilizer (manure) consisting of 0 (O), 15 (O1) and 30 (O2) kg per tree per year. The second factor was inorganic fertilizer consisting of 0 (S0); 0.25 kg N + 0.25 kg P O + 0.39 kg 2 5 K O(S ) 0.50 k N+ 0.50 kg P O + 0.78 kg K O(S ) 2 25 2 1and g 2 per tree. The results demonstrated that application of manure up to 30 kg per tree per year did not affect the growth of one-year-old oil palm. Application of 0.50 kg N + 0.50 kg P O + 0.78 kg K O highest 2 5 2 per tree gave the result in increasing frond production, stem girth, and leaf nutrient concentration. The results of leaf analysis and plant growth responses suggested that the rates of manure and inorganic fertilizers applied in this study are not sufcient to improve young oil palm growth in marginal soil in Jonggol. Keywords: cow manure, critical nutrient level, inorganic fertilizer, soil fertility, vegetative growth


Abstract
The oil palm ( ) s are highly Elaeis guineensis Jacq.ef cient .It produces ve to seven times oil producers more vegetable oil per hectare than soybean, sun ower, and rapeseed.c The obje tives of this research were to study the role of organic and N, P, and K fertilizers on growth of immature one-year-old oil palm on marginal soil in Jonggol.

Introduction
The oil palm ( ) belongs to Elaeis guineensis Jacq.which the Family Arecaceae ef cient . is a highly oil producer The oil palm produces ve to seven times more vegetable oil per hectare than soybean, sun ower, and rapeseed (Basiron and Weng, 2004;Obi and Udoh, 2012).Indonesia is the major oil palm produc in the er world oil palm plantation in Indonesia has rapidly .The increased from four decades ago.The demand for edible vegetable and palm oil has increased the increase of per capita consumption due to and population growth.The demand of palm oil is expected to double from present consumption of around 120 to 240 by 2050 (Corley, 2009).If oil million tonnes palm production does not expand to contribute the to increas of demand, it will result in a shortage of supply e of palm oil.Production can be increased by area expansion and yield intensi cation in existing plantations.Yield improvement can be achieved by improv crop management.Increase in yield can ement of reduce the amount of land expansion for palm oil production.The main issue that will occur in the future in expansion area is shifting the use of agricultural lands of fertile land to marginal land s s.Most of oil palms were planted in poor fertility status (Ng et al., 2011;soil with Obi and Udoh, 2012).Therefore application of organic and inorganic (synthetic) fertilizers are important to supply nutrient n this marginal s for the crops grown o soil.

M
sound aximizing oil productivity of the oil palm through agricultural s providing practice and balanced nutrition raised oil palm yields (Ng, 2001).Application of inorganic fertilizer provide plant nut ients that can not r b e suppl by soil.ied the Nitrogen fertilizer is one of the most expensive nutrient inputs in oil palm production (Amir et al. 2001).Therefore, it is very important to manage fertilizer application and use the nitrogen ef ciently.
Organic fertilizer can improve the physical, chemical soil and biological properties such as improving water capacity, aeration, porosity, soil agregation, cation exchange capacity and microorganism activity in the soil (Yang et al., 2004;and , ).

Leszczynska
Malina 2011 Studies investigating the role of organic residues on young oil palm growth were conducted by Khalid (1999;2000)

Materials
The oil palm Tenera var.Damimas.study used Oneyear-old plants i were planted n December 2012 in 9.2 m x 9.2 m x 9.2 m triangular pattern with a population of 136 .kg organic fertilizer trees per hectare Sixty of in the form of decomposed cow manures, 500 g rock phosphate and 500 g dolomite were applied to each planting hole.

Experimental esign and reatments D T
The experiment arrang in a was ed factorial experiment following a randomized block design with three replications.The rst factor was organic fertilizer (cow manure) consist of 0, 15, and 30 kg per tree per year, ing applied once in March 2013.Frond production (frond.month - ) Rates of Manure (kg.tree as raw material for photosynthesis, part of the plant cell, and solvent Frond production in a for the nutrients.month is in uenced by rainfall one to two months earlier.F p rond roduction ranged from 1.5 to 3 per months under suf cient rainfall (>100 mm per month) and can dramatically 0.5 per months or less decrease under to lower rainfall (<100 mm per month).However, based on observations in the eld the plants still formed a few spears under low rainfall.When rainfall is suf cient the spear open sooner so that production increases s frond to 2.5 per ( 9).The fewer month MAT frond , Table 2 production during dry season is probably related to the poor nutrients absorption by the plants.Water plays an important role in dissolving nutrients that can be absorbed by plant roots in the soil so that water shortages will nutrient uptake result in disrupt , which will a stunted plant growth.Application of manure and fertilizer did not N, P, K signi cantly increase leaf area (Table ).Leaf area is 3 one of the important variables for the growth of palm oil.L d eaf area etermines sunlight interception that affect the rate of photosynthesis (Hardon et al. 1969).The , wider the leaf area, the higher the rate of photosynthesis is due to an increasing of the of leaves portion that capture sunlight.
Even though the effects were not signi cant, application of manure increased bulk density and soil C, N, P and K levels .Similar results were reported by (Table 4) Uwumarongie-Ilori et al. (2012).Application of organic fertilizer is bene cial for long-term production the due to slow release nature of the nutrients (Ermadani and Muzar, 2011).

The Effect of Manure and Fertilizer Application on Leaf Stomatal Density, and Leaf N, P and K content
Manure and N, P, and K fertilizer application had no effect on leaf stomatal density (Table )  .Leaf P in this study o MAT content was not signi cantly affected by manure and inorganic fertilizers treatment and the level is classi ed as suf cient according to Ochs and Olivin (1977).The results of leaf analysis and plant growth responses suggested that rate of organic and inorganic fertilizers applied are not in this study suf cient to improve young oil palm growth in marginal soil.High rate of fertilizer application is usually recommended for marginal soils and soil with low fertility ( , , Vanlauwe et al. 2001;Ng et al. 2011).

Conclusions
Application of up to 30 kg did manure per tree per year not affect the growth of one year-old oil palm -.Application of g 0.50 k N + 0.50 kg P O + 0.78 kg K O 2 5 2 per tree highest gave the increase in frond production, stem girth, Application of and leaf nutrient concentration.manure, N, P, and K fertilizer in this study did not affect leaf stomatal density, leaf chlorophyll and leaf N, P, and K content.
Figure 1.Effect of N, P, K fertilizer rainfall on frond production application and correlation with (mm) .

Material nd Methods a
o and average relative humidity was 77.3%.

Table 1 .
Based on the soil criteria for oil palms the soil , Manure application had no signi cant effect on the vegetative growth of oil palm from the beginning to the end of the experiment.