A Rare Medicinal Herb Remusatia Vivipara

In this current era, the demand for herbal medicines and products is increasing globally, and herbal medicines are being used traditionally as well as for the modern systems for treatment of various diseases and ailments. There are so many plants that are under research for their potential therapeutic and pharmaceutical applications, and Remusatia Vivipara  is one of that rare plants belonging to the family Araceae. There are 105 Genera; more than 3300 species persist locally in tropical and sub-tropical areas and world widely. Remusatia Vivipara  is commonly known as “Hitchhiker Elephant ear”. Tribal people also named it as Lalkand. The root juice of Remusatia Vivipara  used on the wound to dispel any germ and worms. Remusatia Vivipara  has many folkloric applications like for Inflammation and arthritis treatment, analgesic, for disinfecting the Genitourinary tract, and treatment of reddish boils. Upon hydrolysis arabinose, galactose, glucose, mannose, xylose, and various uronic acids are the most commonly observed components. This review is an attempt to compile all the aspects and details of plant Remusatia vivipara.


INTRODUCTION
There are so many plants reported for their therapeutic purposes, and Remusatia Vivipara is one of the rare plants having many pharmaceutical purposes belonging to the family Araceae. There are 105 Genera, more than 3300 species, persist locally, tropical areas, sub-tropical areas and world widely. Remusatia Vivipara is commonly known as "Hitchhiker Elephant ear". Tribal people also named it as Lalkand. The root juice of Remusatia Vivipara used on the wound to dispel any germ and worms (Man-andhar, 1998). Remusatia Vivipara also reported for its folkloric application like for In lammation and arthritis treatment, analgesic, for disinfecting Genitourinary tract and treatment of reddish boils (Bhurat et al., 2011c). Upon hydrolysis arabinose, galactose, glucose, mannose, xylose and various uronic acids are most commonly observed components. Mucilage was also isolated from the tubers for pharmaceutical purposes (Bhurat and Barhate, 2013), mainly used parts of the plant are leaves, tubers and corm studied for different activities. The root paste with turmeric is made into an ointment and used in itching, and root juice with cow's urine is considered to be alexipharmic (Jadhav et al., 2017).The tubers are strongly poisonous but used externally to treat breast mastitis, abscesses and ascariasis (Tang et al., 2010). In this context, we have deliberated various aspects of plant Remusatia Vivipara. Starting from its, Vernacular names, taxonomic classi ication, occurrence and distribution, Phytochemical constituents, pharmacological activities and Pharmaceutical applications.

Occurrence and Distribution
Remusatia (Araceae) mainly consists of 4 different species. Remusatia Vivipara is a rare monsoon plant ( Figure 1) found in hilly regions, widely distributed in East and West Africa, Himalayan area, East Asia and Tropical Asia. In India, it is distributed subtropical Himalaya, Khosla hills, Chota Nagpur, Maharashtra and Western Peninsula (Ara and Hassan, 2005).

Morphology
It is a monsoon plant grows on the tress.

Tubers
They are of 1-2 inches in diameter and 6-12 inches long, clustered depressed, rooting from the crown, short bulbiferous (Mali and Bhadane, 2008)

Flowers
They are very rare and usually grow before the leaves. Peduncle surrounded by seven cataphylls, 6-20 cm long, 5-8 mm diameter. The spathe is tube ovoid, green and about 17 cm long (Marwah et al., 2007) (Figure 4).

Corm
They are thick, pink from outside, pinkish-white within and about 2.5-5 cm in diameter.

Phytochemical constituents
Phyto-Chemical Constituents present in Parts of plant Remustia Vivipara are given in Table 1.

Anti-in lammatory activity
Bhurat et al., 2011 studied the anti-in lammatory activity of chloroform, ethanol and ether extract of leaves of Remusatia Vivipara with the standard drug Diclofenac by Human Red blood corpuscles (HRBC) membrane-stabilizing method. Results showed the signi icant anti-in lammatory activity of all the extracts (Bhurat et al., 2011d).

Antimicrobial activity
Kurdekar et al., 2012 worked on ethanolic, chloroform and ether extract of corm of Remusatia Vivipara by soxhlet and cold percolation method against the ive different microorganism species using disc diffusion method. Results showed that any of extract by either method did not show any antimicrobial activity against any one species of microorganism (Kurdekar et al., 2012).

Depressant activity
Bhurat et al., 2011 compared the ethanolic extract of tubers of Remusatia Vivipara depression activity with the drug Imipramine and Diazepam. The results of the Force swim test and Tail suspension test showed a signi icant increase in the activity with extract as compared to the control group and drugtreated group. In the locomotor activity done with Actophotometer, there were no signi icant changes as compared to the control group or drug-treated group. With the FST and TST results, they concluded that the extract has a depression activity (Bhurat, 2011). Marwah et al., 2007 worked on different edible plant antioxidant activity and some for wound healing activity. Extraction of tubers of Remusatia Vivipara done by maceration process with chloroform and then followed by aqueous alcohol. For antioxidant activity, they followed the free radical scavenging assay and found the extract of Remusatia Vivipara showed weaker antioxidant activity (Marwah et al., 2007). Sindhura et al., 2017 worked on the binding of lectin to a speci ic site, apoptosis, growth inhibition and induction of reactive oxygen species for cell death by the use of different cell lines like MDA-MB-468, MCF-7 and MCF-10A. The results and indings suggested that Remusatia Vivipara Lectin (RVL) showed very high cell surface binding to cell lines, different dose of RVl on different time intervals showed a decrease in cell viability, after treatment with RVL from 0-24 hours microscopic studies showed cell changes, RVL also reported for inducing the apoptosis in both MDA-MB-468 and MCF-7 through oxidative stress or DNA damage. Hence, they concluded that the RVL exerts the cytotoxic effect on human breast cells by inducing apoptotic effects (Sindhura et al., 2017).

Anti-Urolithiatic activity
Anbuselvi et al., Analyzed the extracts of Remusatia vivipara for anti-urolithic activity, and the effect of different extract concentration was applied to measure the dissolution rate, turbidity, nucleation aggregation assay. The extract of Theriophonum minutum and Remusatia vivipara re lected the blocking action in both of nucleation and aggregation to better level and has more remarkable ability to dissolve arti icial calcium stones and kidney stones rather than the standard drug (Anbuselvi et al., 2019).

Pharmaceutical applications
Gelling Property Bhurat et al., 2013 extracted the mucilage from the tubers of Remusatia Vivipara by dissolving in water and precipitating in 90 % alcohol. Six batches of Diclofenac sodium were prepared with different concentration of the mucilage to check the gelling property of it with some other needed substances. The gel with 3.5% mucilage concentration showed the desired gel characteristics and hence used as gelling agent (Bhurat and Barhate, 2013).

Binding property
Shelke et al., 2011 evaluated the mucilage of Remusatia Vivipara by prepared the tablets with different concentration of the mucilage. They found 6% w/w mucilage tablet with the desired characteristics and found that the mucilage of Remusa-tia Vivipara useful for the preparation of uncoated tablets as binder (Shelke et al., 2011).

Suspending property
Bhurat et al., 2011 studied suspending properties of Remusatia Vivipara were evaluated with Acacia at concentrations of 2-6% w/v in ce ixime trihydrate suspension. Characterization test was carried out on puri ied Remusatia Vivipara mucilage. Sedimentation pro ile, re dispersibility, rheology, pH, particle size analysis, degree of locculation, stability study were employed as an evaluation parameter for formulation. The results suggested that Remusatia Vivipara mucilage could be used as a suspending agent (Bhurat et al., 2011a).

CONCLUSIONS
This review provides valuable, accessible sources like Vernacular names, taxonomic classi ication, occurrence & distribution, Phytochemical constituents, pharmacological activities and Pharmaceutical applications of plant Remusatia Vivipara and it will help other researchers for further investigations and exploring properties present in this plant.