Botany, Traditional Uses and Pharmacology of Bukkun Booti - Phyla nodi(cid:980)lora (L . ) Greene: An Underexposed Botanical Drug of AYUSH-Unani System

antioxidant, antidiabetic and hepatoprotective properties. The purpose of this review paper is to bring together the available information on the current status and therapeutic uses of Bukkun Booti in the Unani System of Medicine and to discuss the botany and importance of the plant on the basis of folk uses, pharmacological activities and chemical constituents. The potential characteristics of P. nodi(cid:980)lora could be utilized more ef(cid:976)iciently by linking the bridge of traditional uses, pharmacology and phytochemistry through an integrated approach.

Bukkun Booti (Phyla nodi lora (L.) Greene; Syn. Lippia nodi lora (L.) Michx.), of Verbenaceae, is a fast-growing creeping perennial medicinal herb, has a very long history for human use as it is generally distributed throughout the world. The plant has been traditionally used and recorded in AYUSH-Ayurveda, Unani and Siddha systems of medicine. In the Unani System of Medicine (USM), the Bukkun Booti is used for detoxi ication of the blood. It is useful in Bawāsīr (bleeding piles), Ru'af (epistaxis), Hasāh al-Mathāna (cystolithiasis), Sozāk (gonorrhea) 'Usr al-Bawl (dysuria) and Hummayat (fevers). Ethno-medicinally, it has been widely used as a traditional folk medicine to treat and cure ailments by the local tribal and other communities. The entire plant is diuretic, febrifuge, stomachic and astringent; good for ulcers, wounds, asthma, bronchitis, knee-joints and to ladies after delivery. Bukkun Booti is a rich source of antioxidants and secondary metabolites, and aerial parts are reported to contain phenolic compounds ( lavonoids), which are found to have a broad array of reported pharmacological actions such as; antibacterial, antiin lammatory, antioxidant, antidiabetic and hepatoprotective properties. The purpose of this review paper is to bring together the available information on the current status and therapeutic uses of Bukkun Booti in the Unani System of Medicine and to discuss the botany and importance of the plant on the basis of folk uses, pharmacological activities and chemical constituents. The potential characteristics of P. nodi lora could be utilized more ef iciently by linking the bridge of traditional uses, pharmacology and phytochemistry through an integrated approach.

INTRODUCTION
Plant-based medicines have been used for ages in Indian traditional systems of medicine (AYUSH) for promoting healthiness and well-being. The World Health Organization (WHO, 2000) de ines traditional medicine as "the sum total of the knowledge, skills, and practices based on the theories, beliefs, and experiences indigenous to different cultures, whether explicable or not, used in the maintenance of health as well as in the prevention, diagnosis, improvement or treatment of physical and mental illness". Unani System of Medicine (USM) is considered as one of the most age-old systems of medicine, which originated in Greece and stretched itself to Arab countries and inally to India (Husain et al., 2017). The AYUSH systems, besides Ayurveda, Unani System also has a long history in the application of medicinal plants for a cure and therapeutic usages. There are several botanical drugs that are used in common between these two traditional systems for either the same or different therapeutic applications depend upon the formulations and method of preparations.
In USM, the botanical drug either can be used singly or in combinations. There are many botanical drugs that are very useful in Unani, Ayurveda and Siddha systems but little-known to the primary stakeholders. One of these known drugs is Bukkun or Bukkum Booti (Khare, 2007), which is under-explored for protection, cultivation and sustainable utilization as a botanical drug at a commercial level.
Phyla nodi lora (L.) Greene (Syn; Lippia nodi lora (L.) Michx.) is a prostrate marshy herb of the Verbenaceae family, commonly known as Bukkun or Bukkum Booti in Unani System of Medicine (USM) and Jalapippali in Ayurveda. The herb is found in the tropical and sub-tropical region of the globe and Indian subcontinent. Its entire parts have been used as a traditional medicinal cure in Asian and African systems of medicine. The herb found in most of the states throughout India at lower elevations (Cook, 1996), along lakes and dried water bodies. Bukkun Booti grows in open and damp places near ponds, water streams, and paddy ields. Leaves are eatable. Traditionally (folk), the plant is used as a diuretic and febrifuge. A paste or poultice made from the whole fresh plant is used to treat swelled cervical glands, chronic sluggish ulcers and boils. In USM, the whole plant, leaves and roots are used for different actions (Khare, 2007). The present review has been attempted to bring the relevant modern scienti ic evidence to one platform to understand the importance and usage of Bukkun Booti, speci ically in USM. The therapeutic applications and their current status related to pharmacological research and development, botany and important phytochemicals are also discussed in detail.

Habitat and Ecology
P. nodi lora (Lippia) species is found mostly on highmoisture holding clay to clay loam soils in wetland habitats; ranging from marshes to open, damp places near the streams, meadows, river backwaters, the margins of tarns and ditches, with some tolerance of brackish (salty) water. P. nodi lora is well adapted to moist clay soils in riverine and loodplain surroundings (Fensham, 1998). It has been observed that the plant grow most profusely on the places which experience looding of small duration (McCosker, 1994). To cope with the drier conditions, P. nodi lora becomes inactive for a period of time. The plant is also capable of tolerating the occasional or regular lood.

Conservation Status-Threats Information
Phyla species is assessed as Least Concern (LC) as it is prevalent with stable populations and does not face any major threats ( Figure 1). As per the available data, there are no known ongoing or future major threats to this species. Justi ication: Phyla nodi lora is a common and widespread species with no known threats. Hence it is assessed as (LC) Least Concern (Lansdown, 2019;IUCN, 2019). Conservation Actions: No conservation action in place or needed.

Botanical Description
A creeping, small, perennial, much-branched herb with rooting at the stem nodes ( Figure 2C), subquadrangular, clothed with appressed white hairs, seems nearly glabrous.

Cultivation and Harvesting Details
Phyla nodi lora thrives in a diverse range of habitats from the subtropics to the tropics and is propagated by seed or division. Its cultivation lourishes in any well-drained moderately fertile soil of low fertility in sunlight.
According to one report, the plant prefers ample moisture, while the other says that the well-grown plant is tolerant to drought. The plant makes a lot of vegetative growth when grown in the shade but does not lower well.
The plant can carpet large areas as it spreads very fast by means of running stems. Bukkun plant is capable of lowering and fruiting round the year. P. nodi lora is susceptible to the fungi Meliola durantae and Cercospora lippiae. It can be harvested whenever the need arises as leaves and lowers are in general present throughout the year.
After harvesting the plant parts of Bukkun Booti are usually used fresh but roots and above ground parts may well be dried for future use (Chuakul et al., 2001).

Use and Trade Information
Locally, the Bukkun plant is collected from the wild for domestic medicinal use. It is sometimes grown as an ornamental plant and as a ground cover in tropical to warm temperate regions of the globe.
In India, the infusion of the dried leaves of P. nodilora species is mentioned as a remarkable remedy for a bronchial cough. Ethno-botanically the decoction of the plant, is used as a wash to boost weak babies to walk (Anonymous, 2001).
The plant is used as febrifuge and diuretic-poultice used as maturant for boils. An infusion of the leaves is given to the mother after delivery (Khare, 2007).  ( Balakrishna et al., 1996) Essential oil Essential oil revealed good antibacterial activity against both grams positive and gramnegative bacteria. (Balakrishna et al., 1996) 2.
Anticancer Leaf extract Exhibited induced apoptosis in human lung cancer (NCI-H460) cells showed high antiproliferative activity. (Vanajothi et al., 2012) Methanolic extract Possessed antitumor activity in tumor bearing Swiss albino mice and signi icantly decreased the tumor volume and increased the life span. (Ashokkumar et al., 2009) 3.
Antidandruff Ethanolic extract and isolated compound Dandruff causing organism (Malassezia furfur) was found to be sensitive to all concentrations of the ethanolic extract and isolated compound. (Regupathi and Chitra, 2015) 4.

Antidiabetic Methanol extract
In streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats, a signi icant increase in the serum insulin level and decrease in fasting blood glucose, glycosylated haemoglobin levels and serum marker enzymes.  γ-sitosterolisolated from L. nodi lora In streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic rats, γ-sitosterol signi icantly decreased the blood glucose level and glycosylated hemoglobin and increased the insulin secretion in response to glucose. (Duraipandiyan et al., 2011) 5.

Antihyperuricemic Methanol Extract
Exhibited uric acid-lowering effect (Cheng et al., 2015) Continued on next page

Extract of Leaves
The extract exhibited a significant anti-in lammatory and antinociceptive activity in acetic acid-induced writhing in white albino mice. (Ahmed et al., 2004) Cyclopentanophen anthrenol The anti-in lammatory potential of cyclopentanophenanthrenol has been demonstrated on in vitro in lammation models. (Balakrishnan et al., 2010) 8.
Hepatoprotective Methanolic extracts of leaves Protected the liver cells against Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) induced toxicity on HepG2 cells and decreased the apoptotic gene expression. (Arumanayagam and Arunmani, 2015) Methanol Extract Exhibited worthy hepatoprotective and antioxidant activity in acute experimental liver injury by paracetamol (Thamilselvan et al., 2008) 10. Hypotensive Chloroform, ethyl acetate, methanol and water extracts Of all, the methanolic extract reduced the systolic blood pressure signi icantly in uninephrectomized DOCAsalt hypertensive rats. (Gadhvi et al., 2015) Methanolic extract The systolic pressure in DOCAsalt hypertensive wister rats signi icantly decreased. (Gadhvi et al., 2012) 11. Neuropharmacological Petroleum, chloroform and ethanolic extracts of aerial part Ethanolic extract (due to the presence of lavonoids)produced anxiolytic, sedative(central inhibitory) and anticonvulsant effect in mice. (Thirupathy et al., 2011)

Mizāj (temperament)
Unani scholars and Vaidya have differed in the identi ication of its temperament (Ashraf, 2011;Ghani, 2006); 1. Hot and Dry 2. Hot and Dry in Second Degree

Part Used
Mostly Leaf / Whole Plant

Muzir (Adverse/Toxic Effect)
Not suitable for persons with 'Hot' temperament. It may cause or aggravate other diseases.

Ethnomedicinal Uses
P. nodi lora plant is ethno-medicinally used as analgesic/anti-in lammatory/antipyretic diuretic, stomachic, febrifuge and astringent to the bowels; good for ulcers, wounds, asthma, bronchitis, ischury, knee-joints (Mukherjee, 1991). Usually, the plant is given to the women after delivery and kids suffering from indigestion. It is also useful in the treatment of menstrual disorders and respiratory diseases, reported having antimicrobial, antimalarial and antispasmodic action. A paste or poultice is further applied to cure swelling of cervical glands, to erysipelas, burns, and to old sluggish ulcers. It is said to be useful in constipation and the treatment of ischuria, blennorrhoea and lithiasis. An infusion is drunk as a post-partum tonic. An infusion of the whole fresh plant or the root is used in the treatment of fever. Some important information on ethnomedicinal uses has been summarized in Table 1. A survey of the available ethnobotanical literature on P. nodi lora showed that most of the workers had reported the use of the whole plant, followed by leaf (Figure 3), mostly in crude and paste form (Figure 4) of drugs (33 %). Most of the workers reported its ethnomedicinal use for healing purpose (maximum) and to treat different disease conditions, including fever, piles, pain and bleeding gums, gonorrhoea, jaundice and nervous disorders ( Figure 5).
Others α-ethyl-galactose; nodi lorin A; nodilorin B; nodi loridin A; nodi loridin B ; cornoside (Rimpler and Sauerbier, 1986;Akhtar, 1993) CONCLUSION Bukkun Booti (P. nodi lora; Syn. L. nodi lora) is a little-known but one of the most signi icant Unani medicinal plant. The current review deliberated the status, botany, therapeutic actions and uses available in classical Unani texts. Furthermore, a wide range of reported modern pharmacological actions and a reasonable amount of phytochemical data endorse the Bukkun Booti (P. nodi lora) as a promising medicinal plant, which could be utilized judiciously as healing-oriented medicine by adapting an integrative approach, especially to investigate the possible links between traditional uses, pharmacology and phytochemistry.