Neurolink-A Review

Pratheebha C1, Yuvaraj Babu K*2, Gifrina Jayaraj3 1Saveetha Dental college and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai – 77, TamilNadu, India 2Department of Anatomy, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai – 77, TamilNadu, India 3Department of Oral Pathology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai – 77, TamilNadu, India


INTRODUCTION
Brain-machine interface (BMI) is very much useful for people with brain-related disorders. Using this technology, researchers were able to control a computer cursor, robotic prosthesis and voice synthesizers using electrodes. Elon Musk, the author and founding father of Neurolink, in his article has described brie ly about the neurosurgically developed robot can insert six threads (192 electrodes) per minute and also about the working model of neuro link (Musk, 2019). In previous literature, the authors like Stephanie Naufel and Eran Klein in their article Brain-computer interface (BCI) researcher perspectives on neural data ownership and privacy, 2020, they conducted a web survey of BCI researchers. They got a fascinating result that was found in their study. 58% of the researchers gave the result as access to neural data as the conclusion of their study. New York times took an interview, and it had been said that within the near future sci-entists who are working for this Neuralink uses a beam to place the implant through the skull, instead of drilling holes. BCI device uses a lot of wires to grab all the signals within the brain (Kent, 2019).
Over the past years various research was done by our team was on (Choudhari and Thenmozhi, 2016) osteology on the importance of posterior condylar canal (Hafeez and Thenmozhi, 2016), accessory foramenspresent in middle cranial fossa (Kannan and Thenmozhi, 2016), clinical importance of styloid process (Keerthana and Thenmozhi, 2016) Occurance of foramen of Huschke, (Pratha and Thenmozhi, 2016), morphometric analysis of foramen meningo-orbitale (Nandhini et al., 2018), Gerdy's tubercle in Tibia Clinical (Subashri and Thenmozhi, 2016), implication of Occipital emissary formanen stature (Krishna and Babu, 2016), estimation from facial lengths radiation (Sriram et al., 2015), effects of mobile phone on brain (Thejeswar and Thenmozhi, 2015), use of i-pads vs textbook in education (Johnson, 2020) on Mi RNA, on hypertension micro RNA (Sekar, 2019) especially on preeclampsia patients, animal studies (Seppan et al., 2018), and in few other ields like thyroid function and obesity (Menon and Thenmozhi, 2016), and vision impairment in amblyopia (Samuel and Thenmozhi, 2015). There is a lack of much information on the current topic Neurolink, hence the main aim of this review is to explore some detailed information regarding the recent advances in Neurolink project -the bene its, merits as well as its demerits.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
They collected the review topics within the last 20 years that had assessed all the chances of Brainmachine interfaces, neuro link etc. We didn't follow a scienti ic review or meta-analysis. In seeking to spot the relevant literature from the last 20 years, we accessed the databases that are commonly used as an index for the review of the literature, including PubMed, google scholar. Searches of the reference list from the relevant review were extensively utilized to spot further relevant studies. Search terms included 'arti icial intelligence, neuro link '; 'brain-machine interface '; 'neural network '; 'neural implant ', 'brain gate '. Considered research articles were reviewed, the pros and cons were understood and included during this study. If the articles were retracted and if articles are in other languages, then those articles were excluded. Quality of articles used was assessed using Quality assessment tools and graded as strong, moderate and weak. The level of evidence of the reviewed articles was categorized as per the standards of Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine, Oxford, UK and graded as strong, moderate and weak as tabulated in Table 1 (Jeremy, 2011).

Interesting facts about Neuro Link
Neurolink ampli ies and sends the signals to a machine; it sets up the neurons which can read all the impulses. The electrodes may help in treating brain-related disorders. Five major steps are being involved which incorporates the creation of threads, reading the signals and cleaning them and stitching of threads into the tissues, transmission of signals to ampli iers, ampli ication of signals and transmission to the machine (Kulshreshth et al., 2019)

Brain Machine Interface
The main aim of the BCI technology is to assist the individuals with more disability to regulate the reanimated paralyzed limbs and also as an assistive device. It's the potential to enhance the standard of life for people with disability because it may offer a natural and rich control interface for assistive devices, to understand a clinically-viable BCI device include the power to record neural activity with the high spatial and temporal resolution is that the key criteria (Wang, 2013). The limitation of BMI usage in clinics is the shortage of good neuroimaging techniques to provide the report that the high-resolution neural activity requires (Pisarchik et al., 2019).

Connection between Nervous System and Machines
Using advanced algorithms, nowadays the linking of the information from the brain and the computer or electronic devices have become simple so that the messages that have to be encoded or decoded also becomes less complicated in the new modern world. Learning something which is curious to everyone is quantum computing, and by reading that also we get a wonderful idea to link the brain and the electronic devices (Valle, 2019).

Neural Lace
An ideal alternative target to revive any kind of sensation are brainstem dorsal column nuclei. (Loutit and Potas, 2020). The results highlight the advantages of using a transmission system with primary care; allowing prompt response to GP enquiries, early initiation of treatment and reducing the number of patients attending hospital clinics (Williams, 2012). Remarkable therapy in the medical ield is the Deep brain stimulation is a problem that is faced by any number of people in our country (Brocker and Grill, 2013).

Neural Implant
A lot of advancements nowadays are taking in this ields that are related to the fabrication process, . (Brocker and Grill, 2013) 2013 Review Electrical stimulation of neural tissue.
Strong 10. (Rezaei, 2016) 2002 Review 110 nW in channel sigma-delta. Moderate 11. (Gosselin, 2011) 2011 Review Neural recording implants Moderate 12. (Rehman and Kamboh, 2013) 2013 Review Neural signal ampli ication Moderate 13. (Jackson and Zimmermann, 2012) 2012 Review Neural interfaces are made for brain and spinal cord Strong so the development of these implants are easy, Ampli ier-based systems and Neural ampli iers are often designed in house, and it is being fabricated easily by researchers. Advancement in wireless companies has employees a new device which will directly interface with the CNS for exciting the neural recordings (Rezaei, 2016).

Recent Researches
Research in neuroscience has accelerated the substantial demand and that are capable of watching large groups of neurons and their activities. The tools revealed an incredible potential for the improvements of data within the development of useful clinical applications and for the brain related researches (Gosselin, 2011). The front-end circuit is low power consumption and chip area are the two most crucial requirements, especially because of the number of channels increases (Rehman and Kamboh, 2013). Motor function is of high priority to patients with spinal cord injury (SCI) it is very important and also the spread of devices related or in connection with the brain or spinal cord (Jackson and Zimmermann, 2012).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Elon Musk has stated that he had started developing fear about the decline in the thinking process of the person's when AI will become capable of all the brain-related functions (Kulshreshth et al., 2019). Neuralink can record about 1,500 or 3,000 electrodes and aims for providing a smaller and safer BMI technology.
Larger and more elaborate research under this subject is required, and when the longer-term studies are administered supported this subject, it's to be elaborate study and actually, it should be available for people's bene it. These are often a number of the restrictions of this particular study. The shortage of understanding of the above concept will give longer for philosophers, policy-makers, and fantasy enthusiasts to plan and to imagine for a future where humans are going to be ready to instantly read each other's thoughts, download knowledge into our brains, and collaborate with Arti icial intelligence just using the human mind.

CONCLUSION
This technology is only at the basic stage where many types of research have to be continued, and it has to be available in regular use only then people which brain-related problems can get an easy solution, and this technology is merit towards our modern medicine. This review is an effort to update the recent advance of Neurolink project; further research is that the need of the hour to understand about its complete use for the citizenry.

Funding Support
The authors declare no funding support for this study.