INFLUENCE OF BANANA LEAVES IN ASSOCIATION WITH INORGANIC POTASSIUM FERTILIZER ON THE NUTRIENT CONTENT AND UPTAKE OF BRRI DHAN49

aAgriculture Extension Officer, Department of Agricultural Extension, Bangladesh bDepartment of Soil Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh cSoil Science Division, Bangladesh Institute of Nuclear Agriculture, Bangladesh cDepartment of Entomology, Bangladesh Jute Research Institute, Bangladesh eDepartment of Plant Pathology, Bangladesh Jute Research Institute, Bangladesh *Corresponding Author E-mail: sohanbau2010@gmail.com


INTRODUCTION
Bangladesh is an agrarian country and rice is the key food crop for the people of Bangladesh. Usage of organic manures viz. banana plant residues not only act as a source of K but also supply N to the crop. Cropping pattern is mostly rice based because in about 75.3% of the total cropped area and it elements more than 80% of the total irrigated area. The main provider of plant nutrients is soil. It has been using chemical fertilizers year after year for higher yield. Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium are three foremost elements which are often applied through chemical fertilizers. As a result, our soil is losing their bearing volume for higher yield.
Integrated use of organic manures and chemical NPK fertilizers would be quite auspicious in providing greater steadiness in production and keeping higher soil fertility grade (Nambiar, 1991).
Among all the indispensable nutrients, potassium is engrossed in maximum amount by modern improved crop cultivars (Fageria et al., 1990). Banana is a temperately rapid growing, high potassium fixing and biomass producing plant. Generally annual potassium rich crops like banana is used as green manure throughout the world. It is very common in Bangladesh and its leaves comprise considerable amounts of K and other nutrients also. Litter of banana leaf contain 3.55% K (Shymum, 2006). Grain yield and K acceptance were the uppermost with 90 kg K2O in all soils (Ghosh et al., 1994). They also originated that the present influence of soil K reduced significantly with increasing K fertilizer application. Increasing rate of potassium to a rice crop at the time of sowing specified that grains yields, K uptake and soil available K content were increased (Roy and Mathur, 1989).
Increasing rate of K2O application increased plant K concentration and uptake (Pandey et al., 1993). On the other hand, perceived that N, P and K uptake were genuine by potassium application (Uapdhyay, 1995). Trivedi and Verma detected that grain yield and content of carbohydrate and protein were highest with N + K2SO4 + Mo (Trivedi and Verma, 1996). A group researcher reported that increasing the application level of fertilizers augmented the amount of nutrient uptake (Doikova et al., 1994). Some researchers suggested that application of K increased soil K availability, K contents in grain and straw (Krishnappa et al., 1990).
Chokravarti stated that K application tended to increase grain N content and total N uptake by the crop, while P content was little affected (Chokravarti, 1989). Gradually higher content and uptake of K caused from increasing levels of K supply. Therefore, the present inquiry was assumed to study the effect of joined use of banana leaves with inorganic fertilizer on nutrient content and uptake by BRRI dhan49.

Experimental site and soil
The experiment was run at the Soil Science Field laboratory of Bangladesh Agricultural University. The soil goes to the AEZ 9 (Old Brahrnaputra Floodplain).

Climate
Monthly record of air temperature, rainfall, relative humidity and sunshine hours of BAU Soil Science farm during the whole experimental period (August -December, 2014) have shown in Table 2.

Land preparation
The land was organized as to prerequisite of BRRI dhan49 farming.

Rice crop (BRRI dhan49)
BRRI dhan49 was taken as a test crop in this experiment. The regular grain yield of the variety usually lies between 5 to 5.5 t ha -1 . This variety is somewhat resilient to pests and diseases particularly stem rot, sheath blight and leaf blight. The seedlings were collected from Soil Science Farm, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh.

Layout of the experiment
The experiment was placed in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with 3 replications.

Manures and Fertilizer application
Air dried Banana leaves were united @ 30 kg ha -1 (equivalent 50% K), 36 kg ha -1 (equivalent 60% K), 42 kg ha -1 (equivalent 70% K) 48 kg ha -1 (equivalent 80% K), 54 kg ha -1 90% K) 60 kg ha -1 as per treatments at 15 days before transplanting of the rice seedlings. The banana leaves were mixed thoroughly with the soil. Suggested nitrogen @ 100 kg ha -1 from urea was applied in three equal split as per treatment. The first dose of urea was applied at 15 days after transplanting. The remaining doses of urea were top dressed at 32 days (active tillering stage) and 56 days (panicle initiation stage) after transplanting. P, K and S were applied @ 20, 60, and 12 kg ha -1 from triple superphosphate, muriate of potash, and gypsum individually in all the plots except control as basal dose. The amount of N, P and K content in banana leaves also abridged from the endorsed N, P and K fertilizer dose applied to the soil. Sources and rate of nutrients and chemical fertilizers for rice (BRRI dhan49) is offered in Table 1. Chemical compositions of the banana leaf litter used is presented in Table 2.

Transplanting of rice seedlings
The seedling of BRRI dhan49 was transplanted on 23 rd August, 2014 upholding plant spacing of 20cmx20cm. Three healthy seedlings were relocated in each hill.

Intercultural operations
Intercultural processes like irrigation, weeding, insect and pest control were done for ensuring and maintaining the normal growth of the crop.

Harvesting
The crop was reaped at full maturity on December 7, 2014. The harvested crop of each plot was hustled distinctly and transported to the threshing floor. Grain and straw yields were noted plot wise and voiced as t ha -1 on 14% moisture basis.

Assortment and groundwork of plant samples
Grain and straw yields were recorded plot wise and articulated as sun dry basis. Grain and straw samples were retained for chemical analysis.

Preparation of sample
The illustrative grain and straw samples were dehydrated in an oven at 65°C for about 24 hours before they were crushed by a grinding machine. The prepared sample was then stored in paper bags and lastly they were reserved into a desiccators until analysis.

Digestion of plant samples for K determination
Plant samples of 0.5g (grain and straw separately) were transported into 100 ml digestion vessel. Ten mL of diacid combination (HNO3: HClO4= 2:1) were added into the vessel. After leaving for a while the flasks were heated at atemperature slowly raised to 20°C. Heating was stopped when the dense white fume of HClO4 happened. After cooling, the contents were booked into a 50 ml volumetric flask and the volume was completed with distilled water. The digests were used for the calculation of K.

2.13
Determination of K from plant samples 5 mL of digest samples for grain and 2 mL for the straw were taken and thinned to 50 ml volume to make the wanted concentration. The K was determined from the extract by using flame photometer

Statistical analysis
The collected data were scrutinized statistically by F -test was done to observe the treatment effects and Duncan's Multiple Range Test (DMRT) was done for the mean variances (Gomez and Gomez, 1984).

Potassium content in BRRI dhan49 grain
Results explicitly presented in Figure 1 showed that potassium content in grain of BRRI dhan49 varied suggestively due to application of inorganic fertilizer with organic manures. K content in the grain varied from 0.26 to 0.33%. The highest K content was originated in treatment T3 (50% K from banana leaves + 50% K from MoP) which was statistically alike to the treatment T4 (60% K from banana leaves + 40% K from MoP). The results perceived in treatment T2 (Recommended Fertilizer Dose) and treatment T5 (70% K from banana leaves + 30% K from MoP) were statistically undistinguishable and the values were 0.32 and 0.30% respectively. Treatment T6 (80% K from banana leaves + 20% K from MoP) and treatment T7 (90% K from banana leaves + 10% K from MoP) were statistically identical and the values were 0.29 and 0.28% respectively. The lowest value of K content in grain (0.26%) was recorded in treatment T1 (control). It was observed that K content in grain increased due to various treatments used with mutual application of organic manures and inorganic fertilizers (MoP) (Signh et al., 2001;Trivedi and Verma, 1996;Ammal and Muthiah, 1997;Mathad et al., 2002).

Potassium content in BRRI dhan49 straw
K content in rice straw was knowingly exaggerated due to diverse treatment. It ranged from 1.08 to 1.30% (Figure 2). The highest K content in straw (1.30%) was chronicled in treatment T3 (50% K from banana leaves + 50% K from MoP) which was statistically similar with the T4 (60% K from banana leaves + 40% K from MoP). The lowest value of K content (1.08%) was estimated in the treatment T1 (control). K content was increased somewhat in rice straw due to application of organic and inorganic fertilizers (MoP) and the result was statistically significant. The K contents of rice straw were always higher than those of grain in all treatments (Mitra et al., 2001;Pal et al., 2000). A group researcher exposed that K content both in grain and straw were increased due to joint application of organic manures and inorganic fertilizers (Signh et al., 2001). Varma described that incorporation of organic manures improved the concentration of K in rice grain and straw (Varma, 1991). A group researcher advocated that application of K increased soil K availability, K contents in grain and straw (Krishnappa et al., 1990).

Figure 2:
Potassium content (%) in rice straw of BRRI dhan49 as influenced by Banana leaves and chemical fertilizers.

Potassium uptake by BRRI dhan49 grain
The results existing in table 4 showed that potassium uptake by grain and straw of rice (BRRI dhan49) wide-ranged significantly due to different treatments. K uptake by grain varied from 8.67 to 19.46 kg ha -1 (Table 4). The highest K uptake value (19.43 kg ha -1 ) by grain was found in treatment T3 (50% K from banana leaves + 50% K from MoP) which was statistically identical to treatment T4 (60% K from banana leaves + 40% K from MoP). The lowest K uptake (8.67 kg ha-1) by grain was created in treatment T1 (control). Sharma and Mitra documented the highest K uptake in organic manures and fertilizer treated plots (Sharma and Mitra, 1991). Some researcher reported that shared application of organic and inorganic fertilizer significantly amplified the uptake of NPK (Baruch et al., 1999). Chokravarti testified that K application tended to increase grain N content and total N uptake by the crop (Chokravarti, 1989). 11.34d C V(%) 1.27 The figure having common letter(s) in a column do not differ significantly at 5% level of significance by DMRT In case of straw, K uptake varied from 51.40 to 89.06 kg ha -1 . The highest value was originated in treatment T3 (50% K from banana leaves + 50% K from MoP) which was statistically identical to treatment T4 (60% K from banana leaves + 40% K from MoP) and the value were 89.06 and 86.57 kg ha-1 respectively (Table 5). Treatment T2 (Recommended Fertilizer Dose) and Treatment T5 (70% K from banana leaves + 30% K from MoP) were statistically identical in respect of K uptake and the value were 85.29 and 83.33 kg ha-1 respectively. Treatment T5 (70% K from banana leaves + 30% K from MoP) and T6 (80% K from banana leaves + 20% K from MoP) were statistically identical and the values were 83.33 and 81.22 kg ha-1 respectively. The lowest K uptake (51.40 kg ha-1) by straw was eminent in the treatment T1 (control) (Chokravarti, 1989); Krishnappa et al., 1990;Doikova et al., 199;Roy and Mathur 1989;Ghosh et al., 1994). CV(%) 4.27 The figure having common letter(s) in a column do not differ significantly at 5% level of significance by DMRT

Total Potassium uptake by BRRI dhan49
The total K uptake by BRRI dhan49 ranged from 60.06 to 108.52 kg ha -1 . The highest total K uptake (108.52 kg ha -1 ) was logged in the treatment T3 (50% K from banana leaves + 50% K from MoP) ( Table 6). The lowest value of total K uptake (60.06 kg ha -1 ), was noted in the treatment T1, (control). Application of both organic manures (Banana plant leaves) and inorganic K fertilizer significantly increased the total K uptake over control treatment, and it is completely buoyed (Pandey et al., 199;Uapdhyay, 1995;Mitra et al., 2001).

CONCLUSION
It may be settled from the results that the application of banana leaves with chemical fertilizers have a constructive impression on nutrient contents and nutrient uptake of rice. Amongst the treatments, T3 (50% K from banana leaves + 50% K from MoP) had a better performance on nutrient contents and nutrient uptake in contrast to chemical fertilizers alone. Consequently, banana leaves with inorganic fertilizer will be rewarding as addition of organic source of potassium in rice farming.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Authors express thankfulness to the Ministry of Science and Technology, Bangladesh for the support of money to comportment the research work.

AUTHOR'S CONTRIBUTION
Md. Abdul Mannan conducted the research and analyzed the data. Md. Abul Hashem and Md. Harun-or Rashid designed and supervised the experiment. Md. Sohanur Rahman contributed in research conduction, presentation, data analysis, searching journal for publication and finally manuscript processing & writing of this article. This article was read and approved by all authors for final Publication. Fakhar Uddin talukder and Nahid Kaisar helped in research conduction and manuscript writing.