DESIGN OF SOLID WASTE SEPARATION EQUIPMENT IN BAGHDAD CITY

A massive number of weapons and solid waste are experienced since 1980 in Baghdad. The new government was forced to bury the solid waste in vast tracts, which is limited to waste pressing only without any separation process or recycling. As consequence, the environment suffers from pollution which can lead to various types of disease. According the local government of Baghdad city, the daily waste rate produced is about 11 thousand tons, which equivalents to more than 4 million tone every year. Without recycling this quantity of waste can therefore become a danger to the environment. Therefore, this study was seeked for two aims, initially, a statically information about the selected site was produced, then a machine for recycling process to eliminate reservation of large area used as a landfill was designed. Moreover, this machine was investigated analytically and experimentally system in the current study to separate three types of waste: PVC, glass and paper. This system is designed to be worked in automated minor to increase speed of operations and reduce costs. The results showed that this machine is a good first step for waste separation process.


INTRODUCTION
The first necessary step is to produce some information about the site selected in the current study.The capital city of Iraq "Baghdad city" is the site selected city which shown in Figure 1.The figure clearly showed how the number of publication made it the largest city in Iraq (24% of Iraq) and second largest city in the Arab home after the Cairo.Therefore, the municipal authorities in the Baghdad cities are facing the biggest challenge for collecting, disposal and recycling of solid waste to decrease the generated waste amount in the country [1,2].Global waste has increased about 28% from 5.6 Mt in 1997 to 7.65 Mt in 2007 and is assessed to further increase by 30% in 2020 [3,4].Figure 2 gives the composition of wastes in Baghdad city.These types of waste are produced in various forms by human activities (industrial, domestic, commercial, and construction) and animals.Some of the waste fall out of the commercial use which cannot be reused.Most of these waste, if not treated, can lead to harm the environment and increase the pollution and directly proportional to the population growth.This fact enforced a major problem facing the world such that it is 10% of human life is lost due to the waste related disease [5,6].Moreover, it is remarkable that unsuitable waste management will cause air, water and soil pollution.In addition, the waste types mentioned in Figure 2, there are some other contaminations due to the wars (from 1980 to 2003) in Iraq and contaminated sites can be presented in Figure 3 [7].Therefore, the overall aim of such measure is to guarantee maintainable development and treatment of waste in sound manner to reduce its impact on human beings and the environment [8].Therefore, the overall aim of such measure is to guarantee maintainable development and treatment of waste in sound manner to reduce its impact on human beings and the environment [8].To reduce the amount of the solid waste, "Reuse, Recycle and Recover" are the basic solution while solid waste burial is the last solution can be used [9,10].Currently, Iraqi government is concentrated on the burial of solid waste.This technique is required careful selection of site and landfill safe design to protect the population and environment.There are no ideals procedures for site selection criteria to be internationally followed [11][12][13].However, from the factors used by various authors, it was noticed that the most appropriate criteria to be utilized are shown in Table 1.Based on the information available, the Iraqi government is used wrong procedure for the burial of solid waste in terms of distance and specifications shown in Table 1 [12,[14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25].Moreover, the estimated landfill volume required to bury the waste based on the population growth by 2027 is about 138 Mm3 [26].
Waste treatment includes a lot of different processes.Besides from the organizational, structural and technical monitoring information of waste treatment should also be considered.Processing falls under the heading of physical treatments by using physical techniques to modify the composition and forms of the waste.Anytime making a recycling process means a conversion of the material to a new material named raw material which can be reused or transformed in useful goods.Recycling process conduce to reduce the amount of waste from landfill and the area of the landfill used too.So, to achieve the goal, the garbage materials need to be initially separated; because a good separation of the garbage from the beginning could support the next steps and give efficacy of the facilities which deals with the waste.Mechanical treatment is defined like the process of sorting and separation aggregates with the purpose to separate for reuse single materials from the waste stream of the city's solid waste such as size reduction, classification, separation and compaction.Typical aggregates in mechanical separation need different types of sorting and separation methods: (1) Some aggregates for size decrease, classification, separation of the waste.( 2) Pre-alter the steam of the waste and collect able to recycle materials out of the waste stream.(3) Separate ferrous/ nonferrous metals, fractions of light, different plastics kinds, glass, passive materials fast and easy.

METHODOLOGY
Iraq is known as one of the most populated Arab countries with people greater than 32 million.Rapid development of economic, high growing of population, increasing separate profits have led to worse solid waste managing problem in the country.31,000 tons of solid waste is produced in Iraq every day with more than 1.4 kg per day of per capita waste generation.Greater than 1.5 million tons of solid wastes are produced in Baghdad alone each year.A big strain is put on the infrastructure of Iraqi waste due to the rapid growing in waste generation production which been heavily damaged next years of conflict and mismanagement.This study is firstly concerned with analyzing of information on the annual rate of waste in Baghdad its components, in preparation for the design and construction scheme to solve the problem.Then, Gravity separation method was used based on the differences in specific gravity (SG) to attain a proper waste separation.

SEPARATION PROCEDURE
After the problem was specified, a gravity separation method was used which is working based on differences in specific gravity (SG) among several minerals to attain a separation.This technique is a wet procedure although the separators of the dry gravity instances is existed.Gravity separation method works very well when there is a big alteration in the SG in the minerals that need to be separated.Moreover, the particle size is the same and not excessively fine with a circular shape.
In this study, the experiments are designed to have operating conditions that can produce the separation applications.This study is attempted to use a local analysis to identify the relatively composite percent in the waste in Baghdad.A combination of plastic waste 52%, aluminum cans 34% and rest of paper, dust and food crumbs were identified.The system described in Figure 4a, consists of Vibrated Beam; Part 1, which is built on the principle of size separation, at the end of which small-scale waste is disposed.The plastic waste is then separated from aluminum cans by rotor in the separation unit no.4.

Figure 4: Separation system designed
Williams has stated that when a big particle get to be localized at the base of a vibrated container, the particle will rise always and reach a height in the belt that depends on vibration strength [29].However, as quantities are not precisely defined, it is difficult to obtain more than a qualitative picture because it is unclear in which limit this experiment was done.Williams found that the large particle rises above critical amplitude and reaches an equilibrium height that depends on the vibration strength [30].A sketch of the particle positions is shown in Figure 4b.
In the regime where vibration frequency is small, the system does not remain fluidized throughout the cycle even for large amplitudes.This is the regime in which the MC simulations were applied to make size separation [27].But first let consider that the gravity and density of variation for a set of multi sized particles located in a vibrated beam.For a normal case, the volume and density are well-defined.However, the behavior of separation is based on two things: the normal frequency of the system, and then the frequency emitted by the vibrator.Therefore, the oscillator was being represented as shown in Figure 5, and the covering equations of the application were carefully studied.

Figure 5: Modeling of vibrated beam
E is the elastic modulus, I is the second moment of area and f (x,t) is the applied external force.The beam with length l, and with conditions as shown in Figure 5, that is given by: From the free body diagram (FBD) as shown in Figure 5, and according to newton's 2nd law: (1) Where W(x,t) is the transverse displacement of the beam, ρ is the density of the beam, A is the cross sectional area, Disregarding terms involving second powers in dx ( 1) and ( 2) can be written as (3)

𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑥 (𝑥‚𝑡) − 𝑉(𝑥‚𝑡) = 0
Sub in eq. ( 3) become: (4) From the theory of elementary of bending of beams (also known as the Euler-Bernoulli), the relationship between the deflection and bending moment can be expressed as: ( Where E is Young s modulus and I(x) is the moment of inertia of the beam cross section about the y-axis.Inserting Eq. ( 5) into Eq.( 4) we obtain the equation of motion for the forced lateral vibration of a no uniform beam: For a uniform beam, and for free vibration Eq. ( 6) reduces to (7) The free-vibration solution can be initiate using the method of variables separation as (8) Substituting Eq. ( 7) into Eq.( 8) and rearranging leads to: Equation ( 9) can be written as two equations: Where A and B are constants that can be found from the initial conditions, while C1, C2, C3, C4, are different constants can be found from the boundary conditions.Based on Singiresu, the natural frequencies of the Where  =   (‚) = ()() Where beam are computed as [28]: Now by applying the boundary conditions: From above four equations, C1, C2, C3, and C4 can be found and the steady state response of forced vibration can be expressed as: Where qn(t) is the generalized coordinate in the nth mode.4, the size separation in the vibrated granular matter, dust, and food crumbs leave at the end of the vibrated beam, while the water bottles and juice containers all get for the rotor of separation unit like is shown in Figure 6.Equation ( 12) determines the size of vibrated gate produced based on the factors and specifications specified in Equation ( 1) and unbalanced mass in vibrator.It is often need a value of W(x,t) at the right end of beam, that not exceeding 6 mm, to ensure dust and granules are disposed without bottles and containers.Separation unit assembly that is uses a track and a rotor to sort waste as shown in Figure 6.This method had been chosen since it is the most efficient method used to convert projectile kinetic energy into size separation.
With x(t) representing the linear position of the sphere along the track.Substituting theta= wt and using v(t) as time derivative of x(t) then by substituting into equation ( 16) the velocity of this linear path results in:

CONCLUSIONS
This article is presented statistical information about different types of waste in Baghdad city.Based on the information available in the previous studies, the Iraqi government is used wrong procedure for the burial of solid waste in terms of distance and specifications shown in Table 1.Moreover, the estimated landfill volume required to bury the waste based on the population growth by 2027 is about 138 Mm 3 .Therefore, this study was tried to use the concept of segregation the waste by mechanical vibration and separation by rotation of waste treatment field.This concept is conducted built on a physical and a mathematical description at the mechanical system of separation occurring under vibration and rotational characteristic.The mechanical method in the separation of waste, in this study, was based on the waste components in the study area of Baghdad; this method of treatment has been chosen to reduce the value of manual effort in the waste separation process and hence reduce the area used for landfill.

Figure 1 :Figure 2 :
Figure 1: Site selected information and demographics

Figure 6 :
Figure 6: Separation unit assembly Based on Figure 6, by simple trigonometry, it is:
Sites with upwind dominant direction must be avoided Wind directionNot visible to the public Visibility Now multiply both sides of above Eq.by() ((where   () orthogonal with   ().And integral from 0 to l ∑     () ∫   () ()