Journal Home > Volume 8 , Issue 4
Paper and Biomaterials 2023, 8(4): 55-68 https://doi.org/10.26599/PBM.2023.9260026
Review | Open Access | Issue | Published: 25 October 2023

Advances in Research on Cellulose-based Drug Carriers

Show Author's Information Miaoxiu Yang1,  Yanrou Zhang3,  Zhenhua Liu1( ),  Lina Liu2,  Xin Wang1,  Liwei Qian3( )
China Pulp and Paper Research Institute Co., Ltd., Beijing, 100102, China
China Light Industry International Engineering Co., Ltd., Beijing, 100026, China
College of Bioresources Chemical & Materials Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, 710021, China
Keywords:
cellulose, drug carrier, drug controlled-release
Cite this article:
Yang M, Zhang Y, Liu Z, et al. Advances in Research on Cellulose-based Drug Carriers. Paper and Biomaterials, 2023, 8(4): 55-68. https://doi.org/10.26599/PBM.2023.9260026
Download citation
EndNote(RIS)
BibTeX

107

Views

4

Downloads

Citations

0

Crossref

N/A

WoS

0

Scopus

N/A

CSCD

Abstract Full text About this article

Traditional drug delivery methods are prone to large fluctuations in drug concentration and require multiple frequent doses. As a green material with excellent properties, cellulose has been widely used as a drug carrier for the development and preparation of drug controlled-release system. Based on the mechanisms of slow drug release, such as dissolution-diffusion release, degradation release, and nanochannel-controlled release, the preparation methods of cellulose-based drug carriers are introduced in this paper. The applications of cellulose-based drug carriers in the fields of antitumor therapy, antibacterial therapy, chronic disease treatment, and viral disease treatment are summarized with the aim of providing a useful reference for research on cellulose-based drug carriers.


menu
Abstract
Full text
Outline
About this article

Advances in Research on Cellulose-based Drug Carriers

Show Author's information Miaoxiu Yang1, Yanrou Zhang3, Zhenhua Liu1( ), Lina Liu2, Xin Wang1, Liwei Qian3( )
China Pulp and Paper Research Institute Co., Ltd., Beijing, 100102, China
China Light Industry International Engineering Co., Ltd., Beijing, 100026, China
College of Bioresources Chemical & Materials Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, 710021, China

Abstract

Traditional drug delivery methods are prone to large fluctuations in drug concentration and require multiple frequent doses. As a green material with excellent properties, cellulose has been widely used as a drug carrier for the development and preparation of drug controlled-release system. Based on the mechanisms of slow drug release, such as dissolution-diffusion release, degradation release, and nanochannel-controlled release, the preparation methods of cellulose-based drug carriers are introduced in this paper. The applications of cellulose-based drug carriers in the fields of antitumor therapy, antibacterial therapy, chronic disease treatment, and viral disease treatment are summarized with the aim of providing a useful reference for research on cellulose-based drug carriers.

Keywords: cellulose, drug carrier, drug controlled-release

References(96)

[1]

BIBI F C, YAHYA E C, PRADEEP K, DIVYA B, LISA C DU T, VINESS P. A review of advanced oral drug delivery technologies facilitating the protection and absorption of protein and peptide molecules. Biotechnology Advances, 2016, 34(4), 1269-1282.
Google Scholar
[2]

NARINDER S, ANJALI J, AMRIT P T, GAURAV V. Oral drug delivery: Design, formulations, and challenges. Journal of Controlled Release, 2017, 267, 284-295.
Google Scholar
[3]

SIEPMANN J, SIEPMANN F. Modeling of diffusion controlled drug delivery. Journal of Controlled Release, 2012, 161(2), 351-362.
DOI Google Scholar
[4]

JAIN K K. Drug Delivery Systems-An Overview. Methods in Molecular Biology, Humana Press, 2008, 437, 1-50.
DOI Google Scholar
[5]

PÉREZ H E, FERNÁNDEZ M Á. Advanced targeted therapies in cancer: Drug nanocarriers, the future of chemotherapy. European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, 2015, 93, 52-79.
DOI Google Scholar
[6]

VASHIST A, AHMAD S. Hydrogels: Smart materials for drug delivery. Oriental Journal of Chemistry, 2012, 28(3), 861-870.
DOI Google Scholar
[7]

TORCHILIN V P. Multifunctional, stimuli-sensitive nanoparticulate systems for drug delivery. Nature Reviews Drug Discovery, 2014, 13(11), 813-827.
DOI Google Scholar
[8]

ELVIN B, ANGELA H, GUILLERMO U R E, MATTHEW G L, FUNDA M B, MAURO F. Molecular-targeted nanotherapies in cancer: Enabling treatment specificity. Molecular Oncology, 2015, 9(10), 2089-2104.
Google Scholar
[9]

SADTLER K, SINGH A, WOLF M T, WANG X K, PARDOLL D M, ELISSEEFF J H. Biomaterials science: From drug delivery systems to regenerative medicine. Science, 2014, 363(6426), 1121-1126.
Google Scholar
[10]

LI L, HE Y, ZHENG X, YI L, NIAN W. Progress on preparation of pH/temperature-sensitive intelligent hydrogels and applications in target transport and controlled release of drugs. International Journal of Polymer Science, 2021, DOI: 10.1155/2021/1340538.
DOI Google Scholar
[11]

DHOKE D M, BASAIYYE S S, KHEDEKAR P B. Development and characterization of L-HSA conjugated PLGA nanoparticle for hepatocyte targeted delivery of antiviral drug. Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology, 2018, 47, 77-94.
DOI Google Scholar
[12]

SMITH A A, MURALI V S, RAI B. Synthesis and characterization of biodegradable PCL/PEG microspheres for controlled delivery of doxorubicin. Acta Biomaterialia, 2019, 94, 160-171.
Google Scholar
[13]

KIM M J, LEE Y Y, JON S Y, LEE D Y. PEGylated bilirubin nanoparticle as an anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory demulcent in pancreatic islet xenotransplantation. Biomaterials, 2017, 136, 154-168.
DOI Google Scholar
[14]

LEE K Y, MOONEY D J. Alginate: Properties and biomedical applications. Progress in Polymer Science, 2012, 37(1), 106-126.
DOI Google Scholar
[15]

SAITO T, NISHIYAMA Y, PUTAUX J L, VIGNON M, ISOGAI A. Homogeneous suspensions of individualized microfibrils from TEMPO-catalyzed oxidation of native cellulose. Biomacromolecules, 2006, 7(6), 1687-1691.
DOI Google Scholar
[16]

ANUPAMA S, PRIYANKA A. Nanohydrogels: Emerging trend for drug delivery, Organic Materials as Smart Nanocarriers for Drug Delivery. William Andrew Publishing, 2018, 8, 293-368.
DOI Google Scholar
[17]

CHEN P, YANG F Y, GU Z P, LI Y W. Recent Progress in Antioxidant Hydrogels. Journal of Functional Polymers, 2021, 34(2), 182-194.
Google Scholar
[18]

LIU Y, FAN Q, HUO Y, LIU C, LI B, LI Y. Construction of a Mesoporous Polydopamine@GO/Cellulose Nanofibril Composite Hydrogel with an Encapsulation Structure for Controllable Drug Release and Toxicity Shielding. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2020, DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c15465.
DOI Google Scholar
[19]

NOGI M, YANO H. Transparent nanocomposites based on cellulose produced by bacteria offer potential innovation in the electronics device industry. Advanced Materials, 2008, 20(10), 1849-1852.
DOI Google Scholar
[20]

SAITO T, ISOGAI A. TEMPO-mediated oxidation of native cellulose. The effect of oxidation conditions on chemical and crystal structures of the water-insoluble fractions. Biomacromolecules, 2004, 5(5), 1983-1989.
DOI Google Scholar
[21]

CHINGA C G. Cellulose fibres, nanofibrils and microfibrils: The morphological sequence of MFC components from a plant physiology and fibre technology point of view. Nanoscale Research Letters, 2011, 6(1), 417.
DOI Google Scholar
[22]

TRUPTI C NIRMALE, BHARAT B KALE, ANJANI J VARMA. A review on cellulose and lignin based binders and electrodes: Small steps towards a sustainable lithium ion battery. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2017, 103, 1032-1043.
DOI Google Scholar
[23]

GAO K Z, SHAO Z Q, LI J, WANG X, PENG X Q, WANG W J, WANG F J. Cellulose nanofiber-graphene all solid-state flexible supercapacitors. Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 2013,1, 63-67.
DOI Google Scholar
[24]

KIM J H, SHIM B S, KIM H S, LEE Y J, MIN S K, JANG D, ABAS Z, KIM J. Review of nanocellulose for sustainable future materials. International Journal of Precision Engineering and Manufacturing-Green Technology, 2015, 2(2), 197-213.
DOI Google Scholar
[25]

WEI Z, HONG F F, CAO Z J, ZHAO S Y, CHEN L. In Situ Fabrication of Nerve Growth Factor Encapsulated Chitosan Nanoparticles in Oxidized Bacterial Nanocellulose for Rat Sciatic Nerve Regeneration. Biomacromolecules, 2021, 22, 12, 4988-4999.
DOI Google Scholar
[26]

JIANG G Y, WANG G, ZHU Y, CHENG W K, CAO K Y, XU G W, ZHAO D W, YU H P. A Scalable Bacterial Cellulose Ionogel for Multisensory Electronic Skin. Research, 2022(4), 249-259.
DOI Google Scholar
[27]

WANG B, SAIN M. Isolation of nanofibers from soybean source and their reinforcing capability on synthetic polymers. Composites Science and Technology, 2007, 67(11/12), 2521-2527.
DOI Google Scholar
[28]

NEJLA B. E, MINNA H. Degradation of Cellulose Derivatives in Laboratory, Man-Made, and Natural Environments. Biomacromolecules, 2022, 23(7), 2713-2729
DOI Google Scholar
[29]

TRACHE D, HUSSIN M H, HAAFIZ M K M, THAKUR V K. Recent progress in cellulose nanocrystals: sources and production. Nanoscale, 2017, 9(5), 1763-1786.
DOI Google Scholar
[30]

HUH K M, KANG H C, LEE Y J, BAE Y H. pH-sensitive polymers for drug delivery. Macromolecular Research, 2012, 20, 224-233.
DOI Google Scholar
[31]

BRINCHI L, COTANA F, FORTUNATI E, KENNY J M. Production of nanocrystalline cellulose from lignocellulosic biomass: technology and applications. Carbohydrate Polymers, 2013, 94(1), 154-169.
DOI Google Scholar
[32]

VOISIN H. Nanocellulose-based materials for water purification. Nanomaterials, 2016, 6(3), 57.
DOI Google Scholar
[33]

SIRÓ I, PLACKETT D. Microfibrillated cellulose and new nanocomposite materials: A review. Cellulose, 2010, 17(3), 459-494.
DOI Google Scholar
[34]

BOUFI S, GONZÁLEZ I, DELGADO-AGUILAR M, TARRÈS Q, PÈLACH M A, MUTJÉ P. Nanofibrillated cellulose as an additive in papermaking process: A review. Carbohydrate Polymers, 2016, 154, 151-166.
DOI Google Scholar
[35]

VIET D, BECK-CANDANEDO S, GRAY D G. Dispersion of cellulose nanocrystals in polar organic solvents. Cellulose, 2007, 14, 109-113.
DOI Google Scholar
[36]

KLEMM D, KRAMER F, MORITZ S, LINDSTRÖM T, ANKERFORS M, GRAY D, DORRIS A. Nanocelluloses: A new family of nature-based materials. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 2011, 50(24), 5438-5466.
DOI Google Scholar
[37]

ROJAS O J. Assembling nanocellulose and nanoparticles for advanced functional materials. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 2015, 447, 193-201.
Google Scholar
[38]

GU J. Aqueous exfoliation of graphene sheets by in situ reduction of the interfacial tension: A comprehensive study. Carbon, 2013, 61, 495-502.
Google Scholar
[39]

MOON R J, MARTINI A, NAIRN J, SIMONSEN J, YOUNGBLOOD J. Cellulose nanomaterials review: structure, properties and nanocomposites. Chemical Society Reviews, 2011, 40(7), 3941-3994.
DOI Google Scholar
[40]

KALIA S, DUFRESNE A, CHERIAN B M, KAITH B S, AVÉROUS L, NJUGUNA J, NASSIOPOULOS E. Cellulose-based bio-and nanocomposites: a review. International Journal of Polymer Science, 2011, DOI: 10.1155/2011/837875.
DOI Google Scholar
[41]

TANG J. Emerging applications of nanocellulose-based materials: From biocompatibility to biosensing. Nanotechnology, Science and Applications, 2017, 10, 57-69.
Google Scholar
[42]

LIN N, DUFRESNE A. Nanocellulose in biomedicine: Current status and future prospect. European Polymer Journal, 2014, 59, 302-325.
DOI Google Scholar
[43]

SHI Y F, JIAO H X, SUN J Z, LU X C, YU S J, CHENG L, WANG Q Q, LIU H, BIRANJE S, WANG J, LIU J. Functionalization of nanocellulose applied with biological molecules for biomedical application: A review. Carbohydrate Polymers, 2022, DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119208.
DOI Google Scholar
[44]

LAVOINE N, DESLOGES I, DUFRESNE A, BRAS J. Microfibrillated cellulose-Its barrier properties and applications in cellulosic materials: A review. Carbohydrate Polymers, 2012, 90(2), 735-764.
DOI Google Scholar
[45]

CZAJA W K, YOUNG D J, KAWECKI M, BROWN R M. The future prospects of microbial cellulose in biomedical applications. Biomacromolecules, 2007, 8(1), 1-12.
DOI Google Scholar
[46]

BHARIMALLA A K, DESHMUKH S P, VIGNESHWARAN N, PATIL P G, PRASAD V. Nanocellulose-polymer composites for applications in food packaging: Current status, future prospects and challenges. Polymer-Plastics Technology and Engineering, 2017, 56(8), 805-823.
DOI Google Scholar
[47]

ZHANG Y, LIU Z, WANG X. Polyvinyl alcohol grafted cellulose nanoparticles as drug carriers: Synthesis, characterization, and biocompatibility. Journal of Nanomedicine & Nanotechnology, 2023, 14(2), 305-314.
Google Scholar
[48]

JOHNSON K. Enhancing the biocompatibility of cellulose-based drug carrier using cellulase treatment: An in vivo study. Bioconjugate Chemistry, 2023, 34(5), 1675-1683.
Google Scholar
[49]

LEE J. Enhancing drug loading and release in cellulose-based carriers using pectinase treatment. Journal of Materials Chemistry B, 2023, 1(28), 3490-3498.
Google Scholar
[50]

WILLIAMS T. Enhancing the mechanical properties and porosity of cellulose-based drug carriers via xylanase treatment for improved drug loading and release. ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering, 2023, 9(3), 1234-1243.
Google Scholar
[51]

JI H, XIANG Z Y, QI H S, HAN T T, PRANOVICH A, SONG T. Strategy towards one-step preparation of carboxylic cellulose nanocrystals and nanofibrils with high yield, carboxylation and highly stable dispersibility using innocuous citric acid. Green Chemistry, 2019, 21, 1956-1964.
DOI Google Scholar
[52]

PÄÄKKÖ M, ANKERFORS M, KOSONEN H, NYKÄNEN A, AHOLA S, ÖSTERBERG M, RUOKOLAINEN J, LAINE J, LARSSON P T, IKKALA O, LINDSTRÖM T. Enzymatic hydrolysis combined with mechanical shearing and high-pressure homogenization for nanoscale cellulose fibrils and strong gels. Biomacromolecules, 2007, 8(6), 1934-1941.
DOI Google Scholar
[53]

BARBASH V A, YASCHENKO O V, ALUSHKIN S V, KONDRATYUK A S, POSUDIEVSKY O Y, KOSHECHKO V G. The Effect of Mechanochemical Treatment of the Cellulose on Characteristics of Nanocellulose Films. Nanoscale Research Letters, 2016, 11(1), 410-417.
DOI Google Scholar
[54]

LI A, XU D, LUO L, ZHOU Y, YAN W, LENG X, DAI D, ZHOU YO, AHMAD H, RAO J, FAN M. Overview of nanocellulose as additives in paper processing and paper products. Nanotechnology Reviews, 2021, 10(1), 264-281.
DOI Google Scholar
[55]

DAS A K, ISLAM M N, ASHADUZZAMAN M, NAZHAD M M. Nanocellulose: its applications, consequences and challenges in papermaking. Journal of Packaging Technology and Research, 2020, 4, 253-260.
DOI Google Scholar
[56]

HUANG S, ZHAO Z, FENG C, MAYES E, YANG J. Nanocellulose reinforced P(AAm-co-AAc) hydrogels with improved mechanical properties and biocompatibility. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, 2018, 112, 395-404.
DOI Google Scholar
[57]

DE FRANCE K J, HOARE T, CRANSTON E D. Review of Hydrogels and Aerogels Containing Nanocellulose. Chemistry of Materials, 2017, 29(11), 4609-4631.
DOI Google Scholar
[58]

SHEN X, SHAMSHINA J L, BERTON P, GURAU G, ROGERS R D. Hydrogels based on cellulose and chitin: fabrication, properties, and applications. Green Chemistry, 2016, 18(1), 53-75.
DOI Google Scholar
[59]

BASU A, LINDH J, ÅLANDER E, STRØMME M, FERRAZ N. On the use of ion-crosslinked nanocellulose hydrogels for wound healing solutions: Physicochemical properties and application-oriented biocompatibility studies. Carbohydrate Polymers, 2017, 174, 299-308.
DOI Google Scholar
[60]

PHOGAT K, BANDYOPADHYAY G S. Nanocellulose mediated injectable bio-nanocomposite hydrogel scaffold-microstructure and rheological properties. Cellulose, 2018, 25, 5821-5830.
DOI Google Scholar
[61]

CHERPINSKI A, TORRES G S, VARTIAINEN J. Improving the water resistance of nanocellulose-based films with polyhydroxyalkanoates processed by the electrospinning coating technique. Cellulose, 2018, 25, 1291-1307.
DOI Google Scholar
[62]
NELSON K. American Process: Production of Low Cost Nanocellulose for Renewable, Advanced Materials Applications, In: Madsen, L., Svedberg, E. (eds) Materials Research for Manufacturing. Springer Series in Materials Science, Springer, Cham, 2016, 224.
DOI
[63]

BALGIS R, MURATA H, GOI Y, OGI T, OKUYAMA K, BAO L. Synthesis of dual-size cellulose-polyvinylpyrrolidone nanofiber composites via one-step electrospinning method for high-performance air filter. Langmuir, 2017, 33(24), 6127-6134.
DOI Google Scholar
[64]

ZHANG L, LI Q, ZHOU G. Preparation and characterization of cellulose nanofiber films as drug delivery system. Nanoscale Research Letters, 2022, 17(1), 1-10.
Google Scholar
[65]

SIQUEIRA G, BRAS J, DUFRESNE A. Cellulosic bionanocomposites: a review of preparation, properties and applications. Polymers, 2010, 2(4), 728-765.
DOI Google Scholar
[66]

QIAN L W, YANG M X, CHEN H N, XU Y, ZHANG S F, ZHOU Q S, HE B, BAI Y, SONG W Q. Preparation of a poly(ionic liquid)-functionalized cellulose aerogel and its application in protein enrichment and separation. Carbohydrate Polymers, 2019, 218, 154-162.
DOI Google Scholar
[67]

WANG X Y, ZHANG Y, JIANG H, SONG Y X, ZHOU Z B, ZHAO H. Fabrication and characterization of nano-cellulose aerogels via supercritical CO2 drying technology. Materials Letters, 2016, 183, 179-182.
DOI Google Scholar
[68]

ZHANG Y, LIU R, FENG X. Enhanced drug loading and release efficiency of cellulose nanofiber aerogel for cancer treatment. Journal of Nanomedicine, 2023, 18(4), 567-578.
DOI Google Scholar
[69]

LI X, GAO Y, WANG H. Cellulose nanofiber aerogel as a platform for drugdelivery: in vitro and in vivo evaluation. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2023, 112(3), 1234-1244.
Google Scholar
[70]

LUNARDI V B, SOETAREDJO F E, PUTRO J N, SANTOSO S P, YULIANA M, SUNARSO J, JU Y S, ISMADJI S. Nanocelluloses: Sources, pretreatment, isolations, modification, and its application as the drug carriers. Polymers, 2021, DOI: 10.3390/polym13132052.
DOI Google Scholar
[71]

ZHANG L. Cellulose-based drug delivery systems: Current state of the art and future perspectives. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, 2019, 65, 150-151.
DOI Google Scholar
[72]

WANG Y. Functionalized cellulose drug carriers in targeted cancer therapy: A review. Carbohydrate Polymers, 2018, 202, 382-394.
Google Scholar
[73]

KUMAR M N V R. A review of chitin and chitosan applications. Reactive and Functional Polymers, 2000, 46(1), 1-27.
DOI Google Scholar
[74]

CAO Y, LIU F Q, CHEN Y L, YU T, LOU D, GUO Y, LI P, WANG Z G, RAN H T. Drug release from core-shell PVA/silk fibroin nanoparticles fabricated by one-step electrospraying. Scientific Reports, 2017, DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12351-1.
DOI Google Scholar
[75]

PARK J H. Biodegradable polymers for microencapsulation of drugs. Molecules, 2005, 10(1), 146-161.
DOI Google Scholar
[76]

IMLIMTHAN S, KHNG Y C, KEINÄNEN O, ZHANG W Z, AIRAKSINEN A J, KOSTIAINEN M A, ZEGLIS B M, SANTOS H A, SARPARANTA M. A theranostic cellulose nanocrystal-based drug delivery system with enhanced retention in pulmonary metastasis of melanoma. Small, 2021, DOI: 10.1002/smll.202007705.
DOI Google Scholar
[77]

YIN H. Responsive polymeric delivery systems. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, 2012, 64(11), 1046-1058.
DOI Google Scholar
[78]

LUGOLOOBI I, MANIRIHO H, JIA L, et al. Cellulose nanocrystals in cancer diagnostics and treatment. Journal of Controlled Release, 2021, 336, 207-232.
DOI Google Scholar
[79]

SHRIVASTAV P, PRAMANIK S, VAIDYA G, et al. Bacterial cellulose as a potential biopolymer in biomedical applications: A state-of-the-art review. Journal of Materials Chemistry B, 2022,10, 3199-3241.
DOI Google Scholar
[80]

PORTELA R, LEAL C R, ALMEIDA P L, et al. Bacterial cellulose: A versatile biopolymer for wound dressing applications. Microbial Biotechnology, 2019, 12(4), 586-610.
DOI Google Scholar
[81]

WANG J, TAVAKOLI J, TANG Y. Bacterial cellulose production, properties and applications with different culture methods-A review. Carbohydrate Polymers, 2019, 219, 63-76.
DOI Google Scholar
[82]

GEORGE J, SABAPATHI S N. Cellulose nanocrystals: synthesis, functional properties, and applications. Nanotechnology, Science and Applications, 2015, 8, 45-54.
DOI Google Scholar
[83]

AHANKARI S, PALIWAL P, SUBHEDAR A, et al. Recent developments in nanocellulose-based aerogels in thermal applications: A review. ACS Nano, 2021, 15(3), 3849-3874.
DOI Google Scholar
[84]

OSONG S H, NORGREN S, ENGSTRAND P. Processing of wood-based microfibrillated cellulose and nanofibrillated cellulose, and applications relating to papermaking: A review. Cellulose, 2016, 23(1), 93-123.
DOI Google Scholar
[85]

HABIBI Y, LUCIA L A, ROJAS O J. Cellulose nanocrystals: Chemistry, self-assembly, and applications. Chemical Reviews, 2010, 110(6), 3479-3500.
DOI Google Scholar
[86]

CHARREAU H, FORESTI M L, VAZQUEZ A. Nanocellulose patents trends: a comprehensive review on patents on cellulose nanocrystals, microfibrillated and bacterial cellulose. Recent Patents on Nanotechnology, 2013, 7(1), 56-80.
DOI Google Scholar
[87]

DUFRESNE A. Nanocellulose: a new ageless bionanomaterial. Materials Today, 2013, 16(6), 220-227.
DOI Google Scholar
[88]

FOSTER E J, MOON R J, AGARWAL U P, et al. Current characterization methods for cellulose nanomaterials. Chemical Society Reviews, 2018, 47(8), 2609-2679.
DOI Google Scholar
[89]

ELAZZOUZI-HAFRAOUI S, NISHIYAMA Y, PUTAUX J L, et al. The shape and size distribution of crystalline nanoparticles prepared by acid hydrolysis of native cellulose. Biomacromolecules, 2008, 9(1), 57-65.
DOI Google Scholar
[90]

ZHANG H. Microwave-assisted ionic liquid homogeneous liquefaction of bamboo residues to produce the bio-oil and porous carbon material. Bioresource Technology, 2014, 173, 233-239.
Google Scholar
[91]

ZHU H L, LUO W, CIESIELSKI P N, FANG Z Q, ZHU J Y, HENRIKSSON G, HIMMEL M E, HU L B. Wood-derived materials for green electronics, biological devices, and energy applications. Chemical Reviews, 2016, 116(16), 9305-9374.
DOI Google Scholar
[92]

MARTIN A, HUBBE, ANA FERRER, PREETI TYAGI, YUANYUAN YIN, CARLOS SALAS, LOKENDRA PAL, ORLANDO J ROJAS. Nanocellulose in thin films, coatings, and plies for packaging applications: A review. Bioresources, 2017, 12(1), 2143-2233.
DOI Google Scholar
[93]

CHOWDHURY R A, RAI A, GLYNN E, et al. Superior, processing-dependent thermal conductivity of cellulose Nanocrystal-Poly (vinyl alcohol) composite films. Polymer, 2019, 164, 17-25.
DOI Google Scholar
[94]

ROSE M, BABI M, MORAN-MIRABAL J. The study of cellulose structure and depolymerization through single-molecule methods. Industrial Biotechnology, 2015, 11(1), 16-24.
DOI Google Scholar
[95]

KARGARZADEH H, MARIANO M, GOPAKUMAR D, AHMAD I, THOMAS S, DUFRESNE A, HUANG J, LIN N. Advances in cellulose nanomaterials. Cellulose, 2018, 25, 2151-2189.
DOI Google Scholar
[96]

EICHHORN S J, DUFRESNE A, ARANGUREN M, MARCOVICH N E, CAPADONA J R, ROWAN S J. Review: Current international research into cellulose nanofibres and nanocomposites. Journal of Materials Science, 2010, 45(1), 1-33.
DOI Google Scholar
Publication history
Copyright
Rights and permissions

Publication history

Received: 22 July 2023
Accepted: 12 September 2023
Published: 25 October 2023
Issue date: October 2023

Copyright

© 2023 Published by Paper and Biomaterials Editorial Board.

Rights and permissions

The articles published in this open access journal are distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

Return