Implementation of Batik Wastewater Management Policy: A Case Study of Pekalongan City

This study aims to review the implementation of batik waste management policies in Pekalongan City, this is because Pekalongan is the largest batik producing area in Indonesia with an average production of over sixty percent of the total national production capacity which is dominated by the small-scale batik industry or household industry, and this has caused pollution to the environment, this research uses a qualitative descriptive method with a field study approach compared to literature review or literature study and the results found that the environment, The number of Wastewater Treatment Plants (IPAL) that are still being built is small and not proportional to the amount of waste produced per cubic meter and day and the implementation of policy implementation which does not produce maximum output in overcoming batik wastewater in Pekalongan City because the target of building the number of Wastewater Treatment Plants in Pekalongan City has not been built one hundred percent at this time based on established policies and should be able to accommodate all wastewater from the remaining batik production in Pekalongan City.


INTRODUCTION
In 2009 The United Nations Educational and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) designated batik as one of the world's cultural heritages, so this greatly influenced the sharp increase in demand for batik production in Indonesia (Harianja, 2018).With the increase in demand for batik production in Indonesia, it also affects the high demand for batik in Pekalongan City, which is the largest batik producing center in Indonesia so that this city is also known as the city of batik.In its history, Pekalongan batik has existed since the 18th century, to be precise in 1740, so that batik and Pekalongan society have a very close relationship in everyday life, more than 7,027 people in Pekalongan City 69.5% of them work in the batik industry sector. (Trixie, 2020), Pekalongan City as a Batik producing center continues to strive to meet market demand which is increasing sharply every day, with this the batik industry has become the backbone of the economy of Pekalongan City, but with the high production of batik produced, the higher the impact of batik waste from the remaining production that is wasted into the environment which has not been managed properly and has had a negative impact in the form of widespread and prolonged pollution on the environment in Pekalongan City, even though as we all know that the environment is a very important source for the survival of humans and other organisms on earth (Herfiani et al., 2017).Not properly controlled over time, wasted batik waste has polluted and damaged the environment and has a direct negative impact on the survival of humans and other living things.
Dinas Lingkungan Hidup (DLH) Pekalongan City records approximately 5 million liters of waste every day generated from the remaining production of the batik industry throughout Pekalongan City.Of the total waste generated by the batik industry, Instalasi Pengelolaan Air Limbah (IPAL) The communal sewage treatment plant in Pekalongan City can only accommodate 45 percent of the sewage, while the rest is discharged into the river (Mutiarawati & Sudarmo, 2021) into the environment and rivers.With these conditions, Pekalongan City must increase the number of communal IPAL developments so that batik waste is not continuously discharged into the environment and rivers, as we know that these places must be clean and uncontaminated places that can threaten the survival of living things in them, but instead what happens is the opposite in the city of Pekalongan, where the environment and rivers do not escape being a place to dispose of batik waste from the remaining production of the batik industry in Pekalongan City without being processed first (Agustina Paramnesi & Reza, 2020).Here is a picture of batik waste pollution to the environment: Source: Local News Year 2022.

Figure 1. Sewage to the River and Residents' Wells
From the picture above, Batik waste not only pollutes the river but also pollutes the soil, environment and residents' wells, seeing this condition, batik waste pollution in Pekalongan City is a very serious problem that must be overcome because it is feared that clean water sources will decrease and will increase the burden on the Pekalongan district government in providing Clean Water for the people of Pekalongan City.(Mutiarawati & Sudarmo, 2021), In addition to the chemicals used, it is feared that it can cause diseases that attack living things around it and of course it can cause complex problems for the surrounding environment, because the waste generated from batik production has polluted the soil and rivers due to batik waste that is not managed properly (Zammi et al., 2018).
Due to the large number of batik industries in Pekalongan City and the limitations of the government, it has resulted in the uncontrolled disposal of batik waste carelessly carried out by the batik industry in Pekalongan City, especially by the household batik industry which directly discharges its production waste into the sewers or surrounding rivers without prior treatment, so that these conditions have caused the sewers and rivers in Pekalongan polluted by batik waste to become blackish in color and smell pungent, especially when entering the dry season because batik dye chemicals settle in the river, of course this happens because there is no water to decompose it (Ragil et al., 2023).Whereas clearly according to the Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 32 of 2009 concerning Environmental Protection and Management (UU PPLH), hazardous and toxic materials and their waste must be properly managed, with the existence of these legal rules it is hoped that it will be able to regulate the processing of batik waste that is discharged into the environment by industries in Pekalongan City (Yamin, 2021).The following is the number of batik processing industries in Pekalongan City:

Source: Ministry of Industry RI Year 2022 Figure 2. Data on the Number of Batik Industries in Pekalongan City
From the graph above, it can be seen that the batik industry in Pekalongan City is dominated by Small and Medium Industries (SMIs) and the number of macro industries has a smaller number and is spread across four sub-districts in Pekalongan City with a total batik industry until the year two rubu twenty-two reaching one thousand eight hundred and fifty, when compared it is very unbalanced with the number of communal Intalasi Pengolahan Air Limbah (IPAL) capacities provided by the government, which are only four IPAL units located in four locations, namely in East Pekalongan District one unit, South Pekalongan two units, West Pekalongan one unit and North Pekalongan none at all, even though the number of household batik industries in North Pekalongan sub-district totals three hundred and fifty nine businesses and occupies the third largest position after South Pekalongan sub-district with six hundred and ninety industries and followed by West Pekalongan with five hundred and twenty industries afterwards (Afifi, n.d, 2023), With the large number of batik industries in Pekalongan City coupled with the lack of awareness or understanding of small-scale Batik Industry industry entrepreneurs in Pekalongan City, it must require more attention from the government to make policies that are able to become a solution in solving the problem of batik industry waste in Pekalongan City, with the aim of being able to avoid matters that can adversely affect the survival of living things in a polluted environment in Pekalongan City.According to Mahida (1984) Waste is the residue of the production of a business or activity that contains hazardous or toxic materials which, due to their nature, concentration, and amount, either directly or indirectly, can endanger the environment, health, human survival and other living things (Andayanie, 2021).

METHOD
This research will use a method with a qualitative approach by drawing informants to explore the understanding and interpretation of the context of the phenomenon of batik waste disposal in Pekalongan City, which is known as the largest batik producing area in Indonesia, where this approach will allow researchers to explore the meaning, perceptions and research subjects in depth through interviews with the aim of being able to understand the phenomena experienced and observing objects related to analyzing related documents (Yandra, 2017a).This research method will focus on collecting complex descriptive data using literature/library studies, in this case making it easier for researchers to explore patterns, relationships and summarize things that become findings in research in obtaining factors that become obstacles in the management of batik waste in Pekalongan City, so that it is hoped that the results of the study can be used as policy recommendations to improve the effectiveness of batik waste management in Pekalongan City (Waruwu, 2023).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Policy implementation is the concrete steps taken by the government or organization to carry out the policies that have been designed.(Yandra, 2017b).The policy implementation process involves various stages and actions aimed at achieving the objectives set out in the policy.The success of policy implementation is determined by many variables including according to G. Shabbir Cheema and Dennis A. Rondinelli (1983) which are influenced by several indicators, namely environmental conditions, interorganizational relations, organizational resources for policy implementation and characteristics and capabilities of implementing agents.

Environmental Conditions
The environment is something that greatly influences the implementation of the policy, which means that this scope includes the socio-cultural environment and the involvement of program recipients, namely batik industry players, both large and small, some of whom comply with regulations related to the disposal of production waste, but some are indifferent to the stipulated provisions.The socialization of industrial waste carried out by the Environmental Agency and the legal regulations set by the local government still cannot make the actors have awareness of environmental impacts, the proof is that there are still many of them who ignore the rules and discharge production waste into the river directly without processing/filtering first.
In 2015 the Pekalongan City Government made a policy in the form of Regional Regulation Number 9 of 2015 concerning Wastewater Management in Pekalongan City which covers wastewater management in Pekalongan city, where the regulation explains that every industrial site, hospital, health center, hotel, laboratory, slaughterhouse, animal husbandry, and all businesses and or activities that emit waste as the residue of liquid production are required to develop wastewater management systems in the form of individual or centralized (communal).
The purpose of this Perda No. 9/2015 is to control the quality of wastewater discharged into the environment or into public waters, so that the level of water quality in Pekalongan City is guaranteed (Romadhon, 2017), However, batik waste pollution still continues despite the creation of local regulations by the Pekalongan City government, where regulations should be made as a form of implementation of the regional autonomy system in overcoming problems in the region by involving local potential and community participation in the region (Yandra, n.d, 2016.).The following is the pollution that occurs in Pekalongan City: From the table above, it can be concluded that Pekalongan City is passed by five rivers, namely the Asam Binatur, Banger, Bremi, Meduri and Pekalongan Rivers, where all of these rivers have become areas of batik waste pollution in Pekalongan City from fifteen water sample points taken by DLH Pekalongan City in 2017 with the results of only one point of water area that meets quality standards and the rest is in the category of unfit for use in the sense that it can cause damage to the environment and the survival of living things around it, With so many polluted rivers in Pekalongan City, it is natural that every season has an impact in the form of pollution to residents' wells during the rainy season and precipitation in the river that smells sharp during the dry season (Fajar et al., 2019).
With these conditions, it is necessary to re-plan the handling of batik waste in Pekalongan City or other alternatives that can reduce the impact of batik waste that has been widely discharged into the environment and rivers in Pekalongan City, considering that IPAL is considered the most effective system output from regional regulations but in reality it has not been able to overcome batik waste pollution that has occurred in Pekalongan City, because the manufacture of IPAL certainly requires a very large budget and is a limitation for the Pekalongan City Government in its own provision and with the large amount of batik waste disposal that is discharged into the environment and rivers, it proves that there is still a lack of public awareness of not complying with the laws that have been made by the government in this case it can also be considered that public awareness in carrying out the rule of law is still minimal, namely the ongoing disposal of batik waste in Pekalongan City (Goesty et al., 2012).On the other hand, because Pekalongan City has been designated as a cultural heritage by UNESCO, the local government must be cooperated with and get more attention from the central government, because Pekalongan City, which has become a world concern due to pollution to the environment, is feared to change the views of other countries and is feared to affect the decline in demand for batik in the world, which of course can harm the commercialization of batik in the country of Indonesia (Rejeki et al., 2020).

Inter-organizational Relationships
Those involved in the implementation of batik waste management policies include the local government, the private sector (batik industry), the community, and community groups.Each has implemented the policy in accordance with what has been determined but not maximally, on the other hand there are still industry players who ignore the rules by disposing of production waste directly into the river.This is because the problem of batik waste in Pekalongan City is acute and not easy to overcome where various efforts have been made including cooperating with universities and large-scale batik companies, but have not produced maximum results where the disposal of batik waste has become a behavior that continues and is cultured until now and most recently in 2023 the Pekalongan City Government tried to cooperate with a nuclear institute from Korea, namely the Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI) to find the best solution in overcoming waste treatment problems in Pekalongan City and this collaboration was carried out starting from the cooperation between the city government and the Yogyakarta Nuclear Technology Polytechnic only, but then the nuclear polytechnic invited KAERI and BRIN to solve the problem of batik waste in Pekalongan City by using nuclear technology with the achievement that this technology not only solves the problem of batik waste but also from the screen printing textile industry and jeans, However, this effort is still in the trial stage.
Judging from the cooperation efforts that have been made by the Pekalongan City government, it indicates that the wastewater management policy in Pekalongan City is unable to solve and resolve batik waste in Pekalongan City, where in the process the Pekalongan City government is looking for other solutions and not focusing on the target of achieving the construction of IPAL in Pekalongan City where in 2029 is the last target time in fulfilling the number of IPAL in Pekalongan City.

Organizational Resources
Organizational resources for program implementation.The available budget does not meet the needs in the implementation of activities due to the wide scope, the availability of technology needed to manage batik waste in affordable amounts, due to the high cost while small industries cannot afford to have such waste treatment technology so that it must be subsidized by the local government.Where currently Pekalongan City only has five communal IPAL points spread across Pekalongan City are as follows table 2. From the table above, we can see that the construction of the Pekalongan City WWTP is targeted based on Pekalongan City Regional Regulation Number 30 of 2011 concerning the Pekalongan City Regional Spatial Plan for 2009-2029, of the 12,420m3 / day to be built, the Pekalongan City government is currently only building a Communal IPAL with an overall capacity of 420m3 / day and when compared to the average amount of batik production waste in Pekalongan City today is approximately 5. 190m3/day, meaning that there is a difference of 4,770m3/day that has not been managed and is wasted directly into the environment, so based on this due to the limited budget owned by the Pekalongan City government, the Pekalongan City IPAL development policy is made.(Surayya, n.d, 2017.), without being accompanied by other alternative programs, so that the process of overcoming batik waste is only focused on building an IPAL which will consume a lot of budget in its construction, so that this has had an impact on environmental pollution in Pekalongan City, where the government as a public institution in realizing the policies it will establish must be based on the principles of effectiveness and efficiency, Because in public policy has the aim of the interests of many people in fulfilling their needs, if pubic policy is not carried out effectively and efficiently, it will interfere with the interests of many people, as is happening today in the city of Pekalongan, the disposal of batik waste is not controlled, which also disrupts the quality of the environment, because the construction of IPAL is still limited in accommodating batik waste and has not reached the target as set.(Tachjan et al., 2006).

Characteristics of Organizational Capability
Organizational characteristics and capabilities in implementation.The need for solid cooperation again and work hand in hand between the local government, environmental services, batik industry players and non-governmental groups in overcoming this waste because it affects the water needs of residents and damages the environmental ecosystem.Because the water has been polluted in tackling this problem, the government through the Regional Apparatus Organization under it, where since the rise of batik waste pollution in Pekalongan City has added new problems in the fulfillment of clean water, both during the rainy season and the dry season the Pekalongan City local government must provide massive availability of clean water to the community in a polluted environment, because even though during the rainy season there is a lot of water but it cannot be used by residents and even residents' wells have become colored as a result of Pekalongan City batik waste.(Rofiana, 2015).In overcoming this problem, the Pekalongan City government has indeed provided clean water facilities through a regionallyowned public company, PT Tirtayasa, but its fulfillment for the community is still constrained both in quantity and quality, so that Perumda Tirtayasa is demanded by the community with demonstrations, which can be seen as follows: Source: Local News in 2023 Figure 3

. Community demonstration demanding water supply to Perumda Pekalongan City
In this demonstration, the community demanded that Perumda Tirtayasa of Pekalongan City provide clean water both in quality and quantity, because in recent months residents have had difficulty getting clean water, where for consumption purposes residents have to buy gallon water, water coming from Perumda Tirtayasa the water is cloudy, smells and tastes salty and becomes a fear for Pekalongan City residents to consume it.From this incident, we can conclude that the polluted environment in Pekalongan City increases the burden on local governments in providing clean water services, of course in a large amount of capacity to meet the needs of the community and if batik waste pollution in Pekalongan City is well managed, it will add new sources of clean water from the environment which can reduce the burden on the government in meeting clean water needs.

CONCLUSION
Pekalongan City, which is the largest batik producing area in Indonesia, has its own problems, where the increasing amount of batik production causes higher waste disposal every day and the IPAL built is not enough to accommodate the amount of wastewater from the remaining production, due to the limited resources owned by the Pekalongan City government, because to build a IPAL requires a very large budget, so that with these conditions, the waste produced by the household industry, which is thousands in number, does not all get access to be able to dispose of their waste in the IPAL provided by the government and in the end the waste is discharged carelessly into the environment and rivers in Pekalongan City without being treated first, the implementation of the batik wastewater management policy in Pekalongan city has not been able to provide a significant solution in reducing batik wastewater that is discharged into the environment and rivers.
So based on these conditions, it is expected to review and evaluate policies in handling batik waste in Pekalongan City, because it has increased the burden on local governments to be able to provide the availability of clean water needs for the community, even though the government has presented Perumda Tirtayasa, which is a drinking water supply company for the people of Pekalongan City, in fact it still has various obstacles complained about by the community in quality and quantity, if the Pekalongan City environment is clean from waste, it can become a new source of clean water and residents do not depend on Perumda Tirtayasa alone.