Advanced Footstep Power Generation using RFID for Charging

: Day by day, the population of the country is increasing and the requirement of the power is also increasing in many ways. So, reforming this energy back to usable form is the major solution for future needs. In this Footstep power generation project, power is generated by human’s footsteps, so as to charge the battery by storing the power generated with the help of piezo sensors. The power stored in the battery, used to charge the mobile phones using RFID card. This system is powered by Atmega 328 microcontroller, it consists of Arduino IDE, RFID Sensor, USB Cable and LCD. When power is on in the system, the system enters into the registration mode. Three users can registered. Once all the users entered in the system, then the system asks to swipe the card and connect the charger. Initially all the user is given 5 minutes of charging time as default. When card is swiped and the user is authorized, the system turns on for charging the Mobile phone within a given time period.


INTRODUCTION
The demand of electricity are increasing day by day and its use has become so advanced and applicable in the present lifeline of a human being. The arising value of new technology each day demands more power of electricity as the population of human beings is increasing day by day and hence the energy demand is increasing rapidly. Advanced Footstep Power Generation using RFID for Charging is a new advanced system, in which new technology i.e. RFID technology is used. Due to this technology system provides charging to the Mobile Phone within a provided time period. Hence, the system innovated here does not consume more time. In this system, piezo sensors were used to store the waste energy by our footsteps, due to which power shortages were reduced and hence, the system develops much cleaner cost effective way of power generation method using RFID, which helps to bring down global warming. Microcontroller based footstep power generation is used to generate voltage using footstep force. The proposed system works as a medium to generate power using force. This project is very useful in public places like bus stands, theaters, railway stations, shopping malls, etc. So, these systems are placed in public places where people walk and they have to travel on this system to get through the entrance or exits. Designed to concentrate on energy that is generated by people's footsteps. Mechanical frame depends on the principle by which electricity is generated. Here, electricity generates through human footsteps by pressing piezoelectric sensors. Electricity Generated Module Electricity generating module may be thermo-couple, Piezo-electric module, electromagnetic generator or thermal electricity generator. This generators convert different forms of energy into electrical energy. Here, piezoelectric sensors were used to convert the mechanical energy into electrical energy.

Battery Storage
Power that is generated from footsteps is generating in real-time and this power is no eventual in magnitude. Therefore, it is necessary to store power generation for future usage. For this purpose, battery backup system is used.

Control Circuits
This circuits is used to control and regulate power generation and backup it to a battery. Some indicators are displayed for the status of working system.
The scope of this system is very wide in future. By implementing this system, waste energy is utilized with the help of human footsteps and by converting this waste energy into electrical energy, charging of Mobile Phone is done within a limited time period i.e. allocated in Arduino Uno. For simulation purpose, system uses Arduino IDE.

A. Necessity of the System
Power generation will be depend on thermal and wind energy. So everyone depend on this power sources only. This system is used to develop much cleaner cost effective way of power generation method using RFID, which in turn helps to bring down the global warming as well as the power shortages. This system is used to generate power from renewable energy sources; system makes use of piezo. The system monitors the parameters coming from the piezo sensors, energy from piezo sensor values displayed on the LCD. The energy from the piezo sensors is used to charge the mobile. To charge the mobile phone battery with the help of USB point, system uses RFID Technology.

II. LITERATURE REVIEW A. Historical Survey
The fundamental principles of electricity generation were discovered in the 1820's and early 1830's by British scientist "Michael Faraday". His method, still used today, for electricity to be generated by the movement of loop of wire, or Faraday disc, between the poles of the magnet. Joydev Ghosh, Supratim Sen, Amit Saha and Samir Basak from IEEE paper has initiated the design methodology of "Electrical power generation using foot step for urban area energy applications". This system is proposed to innovate idea of storing waste energy by using footsteps to reduce pollution in a polluted countries. [1] Piezoelectricity was discovered in 1880 by "Pierre and Paul-Jacques Curie", who found that when they compressed certain types of crystals including quartz, tourmaline, and Rochelle salt, along certain axes, a voltage was produced on the surface of the crystal. This effect is known as piezoelectric effect. By using piezoelectric sensors, which uses piezoelectric effect for working purpose, another system is proposed known as "Footstep Power Generation using Piezoelectric Sensors". In this system, energy is generated by using piezoelectric sensors. By pressing this sensors, using human footsteps, energy is stored in the battery for further process. Due to this project size and cost is reduced and system become less complicated. [2] In our proposed system "Advanced Footstep Power Generation using RFID for Charging", RFID technology is used. RFID was, officially invented in 1983 by Charles Walton when he filed the first patent with the word 'RFID'. By using this RFID technology in our project, the power is distributed among users according to their user identification number with the help of electromagnetic waves.

B. Evolution of RFID Technology
Radio-frequency Identification (RFID) uses electromagnetic fields to automatically identify and track tags attached to objects. Advances in semiconductor technologies led to significant improvements of the technology. Within the same time frame, commercial success of the marked applications generated a dramatic reduction of cost and an ever-increasing interest from businesses. There are many indications that the proliferation of applications using RFID technology is only at its beginning. According to a Gartner Study (2005), the RFID markets revenue grew over 33% between 2004 and 2005 and will be worth USD 3 million by 2010. Research firm IDTechEx predicts a global market for RFID including systems and services of USD 26.23 billion in 2016 and a total number of tags delivered of 585 billion, 450 times the amount of 2006. Benefits of RFID technology for business and individuals are very promising (OECD, 2006a). One important driver for market growth today is that of improving traceability of goods in the supply chain in order to increase supply chain in order to increase supply chain efficiency, reduce theft and fraud, and realise significant cost savings. In addition, many other types of RFID applications have been reported, and the use of RFID technology is common in areas including passports, hospitals, transportation, ticketing, libraries, museums, counterfeiting, baggage tracking in airports and livestock tagging. [3] As stated by the European Article 29 Working Policy (2005), "the specific functions that RFID tags can deliver in different sections is also increasing and its possibilities are just beginning to emerge". [3]  From evolution part applications of RFID technology in past was learned, due to which I proposed new system. In this system, power is utilized with the help of human footsteps and piezoelectric sensors. The waste power is stored in the battery, which is used for charging purpose when users need. By using RFID technology, assigning of user is done with the help of identification card. This card, detected by EM-18 reader through which Arduino provide charging according to time assign in the coding. It will be then supplemented by a detailed synopsis of an investigation conducted to test the feasibility and practicality of RFID technology.

III.
PROPOSED SYSTEM Innovate efficient method of "Advanced Footstep Power Generation using RFID for Charging", which stores energy when piezoelectric sensors senses weight with the help of human footsteps. This stored energy is stored in the battery, from which the stored energy is distributed among different users using RFID cards. This cards have human identification number i.e. 12 digit number, which is used to get information regarding each user. RFID technology uses electromagnetic waves for this purpose. The system works according to the provided software code, in which certain minutes is provided for each user at a time. Hence, this system reduces pollution and saves time, due to which our future generation get more help to get pollution free environment and time consuming requirements.  The input to the circuit is applied from the regulated power supply. The a.c. input i.e., 230V from the mains supply is step down by the transformer to 12V and is fed to the rectifier. The output obtained from the rectifier is a pulsating d.c voltage. So, in order to get a pure d.c voltage, the output voltage from the rectifier is fed to a filter to remove any a.c components present even after rectification. Now, this voltage is given to a voltage regulator to obtain a pure dc voltage.

Arduino Microcontroller
The Arduino Uno is an open-source microcontroller based on the Microchip ATmega328P microcontroller and developed by Arduino.cc. the board is equipped with sets of digital and analog input/output pins that may be interfaced to various expansion boards (shields) and other circuits. The board has 14 digital I/O pins (6 capable of PWM output), 6 analog I/O pins, and is programmable with the Arduino IDE, via a type B USB cable or by an external 9V battery, though it accepts voltages between 7 and 20 volts. RFID Reader and Tag (EM-18) This is a low frequency (125KHz) RFID reader with Serial Output with at range of 8-12cm. It is a compact unit with built in antenna and can be directly connected to the PC using RS232 protocol. Since this also outputs Serial TTL Level Data (Tx/Rx), this can also be directly connected to the Serial Port of any Micro-controller. RFID tag includes microchip with radio antenna mounted on substrate which carries 12 Byte unique 16x2 Character LCD -Black on Green is a 16 character wide, 2 rows character LCD module. It utilizes industry-standard controller, works in 4/8-bit parallel interface. Display area is LED back-lit in yellow color. This alphanumerics display can be easily interfaced with any host controller such as 8051 derivatives, PIC Series, AVR, ARM Series of controllers or using development boards such as Arduino or Raspberry Pi. it fits in quite well for any electronic device design. Transistor Driver Circuit The transistor used in this system to drive the buzzer is BC547. This transistor provides charging to the mobile phone using chord.

Piezoelectric Sensor
A piezoelectric sensor is a device that uses the piezoelectric effect to measure changes in pressure changes in pressure, acceleration, temperature, strain, or force by converting them to an electrical charge.

IV. SYSTEM DESIGN A. Methodology
The system designed here, is relatively efficient and also affordable. The advantage of our model is that the system provide charging to the user within a limited time as allocated to the system software. Our methodology for the project: 1) Creating an idea for design and construction of a Advanced Footstep Power Generation using RFID for Charging. Designing a block diagram and circuit diagram to know which components to be connected/implemented in hardware. 2) Implementing all the components according to circuit diagram and programming the Arduino by using Arduino IDE to control the whole system. 3) Assemling all the blocks in a board and to run the system and for checking purposes. 4) Atlast, to get the work done such as mobile phone charging, this is main task/output of the proposed system. Table 6 Hardware/Software requirement Component Name Usage Piezoelectric Sensor It is used to convert mechanical energy into electrical energy.

Arduino Uno
A microcontroller which is easy to use as a software and hardware. It is used to take inputs from the sensors, RFID reader and card and output the result by using LCD and Mobile.

Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)
This apparatus has been used to display the current status of the proposed system.

RFID Reader
It is used to transmit and receive signal with Arduino Uno and used to detect user identification number using RFID cards.

RFID Cards
Used to give signal to the RFID reader according to user requirements.

Power Supply
Used to provide 5V, 1A supply to the system. Breadboard Used to implement the required circuitry to connect the system.

Connecting Wires
Used to connect the components and devices for hardware implementation.

Fig. 3 Circuit Diagram of proposed system
The circuit diagram shown above is of "Advanced Footstep Power Generation using RFID for Charging", in which various devices and components to be implemented according to the user requirements. Firstly, input of 230V is fed to the power supply from which output of the range 5V, 1A is generated. This power supply output is provided to battery and piezoelectric sensors. Piezoelectric sensors connected in parallel, to control the voltage and to provide electrical energy to the battery. Then, our system implemented by interfacing EM-18 RFID reader and LCD with Arduino due to which system works according to the user needs.

E. Software Requirements
The proposed system works through Arduino IDE software. The Arduino IDE is a cross-platform application (for Windows, macOS, Linux) that is written in functions from C and C++. It is used to write and upload programs to Arduino compatible boards, but also, with the help of third-party cores, other vendor development boards. This software is used to provide instruction to the proposed system i.e., to detect user and provide efficient charging to the user within a limited time period as allocated in the commands.  When system is power on, the system enters into registeration mode. Three users registered in the system. Once all the user is entered in the system then the system asks to swipe the card and connect the charger. Initially all the user is given 5 minutes of charging time as default. When the card is swiped, the user is autorized, the system turns on for charging purpose and will charge the Mobile Phone with given time in coding.

V.
RESULT AND DISCUSSION Performance analysis of the system based on following parameters shown below:

A. Linearity Test
Voltage, V Pressure Fig. 11 Voltage vs Pressure Curve The voltage generated by the piezo-electric sensor is according to the amount of pressure exerted by the human footsteps. The output shows 0V when no force exerted on the piezo-electric sensor. It is shown that the amount of voltage generated keep increasing as the amount of pressure exerted increases. For high pressure, the voltage generated is high. Similarly as more pressure, the voltage increases suddenly. All the generated voltage will then be store in a battery for future needs. The existence of electric current produced by the piezoelectric sensor can be proved by using a mobile phone which acts as the output to show that the rechargeable battery which has been charged by the piezoelectric is well functioning. The functionality of the circuit is checked by connecting USB cable from the USB port in the circuit to the mobile phone. The screen of the mobile phone shows the charging symbol. A user can charge his/her mobile phone with the help of an authorized RFID Tag. It can be summarized that the amount of voltage generated by the piezoelectric sensor is depending on the amount of pressure exerted into it. The voltage then can be stored in the rechargeable battery and beneficial for future requirements. From this project, a new source of renewable energy with low-cost budget was developed. Besides that, the knowledge of conventional process in transforming mechanical energy to electrical energy has been gained.

B. Temperature Test
In 1 square ft. we have used 8 piezo sensors. As piezo sensors the power generating varies at different steps, hence we get Min voltage = 1V per step Max voltage = 10.5V per step Also taking an average of 50kg weight pressure that form a single person. Likewise, considering the steps of a 50kg weighted single person, the average calculation comes out to be: Increase of 1V charge in the battery it takes 800 steps. So, increment of 12V in battery total steps needed=(8*800)=6400 steps As the proposed system is done in a polluted area where footstep as source will be available, average of 2 steps in 1 second is considered. For 6400 steps time needed = 6400/ (60*2)=53 minutes. (Approx.) VI. FUTURE SCOPES With a view of future prospects in case of densely populated nations. The optimum use of energy wasted is of very much importance. 1) Japan is only the first liner to use electric principle for generating mechanical energy from Flooring tiles i.e. by using this plates on bus stairs. When someone step in the energy is Generated which leads to increase of steps as well as energy also increased. 2) Secondly, Europe is setting another milestone in the field by using such plates on dance floors, so if anyone step on to these tiles and dance again the energy is released with which even one can charge their mobile and other handy objects.

C. Performance Test
In coming days, this will prove a great boon to the world, since it will save a lot of electricity of power plants. As the conventional sources are depleting very fast, then it's time to think of alternatives. We got to save the power gained from the conventional sources for efficient use. So this idea not only provides alternative but also adds to the economy of the country. Now, vehicular traffic in big cities is more, causing a problem to human being. But this vehicular traffic can be utilized for power generation by means of new technique called "power hump". It has advantage that it does not utilize any external source. Now the time has come to put forte these types of innovative ideas, and researches should be done to upgrade their implication.

VII. APPLICATIONS
The various other applications of the proposed system are listed below A. It can be used in crowded places like Railway Station, Airports and Bus Stands. B. Can be broadly utilized as the part of colleges, schools, public transport places and universities. C. In rainy season, it can operate street lights rather than using solar lights. D. This framework can be actualized in swarmed places like shopping centers, pathways, and so forth.