Education-Job Mismatch among Graduates of Administrative Staff: A Case Study of University of Gujrat

In this study, an effort is made to classify the significant aspect of mismatch between education and job among graduates. The exactness of the equivalent between employee's abilities, talents, skills and those demanded by the institutes, rarely tackled in the literature. Freeman was the former who elevated his apprehensions above this extension in his study named 'Overeducated Americans'. The data of 220 respondents collected from the administrative staff, lab assistants from the University of Gujrat using well-structured questionnaire. The Multilayer Perceptron Neural Network technique has been used for analysis purpose. Results revealed that overall correct classification is almost 100% on the basis of limited resources, family responsibility, Family forced, job advertisement and distance from work.


INTRODUCTION
The exactness of the match between employee's education and work has gained the interest of economists over the last two decades in European countries.However, Pakistan is observing the identical dilemma since a coon's age like other countries and no straight research on profession and academic is conceded on a huge level.
Anyhow, awareness is flourished regarding to this issue.A former who elevated his apprehensions above this extension in his study named 'Overeducated Americans' (Freeman, 1976).Since from the late 1980s, the study on irrelevant jobs boomed in US plus within more advanced countries.A range of studies have documented numerous circumstances and aspect with the purpose to discover a range of components of job-education mismatch.There are different definitions of education and jobs mismatch defined by different people.Mismatch between education and work is generally known as irrelevant job.The achieved qualification of the employees can be lesser or superior than the mandatory education regarding to their prospected jobs.The employees are considered to be inequitable in education when the above-mentioned phenomenon occurs (Green and McIntosh, 2002;Lourdes et al., 2005).According to Reddy told University World News."At opening point, you look forward to a bachelor having definite talents for instance transmission, capability toward English as well as effort like a squad and fundamental computer awareness.These well-defined abilities are not common now a day which causes mismatch between education and job.Job discrepancy occurs with the condition that the growing rank of qualification is not coordinated with the jobs (Freeman, 1976).This shows the inefficiency among the employee's obtained rank of qualification and the rank of qualification necessary for their jobs.
Employees are treated as over educated whenever the rank of their gained education is upper than the rank of education demanded for their work.In opposite direction, they are treated as under education if the rank of their gained education is lower than the rank of education demanded for their work.As a result, over education and under education are taken as two qualification divergence variables.The range of factors which are provoking the job discrepancy accompanying the meager rank of instruction regarding to different job spaces, organizational hurdles, geological hurdles, background or gender and etc. Different social and anthropological components and traditions are also noticed like the major a restraint for the female's workers (Nazli, 2004).The gender difference is very high gap is still high linked with financial skewed distribution in terms of financial region and rank (GoP, 2007).
Economists and Sociologists considered the occurrence of education-job mismatch as a genuine impact.This impact captivates along its related social and economic worth by personage, organization and state rank.By personage level, the occurrence of education-job mismatch causes to decline the borderline output of the person.Owing to this declination the expected earnings diverge over the nations.On the organization level, profession divergence is connected by means of lesser production and inferior rank of profession participation.Thus, the quick learning development arrangements perhaps not give in the most wanted genuine financial profits (Budria and Egido, 2007).
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Literature Review
A research performed to find a job mismatch and assessment of events impact on graduate income in Pakistan (Farooq, 2015).He had divided the job mismatch into three types qualification-job mismatch, skill mismatch and field of study and job mismatch.By statistical analysis he found that the irrelevant graduates are 11.3% and the slightly related employment in their field of study subjects 13.8%.They found that overqualified graduates have faced wages penalty.He found that wages of graduates improved by good field of study and job matches.Some of Many factors can concentrate to acknowledge over education in literature because it can be complicated to measure the educational mismatch.They found that over education employment and cooperation agreements were mismatched with the dimensions of a work.They also found that female workers had greater degree of mismatch between their job and education owing to gender issue and environment of job place.Some researcher created a research on the graduate over-education and its effect (Battu and Sloane, 2012).For this purpose, they used two cohorts of graduates of the UK.They found that exist same relationship between extra qualification and work happiness.They also found that the impacts of over-education are most common in female employees than male graduate employees.Though it is puzzling which gender is more decumbent to overeducation.Also, performed a research on the over education among the graduates (Battu et al., 2006).They found that the job satisfaction and earnings played significant role for irrelevant jobs.
Conducted a research to find the presence and uniqueness of educational mismatch in Italy (Cainarca and Sgobbi, 2009).For this purpose, they used the sample of 3600 Italian employees.The Italian cases were defined by the occurrence of under education over education and by constantly high levels of matching.In addition, the effects of gender, commercial business, or industry focus on other important aspects of the human capital that masks the inclusion of additional explanatory variables.Job competing models, while younger workers the wage equation shapes assignment model proved to be superior to other age groups.Young worker's examination of educational mismatch returned under penalty of overeducation relative and absolute ban confirmed indemnification undereducation.They found that undereducation and over education played significant role for irrelevant jobs.

Methodology
In this study, the target population is those who did fourteen and above year education, named as employed graduates in the administration department of University of Gujrat, Hafiz Hayat campus.The sample of 220 graduates is selected using simple random sampling technique from administration block out of 500 graduates.
The entire record of administrative associates is accessible from SSIC branch of University of Gujrat.Well-structured questionnaire used as an instrument of data collection which was consist of five points scale for the determination of the factors causing the mismatch jobs after graduation.The multilayer perceptron neural network model has been used for analysis purpose.The reliability of questionnaire checked with the value of Cronbach's alpha is reported as 0.70 which is an estimate of true alpha.In training sample, the category irrelevant field of study classified correctly by 75.6% and category moderately relevant is correctly specified by 24.4%.In holdout sample the category irrelevant field of study classified correctly by 66.1% and category moderately relevant is correctly specified by 33.9%.
Overall correctly classification for all categories is 100% due to above mentioned independent variables.Figure 1 and Table 5 shows the importance of the independent variables for the prediction of the dependent variable.There are ten variables which played the most important role for predicting the nature of job.This statistical technique has given highest importance to the availability of resources 100% importance rather than all other variables included in our analysis.Second important variable is family responsibility, third important variable is family force, forth is advertisement, fifth is distance, sixth is education, seventh is monthly income, 8th important variable is marital status, 9th important variable is age and 10th important variable is gender.The purpose of this research was to identify the factors which cause education-job mismatch so from the above results we can say that there is a need to develop such rules which would guarantee the exact scope of decent work.It is also necessary to improve the social relations between employers and employees so that they may satisfy to their jobs.The chart displays in Figure 2 showed the ROC and two curves showed for each category.All the curves of these two categories are very close to upper left corner; which shows that our fitted model is better fit for this data and its cover the 1.000 area for irrelevant also same for moderately irrelevant.And figure 3 showed the lift chart here is curve match with base line which represented the best fit.
researcher carried out a research to investigate the consequence of education and job mismatches (Badillo and Vila, 2013).For this purpose, they used Spanish data from the European Community Household Panel (ECHP) survey for the year 2001.The statistical analysis showed that education and skill mismatches are dimly associated in the Spanish labor market.They also found that the mismatch of jobs come out as principal source of worker's job satisfaction.However, the skills and mismatch of education have a negative impact on wages.Scientist conducted a research using a different method, tried to measure the problem of over education with respect to the job mismatch(Betti and D'Agostino, 2011).

Table 2
showed the descriptive value of dependent variable of "nature of job".There are two category response irrelevant jobs which were

Table 4
showed the classification results, in Neural Network Multilayer Perceptron analysis 164 cases were assigned to training sample and 56 cases to the hold out sample and total valid number of cases in this analysis are 220.