Analysis of the Impact of Population Policy on Criminality and Individual Security in the New Normal Era in Makassar City

Crimes cannot be separated from personal security and are a serious threat to the security and welfare of society. This study aims to determine the relationship between the impact of population, poverty and individual security and crime in Makassar City. The method used in this research is a qualitative method using a normative descriptive approach. The data collection in this research is through observation, interviews and documents. Then the data is analysed by researchers to get the best conclusion. The result of this research is the analysis of the impact of population on crime and individual security is becoming increasingly relevant and important. High population density in an area can place pressure on resources and infrastructure, creating an environment that is less safe and prone to crime. High population density can increase economic competition, create social instability, and complicate law enforcement.


INTRODUCTION
In the face of social, economic and cultural changes brought about by the COVID-19 pandemic, societies around the world have transitioned into the 'new normal'.These changes not only affect the way we work, learn and interact, but also have significant implications for individual security and crime rates in society.In this context, an in-depth understanding of the impact of population on crime and individual security has become increasingly important.
The study of public administration highlights the importance of public management policies and practices in dealing with challenges and changes in society.In the context of analysing the impact of population on crime and individual security, public administration plays a key role in formulating and implementing policies that are responsive to the demographic and social dynamics that influence crime patterns.
Population growth, demographic distribution, and social dynamics of communities have a significant role in shaping crime patterns.While the pandemic has changed migration patterns, birth rates and social structures globally, these changes have not always been accompanied by an adequate understanding of the implications for individual security.Therefore, research investigating the relationship between population and crime in the context of the new normal is important to provide the necessary insights for the development of effective counter-crime policies and strategies.
In addition, the problems of poverty, unemployment and life pressure in this case contribute to the occurrence of social conflict and crime directly or indirectly influenced by population pressure (Handayani, 2017).In addition, the opinion of Sabiq & Nurwati (2021) states that population density in an area affects the increase in criminal acts.Another impact of population density is the decline in the quality of education, health, income, and employment (Christiani et al., 2014).The same thing was also researched by Susetyo et al. (2011) that population has an impact on the crime and security aspects of each individual in an area.So from these various studies it can be said that increasing population capacity in an area can have an impact on social problems such as poverty, unemployment and can increase cases of crime or criminal acts in an area.
However, another case states that the presence of the covid-19 pandemic actually reduced cases of crime and deviance (Regalado et al., 2022).One of the reasons for the decline in crime cases during the presence of the covid-19 pandemic is because of policies that require people to stay at home (Stickle & Felson, 2020), but instead increase cases of domestic violence (Stoianova et al., 2020).In addition, another opinion says that the larger a city, the greater the population, and the greater the possibility of crime (Harries, 2014).Based on this, it can be said that population density has an impact on high crime cases, but the existence of covid-19 a few years ago reduced crime cases but increased domestic violence.
Therefore, the research will be conducted in Makassar City with the aim of analysing the relationship between the impact of population, poverty and individual security and crime in Makassar City.Research with this topic has never been conducted in Makassar City.So, this research is important to study in order to analyse and get solutions in dealing with a social problem.

METHOD
This research is social research in the realm of public policy.The writing method is qualitative with a normative descriptive approach (Moleong, 2010).Given that the causes of poverty are very varied and diffuse in nature, various regulations related to poverty will all be recorded in the results of the research later.Data were collected from observations, interviews and documents (Rahardjo, 2011).
The research stages include: (1).Identifying research locations through secondary data, (2) identifying programmes to address the impact of population on crime and individual security (3).Collecting basic data on the condition and characteristics of the community, and mapping them based on poverty indicators such as; insufficiencies in household elements (inadequacies in production assets, consumption assets and managerial assets), (4).In-depth interviews to obtain an overview of the causes of poverty based on its typology, (5).Formulating solutions to solve the problems that cause poverty.
The concept in this study uses the concept of human security by interpreting security in seven areas, namely: economic security, food security, health security, environmental security, personal/individual security, community security and political security (UNDP, 2010).

Economic Security
The economic security referred to here does not only focus on state actors but also individuals.Therefore, there are two aspects in the context of the development of economic security in the concept of human security.First, at the state and inter-state level where the economy is needed as a determining factor of state security, and the impact of state security on economic prosperity is taken into account in economic prosperity.Second, the development of economic theory is faced with non-state economic security such as social entities, namely individuals.
Economic security according to the UNDP is defined as a condition that requires a decent regular income for each person.This is achieved from decent and productive work.It can also come from a publicly funded social safety net.In this context, only a quarter of the world's population is economically secure.While the problem of economic security is more worrying in developing countries, Indonesia is no exception, although developed countries are also a problem.The worrying economic security in question has a greater impact, especially after the Covid-19 pandemic.
By using the UNDP's human security criteria above, it is clear that the components of economic security, food security and health security can be directly undermined by insecurity in the economic dimension.
To illustrate, a person's lack of income (economic insecurity) ultimately leads to a lack of ability to buy food and obtain clean water and health services.Indirect violence is perpetrated against individuals or communities when unjust economic and political structures reduce their life expectancy through lack of access to basic needs.
Therefore, economic security is also related to and cannot be separated from other components of human security, such as political security, personal security, community security and environmental security.In essence, economic security is not just about poverty, although poverty is a top priority in overcoming social problems, but far from that, some of the threats in economic security also include unemployment, access to income-generating resources, and homelessness.
Thus, the population of Makassar City, which increases every year as described in the table above, is not impossible to have an impact on economic security due to increasing poverty, unemployment, access to income that is not in line with the fulfilment of life's needs.

Food Security
Food Security in the context of Human Security is intended as the ability of everyone to have access to food and food availability, the threat of which is hunger.The definition of food security has basically undergone many developments related to its conceptual framework.The concept of food security can be adjusted to the context of time and place.According to Reiner Gross et al in his journal entitled The Four Dimensions of Food and Nutrition Security: Definitions and Concepts, food security is defined as access to food for everyone so that everyone can live an active and healthy life.A World Food Programme report shows that hunger is a major health risk that kills more people than pandemic diseases, AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) and tuberculosis (TB), making hunger an existential threat.Hunger is a complex phenomenon that has a serious impact on human health and well-being.In various parts of the world, millions of people experience hunger or malnutrition, especially in developing countries (Krystosik et al., 2020;Rusliadi et al., 2023).In various other data, it is also almost agreed that the issue of food security is often a scourge and a source of insecurity at the global, regional and individual levels that has been going on in the last few decades.
Food security is one of the concepts derived from the seven elements of human security that focus on the world's food problems, which until now have turned out to be a major threat to humanity (Gyasi et al., 2020).There are many factors that cause hunger problems in various parts of the world, ranging from poverty, inflation, difficulty finding work, domestic conflicts, international trade instability, wars between countries, to domestic political stability.
Departing from this explanation, Makassar City has 74,69,000 poor people who are considered to be still shackled by this food security problem in 2021.This number has increased from the previous year, namely 69,98,000 people in 2020.It is a burden to think about a large budget in preparing food availability.Meanwhile, agricultural land in Makassar City is almost non-existent due to the conversion of land into housing, shops, and others.

Health Security
Health security focuses on health midwives in the form of guaranteed protection from diseases and unhealthy lifestyles, possible forms of threats addressed are deadly infectious diseases, unhealthy food, malnutrition, and lack of access for people to basic aspects of health.Health is closely related to human rights (D'cruz & Banerjee, 2020).Health is also the foundation and one of the main priorities of humans in their activities.Today, health has developed into a global issue and is a major agenda in a country's national interest (Rudnicka et al., 2020).The development of disease outbreaks originating from viruses, bacteria and parasites that can be transmitted to humans has posed a serious threat to society and the resilience of a country.This affects the development of a country, which will damage national interests and cause emergencies.This also proves that now security threats are no longer solely in the form of 'military attacks' between countries, but also threats from non-state actors aimed at countries or even individuals that threaten human security, such as the spread of the COVID-19 disease outbreak.
In terms of Covid-19, the world agrees that it is a serious threat to the population of every country and has a strong influence on other dimensions of security which leads to threats to human security (Dunggio et al., 2021).Covid-19 requires the participation of various national actors and cross-country cooperation in its resolution.There are five world leaders, namely Singaporean President Halimah Yacob, German President Fran-Walter Steimeier, King Abdullah II of Jordan, Sahle-Work Zewde of Ethiopia and Lenin Moreno Garces of Ecuador, who poured out their thoughts on world conditions.They view the world's unstable condition due to the rampant Covid-19 Corona Virus pandemic.Not only overcoming citizens exposed to the deadly virus, but they also see other effects of the Corona virus, namely the instability of the world economy.These five world leaders are in one frame of mind that; 'Our nations, societies and economies are slowing down, almost coming to a halt in the face of global and external threats that transcend borders, ethnicities and beliefs.Public life has ground to a halt.But these unprecedented measures of social distancing will be difficult to sustain for long.
The Covis-19 crisis tends to bring out the best and worst in people.However, every country's leaders are encouraged to do the former and not the latter.A number of countries around the world are at various stages of crisis, and it is admirable that there is a strong spirit of solidarity and many people are vigorously trying to save lives or maintain essential services in service.World leaders are giving hope and inspiring people to not only get through this crisis, but also to become stronger and more connected.
In connection with this, Makassar City as an area identified as prone to the spread of the deadly virus, based on data on the distribution of Covid-19 until 2 September 2022, there were 65223 people exposed to the Covid-19 virus, including; 64037 were cured and 1099 died.
In addition, in early 2008 Makassar City was also highlighted by media coverage, namely an old pregnant mother and her third child died due to malnutrition.Makassar Health Office nutritionist Kusuma Wardani, acknowledged this malnutrition incident as a bad precedent for the Makassar City government.

Enviromental Security
The heteroscedasticity test uses the scatter plot method as a method for detecting heteroscedasticity.This method can be done by plotting the ZPRED value (predicted value) with SRESID (residual value).If the points are distributed randomly and do not form a pattern, it can be concluded that the regression model is free from heteroscedasticity problems.The test results can be seen in the following image: Envromental Security focuses on environmental issues such as low access to clean water, high rates of pollution and air pollution, global warming, and natural disasters.Indonesia is known as the lungs of the world.But today, this image is slowly starting to fade as many cases of forest burning, forest encroachment for agricultural land, population settlements slowly move.The most talked-about daily problem, especially in big cities, Makassar is no exception.This shows that public awareness of environmental cleanliness and safety still needs to be improved.In addition, development that pays little attention to ANDAL and AMDAL.
Waste in Makassar City has increased every month, even in a report from Rudi said that the volume of waste in Makassar City reached 7,374.5 tonnes per month (Rudi, 2023).The high amount of waste has a significant impact on the environment (Jeswani et al., 2021).Soil and water pollution is one of the results of poorly managed waste, where decomposing organic waste can produce toxic gases and chemicals that damage soil quality, while liquid waste from waste can pollute both surface and ground water sources.In addition, the accumulation of waste also threatens the existence of natural habitats for various animal and plant species, resulting in disruption of the food chain and damage to ecosystems (Bashir et al., 2020).Public health threats are also increased by waste, as it can be a breeding ground for infectious diseases and disease vectors (Krystosik et al., 2020).
This can lead to various diseases associated with air and water pollution, compromising public health at large.In addition, waste accumulation also damages environmental aesthetics and tourism potential, reduces the attractiveness of natural and coastal tourist attractions, and can reduce economic income derived from the tourism sector.In addition to the environmental and social impacts, ineffective waste management also has significant economic impacts, is costly to governments and communities and can hinder sustainable development and inclusive economic growth.Therefore, it is important for governments and communities to work together to manage waste effectively and sustainably, prioritising measures such as reduction, recycling and integrated waste management.

Personal Security
Personal security focuses on protecting people from threats of violence, such as physical violence, criminal acts, terrorism, domestic violence and child labour.Individual security is intended to minimise violence or other disruptive elements that will occur to each person.This personal security mainly occurs due to fear.Fear of violence, both physical violence and violence from various threats.These threats can be in the form of attacks from other countries such as wars, threats of terrorism or threats from other groups such as ethnic conflicts and conflicts between citizens.Threats from individuals or groups of people, street crime, hostage taking, threats to women in the form of domestic violence, torture and rape, violence against children such as child abuse, child labour, child prostitution and threats such as suicide to threats from drugs (Mumtazinur & Wahyuni, 2021).
One of the most troubling threats to the community in Makassar as in other big cities is street crime in the form of theft with violence or BEGAL.These violent crimes such as robbery, extortion, robbery, jambret, and so on which are forceful and harm people.The perpetrators of these violent crimes in carrying out their actions do not hesitate to injure their victims and even cause fatalities.

Community Security
Community Security mainly focuses on problems that occur between ethnicities, problems between religions, and tensions caused by entity problems.The concept of human security was first introduced by the UNDP (United Nations Development Programme) in 1994.The UNDP report explains the concept of human security which includes: economic security, food security, health security, environmental security, personal security, community security, and political security.These seven things are identified as the two main components of human security, namely 'freedom from fear' and 'freedom from want'.
UNDP defines human security as 'first, safety from such chronic threats as hunger, disease, and repression.And, second, protection from sudden and hurtful disruptions in the patterns of daily life whether in homes, in jobs or in communities'.The Commission on Human Security defines human security as 'safety for people from both violent and non-violent threats.It is a condition or state of being characterised by freedom from pervasive threats to people's rights, their safety, or even their lives' (UNDP, 1994).This can be simply explained that threats to human beings can come from 2 main things, namely First, security from threats of chronic dangers such as hunger, malnutrition, disease, repression.Second, protection from unexpected and painful disruptions in daily life, whether at home, at work, or in a community.
Community Security; threats include coercive activities, abusive treatment of women, discrimination against certain ethnic, religious or community groups, armed rebel groups (DI, TII in the 1940s, and armed conflict (struggle for influence and territory).Community security is not only about how one community group socialises with other community groups, but also about the security of individual members of a group from the threats of the group they belong to.

CONCLUSION
In the new normal era, analysing the impact of population on crime and individual security is becoming increasingly relevant and important in Makassar City.An increase in population within an area can increase pressure on resources and infrastructure, which can contribute to an increase in crime rates.On the other hand, changes in migration patterns and demographic composition can also affect social and economic dynamics, which in turn affect individual security levels.In the context of the new normal, where adaptation to social, economic and technological change is key, this analysis highlights the importance of a deeper understanding of the interactions between population, crime and individual security.By understanding the factors that influence these dynamics, governments and other stakeholders can design more effective policies and programmes to improve people's security and well-being in the new normal.
In addition, this research also highlights the importance of a holistic and sustainable approach in addressing crime and security issues.Efforts to improve access to basic services, investment in urban infrastructure, and promotion of co-operation between the government, communities and the private sector are key measures to create a safe and secure environment for residents.Furthermore, the importance of strengthening law enforcement and the use of appropriate technology should also be the focus of efforts to improve community safety.
In order to address these challenges, this research emphasises the importance of collaboration between various stakeholders, including governments, research institutions, nongovernmental organisations and civil society.By building strong and sustainable partnerships, it is hoped to create innovative and effective solutions to improve community security and wellbeing in this new normal era.As such, this research makes an important contribution to understanding the complex dynamics between population, crime and individual security, and provides useful insights for policymakers and practitioners in meeting these challenges in the future.The limitations of this research encountered during the research are mainly in finding sources of information that are expected to know especially about the relationship between the impact of population on crime and individual security in Makassar City.