Control from Space in Conditions of Demilitarization and Denuclearization of the Aggressor States

Control


Introduction
The Russian-Ukrainian war from 2022 has turned into more than just a local conflict, as the international community considered it in 2014.This war causes a crisis in European society and destroys a great democratic country and territories of Europe.Ukrainian society is infinitely grateful to the world for its support, but only a citizen of Ukraine can express the pain that permeates this war.Destroyed houses and destroyed nature, killed people and animals, all these terrible phenomena are daily in the life of Ukrainians.And no matter how difficult it sounds and is not implemented, the world must provide a mechanism for the demilitarization and denuclearization of the aggressor states, because nature and man are the highest values of this planet, and all the activities of international communities must be reduced to the real protection of these values.

Concepts of demilitarization and denuclearization of aggressor states
The content of the concepts of demilitarization and denuclearization of the aggressor states and the interrelationship of space control within these concepts should be formed.Demilitarization was how prohibiting the deployment of nonconventional weaponry started.After 1945 global and regional geopolitical competition spread to Antarctica, leading to claims on the sole continent not to have been colonized by humans, incidents between European powers, the United Kingdom in particular, and Argentina and Chile, and military interventions.Although they concluded disengagement agreements, these did not end the geopolitical and legal disputes.By the time of the International Geophysical Year (July 1957-December 1958), it had become increasingly clear that spread of scientific bases across the continent was contributing to international tensions exacerbated by the deepening Cold War.Thus, in June 1958, following a US initiative, the countries then active in Antarctic polar research embarked on negotiating a treaty that would guarantee the right to research and limit activities to peaceful purposes only.It was proposed to demilitarize the Antarctic continent and limit the presence of military to logistics.Argentina proposed a ban on all nuclear explosions, which placed it in opposition to the United States, which was only willing to accept a prohibition of unannounced tests (Zanders, 2022).
The Outer Space Treaty set up the framework for several other international agreements on collaboration in space.One of them, the Moon Agreement adds greater precision in several areas, including the exploitation of natural resources and scientific research on celestial bodies within the solar system.From an arms control perspective, Article 3 is central.It not only demilitarizes the Earth's moon or proscribes hostile acts on the satellite but also prohibits the deployment of nuclear and other nonconventional weapons in any type of trajectory around the moon or on or in its surface.The value of the Moon Agreement is, however, limited as none of the spacefaring countries are parties (France and India have signed but not ratified it).Under the Seabed Treaty, states parties undertake not to deploy NWs or other nonconventional weaponry on or in the seabed and ocean floor or any type of infrastructure to store, test, or launch such weaponry.The agreement allows for verification, including inspections, and foresees procedures to address noncompliance concerns, including recourse to the UNSC if the matter cannot be resolved through consultations.As with the other three agreements, the Seabed Treaty sought to forestall militarization of an uninhabited space because of scientific and technological advances in the field of oceanography and to preserve such space for peaceful purposes only (Zanders, 2022;Treaty, 1967).
The concept of demilitarization denotes the reduction or even total abolishment of armament (Disarmament) and military presence in a specific geographic area.In operational terms it implies the dismantlement of arms, ammunition, and armed forces in order to put them beyond military use.Demilitarization also connotes the process of sustained reductions in the influence of the military in a given State and society.In many respects demilitarization is the opposite of militarization, which usually describes the complex process of mobilization of resources (Kingma & Schrijver, 2015).
In our opinion, the demilitarization of an aggressor state is a global process in a state that has carried out aggressive actions and is recognized by the international community as an aggressor state, aimed at forced disarmament, revision of defense configurations and transformation of resources that previously served for military purposes, within and on terms that guarantee common security for all nations, with the aim of ensuring lasting harmony and the rejection of violence as a means of resolving international conflicts.
Nuclear weapons created a revolution in military strategy, but the character of that revolution has yet to be fully determined.Nuclear weapons threatened to annihilate the very societies that they were intended to defend if actually used in warfare.Therefore, the purpose of nuclear weapons became primarily the threat of use with the object of deterrence or other political goals, instead of the actual employment of those weapons for the attainment of victory in combat.The US and the Soviet Union faced down one another during the Cold War by using tacit and explicit threats of nuclear escalation but also by forbearance in crisis management and coercive diplomacy.The post-Cold War "second nuclear age" presents new challenges in the control of nuclear weapons, especially the prevention of nuclear weapons spread among new state and non-state actors (Cimbala, 2022).
By resolution 71/258, the General Assembly decided to convene in 2017 a United Nations conference to negotiate a legally binding instrument to prohibit nuclear weapons, leading towards their total elimination.The Assembly encouraged all Member States to participate in the Conference, with the participation and contribution of international organizations and civil society representatives.The Conference took place from 27 to 31 March and from 15 June to 7 July in New York.The Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons (TPNW) includes a comprehensive set of prohibitions on participating in any nuclear weapon activities.These include undertakings not to develop, test, produce, acquire, possess, stockpile, use or threaten to use nuclear weapons.The Treaty also prohibits the deployment of nuclear weapons on national territory and the provision of assistance to any State in the conduct of prohibited activities.States parties will be obliged to prevent and suppress any activity prohibited under the TPNW undertaken by persons or on territory under its jurisdiction or control.The Treaty also obliges States parties to provide adequate assistance to individuals affected by the use or testing of nuclear weapons, as well as to take necessary and appropriate measure of environmental remediation in areas under its jurisdiction or control contaminated as a result of activities related to the testing or use of nuclear weapons.The Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons was adopted by the Conference (by a vote of 122 States in favour, with one vote against and one abstention) at the United Nations on 7 July 2017, and opened for signature on 20 September 2017.Following the deposit with the Secretary-General of the 50th instrument of ratification or accession of the Treaty on 24 October 2020, it entered into force on 22 January 2021 in accordance with its article 15 (The Treaty, 2017).
On the other hand, as an example, nuclear weapons free zones are one of the most important and effective, as well as underexplored, ways to advance nuclear non-proliferation and disarmament.They are a staple in the global nuclear order, contributing not only to regional and world peace, but also to regional and global security and stability.In times past, Nuclear weapons free zones evolved out of a regional perception of an existing or imminent nuclear threat that required regional groups to create binding treaties to ban the use, storage, and testing of nuclear weapons in their region.Although countries within the four areas of the world that are not protected by an Nuclear weapons free zones are faced with an existing nuclear threat based on the mere existence of nuclear weapons on their territory, there have been very limited efforts to turn these regions into Nuclear weapons free zones.While there have been discussions about creating a weapons-of-mass-destruction-free zone in the Middle East and a denuclearized Korean Peninsula in recent years, political tensions and difficulties have stalled both endeavours (Kutchesfahani, 2019).
In our opinion, the denuclearization of an aggressor state is a global process in a state that carried out aggressive actions or used a nuclear threat as a tool of political pressure, and is recognized by the international community as an aggressor state, aimed at disarming or completely abandoning nuclear weapons and nuclear ambitions, in within limits and on terms that guarantee the common security of all nations, with the aim of ensuring lasting harmony and protecting the planet from nuclear war.
Both of these processes have a global character, because they involve active diplomatic activity to create a proxy between nations and ensure security, promote peace and stability in international relations.

How can the process of demilitarization and denuclearization of the aggressor states actually be launched?
The Russian-Ukrainian war show that the world must see and ensure the further capitulation of the aggressor state -Russia.Further tools for guaranteeing peace should consist not only of bringing the guilty to justice and compensation for damages, it is also necessary to start the processes of demilitarization and denuclearization of Russia as an aggressor state.In the future, potential aggressor states must understand that any aggressive actions will be met with global opposition and absolute disarmament.
The scheme of the process of demilitarization and denuclearization of the aggressor state should have the following form: 1. Recognition of the aggressor state by the international community.2. Surrender of the aggressor state.
3. Creation of a global commission on demilitarization and denuclearization of the aggressor state.4. Formation of the limits and conditions of demilitarization and denuclearization of the aggressor state while maintaining a balance between leaving a limited armed status for internal state defense and preventing further aggressive actions. 5. Acceptance of conditions and the beginning of the process of demilitarization and denuclearization of the aggressor state.6. Completion of the process of demilitarization and denuclearization of the aggressor state.7. Control over the aggressor state regarding the level of its armament.Accordingly, at the last stage, it is possible to establish a connection between the processes of demilitarization and denuclearization of the aggressor state and control from space.But before that, it should be established what is the role of space in terms of the active activity of the aggressor states?The active Russian-Ukrainian war showed the real relationship between space and military operations.Specifically, Starlinks, satellites, missile guidance systems and their further navigation are currently associated with space and war on the territory of Ukraine.It is easy to predict that in the future countries that have access to space and will fight among themselves will fight in space, including striking from space or shooting down satellites.

Characteristics of control from space in the conditions of demilitarization and denuclearization of the aggressor states
Antarctica, outer space, and the seabed are international spheres that are not under the sovereignty or control of any state, and as a result of technological developments, the potential exists for an arms race in these locations if there is no international regulation.Arms control has been necessary in these international spheres.Regulation by the international community in these international spheres is easier than in national territories because these regions are open to every nation and international public interest can be pursued (Kurosawa, 2008).
Regarding control from space in the conditions of demilitarization and denuclearization of the aggressor states, it should be noted that this is an undeveloped tool that technically can significantly help in guaranteeing global security.In my opinion, control from space in the conditions of demilitarization and denuclearization of the aggressor states is guaranteed by the international community, space supervision to ensure peace and stability, which includes the process of observation, verification and providing objective evidence of the absence of military activity and nuclear weapons in aggressor states, as well as identifying possible threats and responding to them in order to prevent conflicts and promote global security and disarmament.
What should be control from space in the conditions of demilitarization and denuclearization of the aggressor states: -guaranteed (the international community must guarantee the fulfilment of the conditions of demilitarization and denuclearization); -determined (established conditions); -term (defined for a specific term); -large-scale (control over the activities of the aggressor states must be on the territories of the state, sea, air and outer space); -non-appealable; -objective (the control results must provide objective and accurate information about the military activities of the aggressor state); -optimal; -effective; -balanced; -secure (preventing data manipulation and ensuring security with reliable systems for collecting, storing and transmitting information from space); -non-discriminatory (control should be created to guarantee peace, stability and global security, not to destroy a specific state).
The procedure for implementing control from space in the conditions of demilitarization and denuclearization of the aggressor states Control from space in the conditions of demilitarization and denuclearization of the aggressor states is theoretically possible and can be implemented in case of active international cooperation and involvement of specialized technologies.Theoretically, control from space in the conditions of demilitarization and denuclearization of the aggressor states can be implemented as follows: 1. Creation of a special observer at the United Nations for space security and control from space for aggressor states.
2. Active international and private-public partnership (for example, with NATO, NASA, SpaceX) of the United Nations special observer on space security and space control over aggressor states regarding the creation of a network of satellite control over aggressor states.3. Creation of an international mechanism for verification of control from space in the conditions of demilitarization and denuclearization of the aggressor states.4. Creation of a method of response of the international community in case of violation of the conditions of demilitarization and denuclearization of the aggressor states.The international community should begin the process of forming international control mechanisms and supervision over the processes of demilitarization and denuclearization of the aggressor states, as well as thoroughly form the possibilities and threats of the potential influence of space on such processes.
A network of satellite control over aggressor states can function thanks to a system of satellites and space vehicles designed for observation and data collection, which will be able to detect the movements of military equipment, monitor compliance with the conditions of demilitarization and denuclearization, and also monitor the deployment of nuclear weapons.The satellites must operate without interruption and provide communication and navigation for the international monitoring observers.
The international mechanism for verifying control from space in the conditions of demilitarization and denuclearization of the aggressor states should be an automated system for verifying the state of demilitarization and denuclearization, which will include: 1) control, monitoring and periodic checks on the state of demilitarization and denuclearization of the aggressor states; 2) public and regular reporting by the UN special observer on space security and control from space to the aggressor states.The report on control from space for the demilitarization and denuclearization of the aggressor states should be a structured and detailed document that should contain information on various aspects of monitoring and implementation of international treaties and agreements.It is important that the frequency of the report is sufficient for timely response to events and implementation of necessary measures to ensure stability and peace; 3) technical support for control from space in the conditions of demilitarization and denuclearization of the aggressor states, which allows to ensure the safety and reliability of the demilitarization and denuclearization process.

Conclusions
"Where there's a will, there's a way" In the event of a violation of the conditions of demilitarization and denuclearization by the aggressor state, the international community should form a special methodology that should include effective and timely joint activities, various sanctions, and in some cases even temporary disconnection from the Internet.
In general, active cooperation and effective diplomacy between various countries and international organizations is necessary for the successful implementation of control from space as a necessary tool for countering global aggression.Control from space in the conditions of demilitarization and denuclearization of the aggressor states should be created to avoid nuclear manipulations and ensure global security.Control from space will allow, first of all, to quickly take measures to counter aggression, contribute to the prevention of conflicts and simplify the diplomatic process of solving global crises, which in general will really protect the lives of thousands of people, preserve the integrity of nature and guarantee peace in the world.