Prevalence of full mouth extraction among patients visiting a dental college-A retrospective analysis

Manya Suresh1, Dhanraj Ganapathy*2, Nivethigaa B.3 1Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai – 600 077, Tamil Nadu, India 2Department of Prosthodontics, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai – 600 077, Tamil Nadu, India 3Department of Orthodontics, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai – 600 077, Tamil Nadu, India


INTRODUCTION
Extraction of teeth is one of the most common procedures carried out in dental clinics. The consequence of most dentoalveolar diseases is tooth loss (Adeyemo, 2012). In today's economy, most patients are presenting with severe dental problems ranging from multiple tooth decay to advanced gen-eralized periodontitis because they have put off dental treatment either due to fear of discomfort or fear of cost. The major reason for inally reporting to the clinic is because of unbearable pain or if the infection has worsened. This could be due to poor oral hygiene, dental genetic malformations, hereditary issues or unhealthy diet consumption (Nazarian, 2011). Degree of urbanization has also been found to affect the pattern of tooth extractions. (Taiwo et al., 2017).
Populations with poorer socioeconomic conditions show higher prevalence and extent of teeth loss, with increasing age (C Susin et al., 2005;Susin et al., 2006;Barbato et al., 2007). The prevalence and risk indicators for tooth loss were studied in a Brazilian population, showing that 94% of the subjects had experienced tooth loss (C Susin et al., 2005;Gupta et al., 2010). A decline in the tooth loss can be veri ied in developed countries in the last years (Marcus et al., 1988;Hiidenkari and Parvinen, 1997;Suominen-Taipale, 1999), which may be due to the preventive programs and easier accessibility to the oral health care that have been decreasing the extractions (Haugejorden and Klock, 2002;Soory, 2010). India is a country in development progress, and very few studies have veri ied the prevalence of tooth extractions among the Indian population.
Tooth loss (TL) is a crucial measure of oral healthcare and the ef icacy of oral disease management (Petersen et al., 2005). Despite improvements in awareness and treatment worldwide, tooth loss remains a major public health issue (Clarkson and McLoughlin, 2000;Hujoel, 2004). Tooth loss cannot only impair mastication, but also self-esteem and social interactions due to its effects on appearance, the ability to have a conversation, and the willingness to laugh (de Lima Saintrain and de Souza, 2012;Yang, 2016). These problems can signi icantly reduce the quality of life. (Willett et al., 1996;Naito, 2006;Barbosa and Gavião, 2008).
Previously our team had conducted numerous clinical trials (Ashok, 2014;Venugopalan, 2014;Ganapathy et al., 2016), In vitro studies (Duraisamy, 2019;Ajay et al., 2017;Jain et al., 2017), surveys (Ashok and Suvitha, 2016;Jyothi, 2017;Basha et al., 2018) and reviews (Selvan and Ganapathy, 2016;Subasree et al., 2016;Vijayalakshmi and Ganapathy, 2016) over the past 5 years. Now we are focusing on epidemiological surveys. The ideas for this survey stemmed from the current trends in our community. Thus, the aim of this study was to describe the epidemiological data of the prevalence for full mouth extractions in a convenience sample of patients visiting a dental college in Chennai. Ariga, 2018;Kannan and Venugopalan, 2018)

MATERIALS AND METHODS
Records of patients who had undergone extraction of teeth at Saveetha Dental College, Chennai between June 2019 to March 2020 were retrieved. The advantage of this study was that it was done on a population with similar ethnicity. The disadvantage was that the area of the study was not that large. The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board. Two reviewers were involved in this study. The total sample size included 4539 patients who underwent extractions. To minimise sampling bias, we included all the available data; no sorting of data was done. Internal validity of the study was that all full mouth extraction patients were identiied. The external validity of the study was treatment planning with veri ication of homogeneity in the general population and replication of results in different time periods.
We reviewed patient records and analysed the data of 4539 patients between June 2019 to March 2020. The data of patients who underwent extraction was reviewed. Primary teeth extractions were excluded from the study. Data was veri ied by one external reviewer. The data was then imported to SPSS and the variables were veri ied. Chi-square test was performed on the data using SPSS software by IBM. Gender, age and ethnicity were considered as independent variables. Full mouth extraction was considered as a dependent variable and correlation analysis was done.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The data collected from the patient management software was tabulated in SPSS, and descriptive statistics were done. The X-axis represents the gender distribution. Y-axis represents the percentage of patients undergoing full mouth extractions. Out of a total of 4539 patients, only 129 patients had undergone full mouth extractions, of which 56(43.3%) were females and 73(56.6%) males as blue and red graphs, respectively. The frequencies are depicted in [ Figure 1].    The frequency of full mouth extraction among both females and males in comparison to the rest of the population that had undergone extraction was calculated. Blue bar represents the patients who underwent full mouth extraction-2.8% (129) and red bar represents the patients those who did not undergo full mouth extraction-97.2%(4410), which is depicted in [ Figure 2]. The X-axis represents the treatment done; Y-axis represents the percentage of patients.
Association between gender and prevalence of full mouth extraction was done [ Figure 3]. Chi-Square test was done. Results showed no signi icant correlation between gender and full mouth extraction (p>0.05). In this study, we observed that the prevalence of full mouth extraction among the study population was 2.8% with a slightly higher predilection in males. The X-axis represents the gender distribution. Y-axis represents the total number of patients. Blue bars represent the patients who have undergone full mouth extraction, and Red bars represent the patients who did not undergo full mouth extraction. There was a slightly higher predilection among males; however, there was no signi icant association between gender and the type of treatment. Pearson Chi-Square value -.000, p-value-0.994, p-value>0.05 statistically insigni icant.
Conversely, a study conducted by Barbato et al. (2007) stated that there was a higher prevalence of tooth loss in females compared to men. Certain other studies conducted in India also proved that females had higher tooth loss compared to males.
When considering full mouth extractions, the age of the patients was above the age of 40, and the rate of extraction increased with increase in their age [Figure 4]. The X-axis represents the age of the participants in years. Y-axis represents the percentage of patients who underwent full mouth extractions. The red dot represents the 40-50 years age group (2.29%), the blue dot represents the 50-60 years age group (2.80%), the green dot represents the 60-70 year age group (3.50%) and the yellow dot represents the above 70 age group (3.40%). There was an increase in the rate of full mouth extractions with increasing age and a slight decrease in the patients who were above 70, and there was a signi icant association between age and full mouth extraction. One sample t-test -, p-value-0.002, p-value <0.05 statistically signi icant.
This was found to be similar to previous studies that con irmed evidence for the increased prevalence of tooth loss with increase in age (Agerholm and Sidi, 1988;Lopez and Baelum, 2003). Age was strongly associated with edentulism. This was due to the cumulative effect of dental caries and periodontal diseases, as well as treatment planning. Differential treatment choice due to socio-economic conditions also plays a major role such as endodontics versus extraction of the teeth (Kaira and Dabral, 2014). We can include more subjects and could also expand the time of the study.
Reasons for extraction, education, literacy level, systemic diseases were not included for this study. A greater awareness should be created regarding proper dental hygiene and timely treatment. Additional research is needed to determine the relationship between tooth loss and various etiological factors.
Because of fear or inances, patients will often avoid visiting the dentist's of ice. This allows small problems to grow progressively worse. When these problems persist for a long period of time, a full mouth extraction might be the only option.
Anxiety has also been shown to be an important factor inhibiting regular dental attendance. Dental anxiety is presumably a consequence of negative dental experiences in the past and/or a result of a social learning process. Once present, anxiety is thought to be a self-maintaining or selfreinforcing mechanism, because anxious patients have distorted beliefs about the likelihood of positive and negative events, which raise their anxiety. The process of not visiting the dentist is described as a vicious cycle in which anxiety plays a crucial role and might result in avoidance behaviour leading to the deterioration of the dentition. This might increase the perceived likelihood of pain and the need for restorative treatment followed by negative experiences with dental visits, through which dental anxiety is reinforced, etc. If this vicious cycle is not broken, full mouth extraction seems to be the eventual consequence.
Within the clinical practice, a time may come where the dental provider will encounter a patient who might need full-mouth extraction due to severe decay or infection. Being able to perform fullmouth extractions in a fast and atraumatic way for the patient will help eliminate stress for everyone. Using a method that takes advantage of ef icient Class I lever principles, as well as the biochemical properties while conserving bone and soft tissue will ensure more ef iciency and effectiveness. The study was single centred with small sample size and similar ethnicity. Further multicentric research should be conducted in a larger population.

CONCLUSION
Within the limits of the present study, it can be concluded that the prevalence of full mouth extraction cases in a dental college in Chennai was minimal, with a slightly higher predilection in males. There was an increase in the rate of full mouth extractions with increasing age and a slight decrease in the patients who were above 70. Further research can be conducted to explore reasons for poor oral hygiene which leads to tooth loss among the general population.