Collaborative Governance in the Management of Transportation Modes in DKI Jakarta Province

The research emphasizes the pivotal role of effective communication and stakeholder engagement in the success of collaborative governance, achieved through regular dialogues and consultations among all parties. This inclusive approach promotes cooperation and a sense of ownership among stakeholders, enhancing strategy effectiveness. Transparency and accountability are identified as key components in building trust among stakeholders and the public, contributing to a responsive transportation management system. Despite challenges, collaborative governance yields integrated transportation planning, improved traffic management, and enhanced public transportation services, aligning with sustainability goals. However, the study highlights the need for stronger leadership, robust conflict resolution mechanisms, and adaptability to evolving urban transportation dynamics for future enhancements and policy development


INTRODUCTION
DKI Jakarta Province, as the capital of Indonesia, faces unique challenges in transportation management and urbanization.As the center of government and economic activities, Jakarta experiences complex urban issues, including urbanization, security, traffic congestion, and the management of special areas.This research focuses on the complex public transportation problems in urban areas, which are not only related to inadequate infrastructure but also influenced by socio-economic and cultural factors.Jakarta suffers acute stagnation due to traffic congestion, exacerbated by rapid development and the growth of new busy centers (Ngeoywijit et al., 2022;Siemiatycki, 2011;Wittman et al., 2016).This leads to an increased need for rapid transportation, but also brings various transportation issues.
Collaborative governance is defined as the collaboration between public and non-public sectors in governance, involving the formal decision-making of public policies, consensusoriented, and consultative processes (Ansell & Gash, 2008, 2018;Farazmand, 2012;Florini, 2018;Wan et al., 2022).Despite many development programs based on collaborative governance in Jakarta, the management of public transportation has not been maximized.This research observes various issues such as route arrangements not meeting market needs, low traffic discipline, and inadequate public transportation conditions.The high mobility of people and goods in Jakarta has not been matched by the availability of adequate, safe, and comfortable public transportation, leading to rapid growth in private vehicle usage.This research aims to explore the effectiveness of Collaborative Governance Management in organizing transportation modes in the DKI Jakarta Province.By examining the dense and complex transportation conditions, this study seeks to find an effective model to recommend improvements in Collaborative Governance Management.Through this approach, it is hoped to find an integrated solution in addressing congestion problems and improving transportation efficiency in Jakarta.

METHOD
This research employs a qualitative approach.This approach is chosen for its suitability in deeply and dynamically unveiling phenomena, particularly in social sciences contexts.The qualitative research paradigm is grounded in the constructivist approach, emphasizing the understanding of social or human problems through a holistic picture formed with words and detailed reports from informants in natural settings.This is opposed to the quantitative paradigm which relies on numerical measurements and statistical analysis (Creswell & Creswell, 2017).
For this study, the location of research is DKI Jakarta Province, the capital city of Indonesia, chosen due to its strategic importance in national governance and economic activities, as well as its complex urban and transportation challenges.Informants for the study will be stakeholders involved in the city's transportation management, including government officials, transportation experts, and community representatives.
Data collection techniques will include in-depth interviews, observations, and document analysis.Interviews will provide rich, qualitative insights into the perceptions and experiences of various stakeholders, while observation will help understand the actual practices and challenges in the field.Document analysis will aid in understanding the formal policies and historical context of transportation governance in Jakarta.
The data analysis will follow a qualitative approach, focusing on interpreting and understanding the data in relation to the study's objectives.This involves an iterative process of data reduction and synthesis, ensuring that the findings are coherent, credible, and trustworthy.The research aims to explore various aspects of Collaborative Governance in transportation management, including the initial conditions, the process of collaboration, the leadership dynamics, and the organizational design.
The qualitative data will be validated through triangulation, comparing information from different sources, methods, and theoretical perspectives to ensure reliability and validity.The ultimate goal of this research is to provide effective models and recommendations for improving Collaborative Governance in the management of transportation modes in DKI Jakarta Province.

Result
The involvement of various stakeholders, encompassing government bodies, private sector entities, and community groups, has brought diverse perspectives and expertise to the forefront of transportation management in Jakarta.One of the study's key revelations was the crucial role of effective communication and stakeholder engagement in driving the success of collaborative governance.This aspect was particularly evident in the regular dialogues and consultations among all parties, which ensured that each stakeholder's unique perspective and expertise were integral to the decision-making processes.This inclusive approach not only fostered a more cooperative environment but also promoted a sense of ownership among the stakeholders, thereby enhancing the effectiveness of the implemented strategies.
The importance of transparency and accountability was another significant finding, serving as a cornerstone in building and maintaining trust among stakeholders and with the public.This transparency was seen as vital in creating a more accountable and responsive transportation management system, ensuring that the policies and initiatives reflect the collective needs and aspirations of Jakarta's diverse population.
Despite facing challenges such as differing interests and occasional conflicts among stakeholders, the study observed several positive outcomes from implementing collaborative governance in Jakarta's transportation sector.Notable among these were more integrated and efficient transportation planning, improved traffic management, and enhanced public transportation services.This approach has facilitated the development of sustainable transportation solutions, which align with both environmental and societal goals, thus reflecting a more holistic view of urban development.
However, the research also pinpointed areas needing improvement, such as the requirement for stronger leadership to effectively navigate the complex dynamics of various stakeholder groups.It emphasized the need for more robust conflict resolution mechanisms to address disputes and misunderstandings that may arise in such a diverse collaborative environment.Additionally, the necessity for continuous adaptation to the rapidly evolving urban transportation landscape was highlighted, suggesting a need for ongoing reassessment and flexibility in strategies and policies.

Discussion
The concept of Collaborative Governance in the management of transportation modes represents a transformative approach in urban planning and public policy, particularly in densely populated urban areas like Jakarta.This approach, as emphasized by (Akhrif et al., 2020;El Mhouti & Erradi, 2018), involves the participation of multiple stakeholders in decision-making processes, which is crucial in addressing complex urban challenges.In the context of Jakarta's transportation management, the inclusion of government bodies, private sector entities, and community groups has been pivotal in fostering a more holistic and inclusive approach to transportation planning and implementation.
Effective communication and stakeholder engagement are central to the success of collaborative governance, as highlighted in the research by Chhotray & Stoker (2009).Regular dialogues and consultations among all parties ensure that each stakeholder's perspective is considered, leading to more comprehensive solutions.This aligns with Purdy (2012) argument that collaborative governance can lead to more innovative and effective public policies due to the diverse inputs from various stakeholders.
However, the challenge of managing differing interests and resolving conflicts among stakeholders remains significant, as noted by Ansell & Gash (2018).Despite these challenges, the collaborative approach has led to notable improvements in Jakarta's transportation system, including more integrated transportation planning and improved traffic management, as observed by Guo et al.,(2023).This improved coordination has also been critical in enhancing public transportation services, a key aspect of urban sustainability and environmental responsibility.
The study also identifies the need for strong leadership to navigate the complex dynamics among stakeholders, resonating with the views of Schweitzer (2014) on the importance of leadership in collaborative settings.Furthermore, robust mechanisms for conflict resolution and continuous adaptation are necessary to respond to the evolving urban transportation landscape, as suggested by Luo et al., (2018).

Limitation and future reasearch
One primary limitation is the potential variability in stakeholder engagement.Despite efforts to include a diverse range of participants, the depth and quality of engagement from different stakeholder groups might vary, potentially impacting the comprehensiveness of the findings.Moreover, the study primarily focuses on the urban context of Jakarta, which may limit its generalizability to other regions with different socio-economic and cultural dynamics.
Another limitation is the reliance on qualitative methods, which, while providing in-depth insights, may lack the statistical robustness of quantitative approaches.The subjective nature of qualitative data might also introduce biases in interpretation and analysis.Additionally, the rapidly changing urban landscape of Jakarta means that the study's findings might require regular updates to remain relevant, as new transportation challenges and governance models emerge.
Future research should aim to address these limitations by possibly incorporating a mixed-methods approach, combining qualitative depth with quantitative rigor.Expanding the study to include comparisons with other cities, both within Indonesia and globally, could provide a more varied understanding of collaborative governance in different urban settings.Additionally, longitudinal studies would be beneficial to assess the long-term impact and sustainability of collaborative governance models in urban transportation.Investigating the role of technology and innovation in enhancing collaborative governance could also be a valuable avenue for future research, given the rapid advancements in transportation technologies and smart city initiatives.

CONCLUSION
The study on Collaborative Governance in the Management of Transportation Modes in Jakarta has underscored the significant benefits of involving a diverse array of stakeholders, including government bodies, private sector entities, and community groups, in transportation management.It highlighted the crucial role of effective communication and stakeholder engagement in ensuring the success of collaborative governance.Regular dialogues and consultations among all parties have been key in integrating diverse perspectives and expertise into the decision-making process.This inclusive approach not only fostered cooperation but also instilled a sense of ownership among stakeholders, thus enhancing the effectiveness of the strategies implemented.The study also emphasized the importance of transparency and accountability in building trust among stakeholders and the public, contributing to a more accountable and responsive transportation management system.Despite challenges such as conflicting interests and occasional disputes, the collaborative governance approach has led to more integrated and efficient transportation planning, improved traffic management, and enhanced public transportation services in Jakarta, aligning with environmental and societal goals for sustainable urban development.However, the research identified the need for stronger leadership, robust conflict resolution mechanisms, and ongoing adaptation to the dynamic urban transportation landscape, indicating areas for future improvement and policy development.