Review on biological activities inmedicinal plants of acanthaceae family

Acanthaceae is popularly known as acanthus family which belong to mint order – lamiales. They are distributed from tropics to a temperate region such as India, Malaysia, Brunei, Indonesia, Brazil, Central America and Africa. Most members of this family are therapeutically important since they are in the up to date usage by ethnic communities. Andrographis paniculata, Clinacanthus nutans, Graptophyllumpictum, Hemigraphis alternata, Justicia gendarussa and Strobilanthes Crispus are some of the medicinal plants of Acanthaceae family. These plants are recognized for their biopharmaceutical potential usage in traditional medicine. These plants have a plethora of phytochemical compounds such as lavonoids, phenolic compounds, glycosides, terpenoids, benzenoids, quinine, triterpenoids and naphthoquinone present in various parts of the plant that plays a vital role in drug industries. The pharmacological properties of these plants such as anti-bacterial, anti-diabetic, anticancer, anti-oxidant, anti-in lammatory, anti-arthritis, hepatoprotective, antiviral and anti-hypertensive are in general practice as an alternative and complementarymedicine in both ethnobotanical and pharmacological ields. This article encompasses not only the comprehensive survey based on the electronic resources, scienti ic journals but also the books that summarize the botanical, phytochemical properties of these plants and also accentuate their signi icant role in both ethnobotanical and pharmacological ields. It is felt that this article would provide more insight into the health bene its of some plants of the Acanthaceae family.


INTRODUCTION
Acanthaceae belong to mint order -Lamiales, it is a dicotyledonous lowering plant, containing about 220 genera and 4000 species They are distributed across the temperate, tropical region. Most members of this family are therapeutically important since they are in the up to date usage by ethnic communities. Species such as A. paniculata, C. nutans, G. pictum, H. alternate, J. gendarussa and S. Crispus has enormous phytochemical properties and they are widely used as an alternative and complementary medicine in both ethnobotanical and pharmacological ields to treat various types of disease. This sur-vey article encompasses a comprehensive literature survey based on the sources of electronic resources, scienti ic journals and books that summarize the botanical, phytochemical properties of these species and also highlights their signi icant role in both ethnobotanical and pharmacological ields. The purpose of this review is to ensure that the researchers, who are interested can get a glance about the medicinal potency of these plants.

Botanical Description Of Species
Acanthaceae's species (A. paniculata, C. nutans, G. pictum, H. alternate, J. gendarussa and S. Crispus) are distributed across the temperate, tropical region such as India, Malaysia, China, Indonesia, Brazil, Central America and Africa. Most of them are habitat to grow in moist tropical forest and they are of shrubs, herbs, epiphytes or twining vines (perennial or annual) and few of them are tree types. As they belong to the sundry family, stems shape vary from quadrangular to circular, cystoliths, leaves are oppositely arranged, exstipulate and lowers are bisexual, usually arranged to terminal or axillary spikes, and racemes or panicles. Sepals and petals can be subactinomorphic to zygomorphi, 4 -5 each form a tubular structure by often fusing. The ovary is superior, 2-locule, and placentation axile. Fruits are explosive dehiscent capsule, and usually loculicidal with compressed seeds.Tables 1 and 2 summarize the morphology, distribution and habitat, and vernacular name of the Acanthaceae species such as A. paniculata, C. nutans, G. pictum, H. alternate, J. gendarussa and S. Crispus.

Phytochemical Properties
The member of the Acanthaceae's family (A. paniculata, C. nutans, G. pictum, H. alternata, J. gendarussa and S. crispus) has abundance of medicinal properties that cures many of the ailments such as diabetes, dysentery, edema, emesis, fever, headache, eye problem, piles and also used to treat varicellazoster virus (VZV) lesions and herpes simplex virus (HSV) (Kamarudina et al., 2017).

Ethnobotanical Properties
The

Pharmacological Properties
Members of this family have more traditional medicinal values that have been utilized by the ethnic groups, but for commercial utilization, scienti ic authenticity and favored evidence are more essential. Thus, some of the available reports about the pharmacological budding of these plant extracts have been discussed in the following subsections. Tables 7, 8 and 9 and Tables 10, 11 and 12 demonstrate the overview of the pharmacological properties of these family members.
GC-FID and GC-MS analysis.

A. paniculata
A. paniculata is a key medicinal plant that is used widely in most region of the countries, as a complementary and alternative medicine in Ayurvedic, Unani and TCHM. Whole plant, roots, shoot. Leaves extract of this species are used by folklore, tribal's and local herbalist as a remedy to cure both communicable and non-communicable diseases in most of the continent. According to (Hossain et al., 2014) studies in Randall-Selitto tested rat and Acetic-induced writhing tested mice the SGCC (CHCL 3 /MEOH (19:1)) extract of whole plant part at the dosage of 300mg/kg shows signi icant analgesic activity. This In-Vivo model shows that this plant has an anti-in lammatory effect. A. paniculata has an anti-hyperglycemic effect that shows a reducing blood glucose level, improved β-cell functions and also islet in diabetic rat, when treated with SGCC extract of whole plant in the dosage of 50 mg/kg (Nugroho et al., 2014). The comparative studies, tested against carbon tetra chloride (CCL 4 ) induced hepatic microsomal lipid peroxides with the leaf extract and andrographolide of this species. This In-vitro model shows that extract of the leaf shows a high protective against carbon tetra Inhibits against the activity of dengue virus (DENV-1). Shows de inite antihypertensive activity in both the subjects and also improved the blood pressure in animals. There was no pregnancy in the female mice noticed after matting with untreated male, show that plant has contraceptive effect in female mice. (Hossain et al., 2014;Parveen et al., 2019;Nugroho et al., 2014)  2.5 and 5 mg/mLraise in IL-4 production and Natural killer cells activity is suppressed by 1 and 5 mg/ml of extract. 17.67 (stem) and 13.57 (leaf) percentage of inhibition.
150 mg/kg signi icantly lower blood glucose serum level from 442 ± 149mg/dl (day 0) to195 ± 66mg/dl (day 9). 440mg/kg of aqueos extract has repairing and anti-mutagenic effect against MMS. (Khoo et al., 2018;Kamarudina et al., 2017;Tsai et al., 2016)  ALP assay result shows that nbutanol and water fractions of G. pictum has signi icant stimulating activity of ALP (112% and 122% respectively) against MC3T3-E1. (Jiangseubchatveera et al., 2017(Jiangseubchatveera et al., , 2015Widyowati, 2011) chloride (CCL 4 ) -induced hepatic microsomal lipid peroxides but not by the andrographolide phyto compound. This indicates hepatoprotective properties of the plant (Hossain et al., 2014) .Research of (Parveen et al., 2019) reported that hot aqueous and methanol aerial extract of the plant show the remarkable decreases in the Human Immunode iciency Viruses (HIV) antigen-positive H9 cell percentage this proof that plant have an anti-viral effect. Aqueous leaf extract of this species, indicate a de inite antihypertensive activity in both normotensive Wister-Kyoto rats and spontaneous hypertensive rats and it shows a notable improvement in the blood pressure of the animals. This In-Vivo studies of (Hossain et al., 2014) report that plant has a cardiovascular effect. According to (Parveen et al., 2019), In -Vivo studies on female rat, which are fed with the plant mixed food, noticed that there is no   sign of pregnancy in the female mice after matting with untreated male mice, this show that plant has contraceptive effect in female mice.

C. nutans
C. nutans, is a popular traditional vegetable and medicinal herb in Southeast Asia countries. Leaf is most frequently used by the folks in the form of decoction either oral ingestion with water or topical administration with alcohol on the affected part (Khoo et al., 2018). National Drug Committee of Thailand know this plant as National List of Essential Medicine and service as a safety and cost effective native primary medicine, of Thailand. (Tsai et al., 2016), examined the 30min subjected OGD injured primary cortical neuron mouse. The mouse was treated with less than 10µg/ml dose of 80% ethanol leaf extract, after treatment the in-vitro studies, shows that the level of expression of cytosolic phospholipase2 (cPLA2) mRNA is reduced and also the suppression of HDAC and hypoxic neuronal death in an OGD assay is found in the mouse this exhibit the neuromodulating activity in plant. An anti-in lammatory effect of the plant was studied by (Khoo et al., 2018), by evaluating human neutrophil after treating with the extract of 80% ethanol aerial part, through a Formyl-L-methionyl-L-leucyl- The result shows that the 80% of ethanol extract has higher capacity to inhibit release of elastase about 68.33% in human neutrophils.
Investigation by (Kamarudina et al., 2017), propound that immunomodulating effect of plant by treating an ethanol extract on Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (HPBMC). The IL-4 Production -enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) Assay result reveal that the extract has raise in the production of IL-4 and also it suppress the nat-ural killer cell activity. In-vitro study of (Khoo et al., 2018) examine α-glucoside inhibition activity in plant through α-glucosidase inhibition assay. When dosage of extract is about 5000µg/ml it exhibits 17.67 (stem) and 13.57 (leaf) percentage of inhibition respectively. The hot aqueous extract of leaf is orally administrated with the dosage of 50, 100 and 150mg/kg and also with oral glibenclamide to Alloxan induced model Swiss Webster mice (male) daily for about 9 days. The In-vivo studies of (Kamarudina et al., 2017), exhibit the evi-dences that 150mg/kg of extracted leaf shows the signi icant decrease in serum blood glucose level from beginning of the day (day0) is about 442 ± 149mg/dl to end of the day (day 9) is about 195 ± 66 mg/dl respectively. Studies of (Khoo et al., 2018). investigate the antimutagenic properties of C. nutans against MMS. In their In -vivo studies through Allium cepa chromosome assay reveal that the 400mg/kg of aqueous extract of leaf has high capacity of repairing and anti-mutagenic properties against MMS, this shows that the plant has an anticancer effect.

G. pictum
G. pictum is an ornamental plant, has medicinal value among the ethnic groups of Asian folk to cure many ailments such as diuretic, and antipyretic and as an antihelmentic. The pharmacological activities of the plant extracts have been reported by many researchers as follows.
In -vitro, 1, 1-Diphenyl-2-picryhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2, 2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) Assay of antioxidant using different solvent fractions (hexane, ethyl acetate, butanolic and aqueous) of G. pictum plant species were studied by (Jiangseubchatveera et al., 2017). They reported that the ethyl acetate extract of leaves has richest antioxidant activities in these 2 methods when compare to rest of the solvent. For cytotoxic activity of the plant, they took 3 cancerous human cell lines, KB (epidermoid carcinoma), MCF-7 (breast adenocarcinoma) and NCI-H187 (small cell lung carcinoma) and treated with different solvent fractions, with the use of Resazurin microtitre assay (REMA) they determined that 3 fractions (hexane, ethyl acetate and aqueous ) has the highest capacity of cytotoxic against MCF-7 growth cell lines (with the IC 50 values of 38.66, 26.01 and 20.41µg/ml respectively) and there is no cytotoxic action of fractions against Vero cells is seen. In-vitro, disc diffusion assay, examined by (Jiangseubchatveera et al., 2015) to determine antibacterial properties of the plant, reveals that the oil extract of leaves has a strong antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus with MIC values (11.75 and 35.25µg/disc) respectively. ALP marker of osteoblast differentiation is evaluated by (Widyowati, 2011), by using 70% Ethanol-water extract with sequential fractions (n-butanol, ethyl acetate and water solvent) against MC3T3-E1 osteoblast cell. The ALP assay result shows that n -butanol and water fractions of G. pictum has signi icant stimulating activity of ALP (112% and 122% respectively) against MC3T3-E1.

H. alternata
H. alternata is exotic plant, adapted to grow in Bangladesh and India. The notable phytochemical compounds and their secondary metabolites possesses various medicinal properties. The benzene extract of leaves has an antibacterial effect against Acinetobacter species and Streptococcus aureus. The ethanol and n-hexane extraction of whole plant found to have hypoglycemic and anti-diabetics properties in glucose fed rats (Panthallookaran et al., 2017). (Agneeswari and Jansi, 2019) reported that the plant has antioxidant properties by analyzing with two different assay namely nitric oxide radical scavenging and ferrous ion chelatin in dose dependent manner. (Rahman et al., 2019) investigated and evaluated that administration of ethyl acetate leaves extract of H. alternata, over swiss albino mice by cotton pellet-induced granuloma formation test shows signi icant anti-in lammatory effect than methanol extract. They also used castor oil induced antidiarrheal test, which show that methanol extraction has signi icant inhibition of diarrhea activities in mouse compare to ethyl acetate.

J. gendarussa
J. gendarussa is a renowned plant, grown throughout various regions of India. The plant leaves are used in the form of infusion, decoction and also as a paste for treating various ailments in the ancient periods by the ethnic groups. Most of the phytochemical compounds and also secondary metabolites derived from the plants have plethora of pharmacological values that have been reported by many of the researchers. This signi icant reports of J. gendarussa species by the researcher have been discussed as follows.
The in-vitro studies on methanol extraction of the leaf from J. gendarussa plant, using MTT assay against HT-29, BxPC-3 and HeLa human cancer cells was postulated by (Putri et al., 2020). Their studies reported that lavonoids (kaempferol and naringenin) present in the leaf of J. gendarussa plant, has a signi icant anti-cancer activity and anti-oxidant activity. Methanol leaf extraction is treated against gram-negative and gram-positive bacterial microorganism such as Micrococcus luteus (MTCC 1538) (Nirmalraj et al., 2015). Their investigation manifest that plant has notable anti-in lammatory activities in a dose dependent manner. To evaluate anti-arthritic activity in J. gendarussa the (Putri et al., 2020) took Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA) and Collagen arthritis induce rat models. In their studies they treated the rat with aspirin and ethanolic extract of leaf from this plant and reported that the leaf extract treated rat shows a signi icant inhibiton of paw edema say about 43% (FCA) and 47% (Collagen) respectively than the aspirin. To postulate the anthelmintic activities in J. gendarussa species, (Nirmalraj et al., 2015) treated the Pheretima posthuma worm with methanolic crude extract of leaf and stem of this plant at different concentration (10, 20, 30, 40 and 50mg/ml), the study was then examined for paralysis time and death time of the worm. The investigation result that the 50mg/ml of methanolic crude extract can paralyze and kill the worm at 35.3min and 70.7min respectively and Albendazole (used as a control) at 17 and 48 mins respectively this evident shows that the plant has anthelmintic properties. (Putri et al., 2020) investigation of immunosuppressive effect, of this plant have been done by testing the crude methanolic extraction of four plants, such as (J. gendarussa, Plumbago indica, Aloe vera, and Aegle marmelos) in different concentrations (50-150µg/ml), for the lymphocyte proliferation inhibition, through lymphocyte proliferation assay by adding H thymidine. Their study reveal that compare to other plants, J. gendarussa show the increasing amount of lymphocyte inhibition say about 84% in 100µg/ml. This indicates that the plant exhibit immunosuppressive properties.

S. crispus
S. crispus plant also has an indigenous medicinal value that are mainly used in Jamu -Malay medicine and also in tropical Asian medicine. Many researchers has reported in their research about the pharmacological values of this plants that has been discussed below.
In-Vivo studies of (Nurraihana and Norfarizan-Hanoon, 2013) on Streptozotocin -induced hyperglycemic rats elucidated that the aqueous tea extract shows a signi icant decrease in blood glucose level in the tested rats that show this plant has an antidiabetic property. According to (Nurraihana and Norfarizan-Hanoon, 2013), 30days oral administration of the plant juice to the normal rats, Sprague Dawley female rats, and Streptozotocin -induced hyperglycemic male rats with the dosage of 2.0, 1.5 and 1.0 ml/kg b.wt shows not only remarkable decrease in the serum blood glucose level but also decrease in the cholesterol and triglyceride level with an increase in the High-Density Lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL) level in the diabetic rats. This reveals that the plant also has a hypolipidemic effect. The anti -microbial effect of the plant has been reported by (Nurraihana and Norfarizan-Hanoon, 2013), by testing the methanol and aqueous crude extract and butanol fractions of the plant against both gram negative and positive bacteria namely Streptococcus faecalis, Staphylopoccus aureus, Pseudorrwnas aeruginosa and Vibrio cholera, exhibit that the fraction and the crude extract of the plant has anti-microbial properties.
Ethanol leaves extract of the plant examined by (Lim et al., 2012) on the kidney and liver function of Sprague Dawley rats with daily dosage of 150, 300 and 600mg/kg for 14 days elucidated that there is no changes in the serum (ALP, creatinine, urea, ALT, AST) biochemical parameters and the kidney and liver of the rats shows a normal functions. (Nurraihana and Norfarizan-Hanoon, 2013) reported the effect of anti-carcinogen of S. crispus extract through apoptotic pathway. By using Apoptosis Detection System Fluorescein, the samples were assessed by Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay and Confocal Laser Scanning Microscope (CLSM) was also used to show that HepG-2 cells expose to the extract result a dose-dependent manner induction of apoptosis. This plant also has wound healing properties that has been reported by (Al-Henhena et al., 2011) by applying topically (100 and 200mg/ml) the ethanol extract of S. crispus plant on the wounded part of posterior neck of male Sprague Dawley rats. The application of the extract (100mg/ml and 200mg/ml) shows that time taken to heal were about 14.80, 13.00days approximately.

CONCLUSIONS
Acanthaceae plants such as A. paniculata, C. nutans, G. pictum, H. alternata, J. gendarussa and S. crispus are known for their biological activities. Ever since from the ancient periods, locals and ethnic groups has a practice of using these plant extracts either in the form of oral infusion or decoction or in the form of topical administration to treat various kinds of aliments. The ethnobotanical value of these plants is known for their anti-in lammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-diabetics, anti-cancer, anti-arthritis properties among medicinal practitioner in Ayurvedic, TCHM and Unani ields. This review article not only discusses about the botanical and phytochemical properties of these plants, but also it signi ies these herbal plant's importance in both ethnobotanical and pharmacological ields. Thus, it is hoped that this research article would provide more insights into the health bene its of some plants of acanthaceae family.