Development, Validation and Veri ication of a Self-Assessment Tool to Estimate Sadhaka Pitta (Mental Strength)

Vijay Laxmi Gautam*1, Singh T B2, Sangeeta Gehlot3, Hari Hridaya Awasthi1 1Department of Rachana Sharir, Faculty of Ayurveda, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, U.P, India 2Department of Biostatistics, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, U.P, India 3Department of Kriya Sharir, Faculty of Ayurveda, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, U.P, India


What is Sadhaka Pitta / Mental Strength?
The three types of dosha, Vata, Pitta and Kapha are called Tridosha (Astanga Hrudaya, 2005). Sadhaka Pitta is one of the ive types of Pitta associated with certain mental functions and behaviours (Hss Paradakara, 2005). The word Sadhaka derived having all their senses in excellent conditions, so the process of perception of all senses becomes accurate. In Ayurveda, the Hridaya is considered the home of Chetna (consciousness), thus ultimately connecting the Hridaya (heart) and mana (functional brain). Sadhaka Pitta is supposed to govern all the senses, called as AbhiprarthitaManorathaSiddhikrita means ful ilment of all desire. The functions of Sadhaka Pitta can be correlated with the features of different parts of the brain carried by hormones & neurotransmitters.
The term 'hrid', in all except the irst ive (5 sensory organs) in lexions, thought to be connected with the hridaya (heart-as the seat of feelings & emotions), soul (consciousness), mind (brain-seat of feelings & intellectual/mental operation). There are so many correlated structure & functions are related to hridaya.
According to MM. William, synonyms and the meanings of hridaya areinteriors of the body/ centre/ core/ essence/ best/ most secret part of anything/ true/ and divine knowledge. The hridaya, like heart, internal ward, innermost, pleasing, beloved, cherished, grateful, charming and lovely (Williams, 2006).

Functions of sadhaka pitta
According to Acharya Charaka, natural (Avikrita) Pitta is responsible for the promotion of vision, causes digestion, generation of body heat, causes hunger & thirst, maintenance of body elasticity, confers lustre, clarity of mind and contributes to intelligence & intellect.
The scienti ic evaluation of Sadhaka Pitta suit essential in surroundings of conduct (vichara) directions, mental health associated guidance by nonpharmacological methods, and needy of therapeutic interventions (PV, 2008b). Sadhaka Pitta is the factor responsible for mental health and mental strength. Furthermore, since the status of Sadhaka Pitta (mental functions) is expected to vary concerning the independent organisation, age groups, situation, repetitive rhythms together with et al., it becomes even new chief to accurately to estimate the power of Sadhaka Pitta is independent of the perspective of Ayurveda.

No tools available for the of sadhaka pitta
There is no tool available on Sadhaka Pitta based on subjective parameter.
A tool for assessment of Sadhaka Pitta based on objective parameter like Intelligence Quotient & memory scale was conducted by Deepika S et.al. The Sadhaka Pitta with its location as Hridaya can act as an instrumental tool for achieving Intelligence, Discrimination, self-esteem and enthusiasm. It is the one whose functions are very much similar to the tasks of higher centres of the brain carried out by different neurotransmitters. So there is a vast scope for the assessment Sadhaka Pitta with its structural and functional location and its activity in future (Deepika and Rajunavodaya, 2015). Are you afraid of loneliness? 5.
Do you afraid of participation in competitive events? C.
Do you have capability to face any unexpected situation? 2.
Do you have good tolerance power to any type of pain? 3.
Do you feel yourself capable to handle any type of adverse situation? 4.
Do you have tendency to surrender before completion of task in adverse situation? 5.
You are never afraid of in any unexpected event? D.
Do you get easily anger on provocation? 2.
Do you use harsh words when people are not convinced with your opinion? 3.
Do you have tendency to anger on not getting attention?
Are your friends/colleague considered you as a digni ied person? 2.
Do you realize that you and your opinion is always right? 3.
Do you consider yourself always overall superior than other? 4.
Do you react immediately on not being treated properly? 5.
On disputes do you make effort to continue with the same feeling with friends/relatives? F.
Are you able to handle the adverse situations intelligently? 2.
Do you prefer analysing the things critically before accepting it? 3.
Do you make opinion about the people without much thinking? 4.
Do you get rewarded as per efforts you make? 5.
Are you considered allrounder by others? G.
Do you feel that your life is rewarding? 2.
Are you optimistic even in unfavourable situations? 3.
Do you enjoy even in small events? 4.
Do you easily forget bad experiences? 5.
Are you not bothered with criticism by others? Total Score …… /35 ……/35 Percentage% Percentage of Sadhaka Pitta = Score obtained for individual class of Sadhaka Pitta x100 Total Scores allotted to that class of Sadhaka Pitta

Methodology
Study design: This study utilises a random sampling experimental design.

Citizens and representative (Population and sample)
The citizens for conduction of the current work was interpreted as faculty students, faculty and nonteaching staff of anyone familiar, pertaining to 21 to 50 age groups recorded from different events of Banaras Hindu University. Declarations were constructed in the department of Rachana Sharir and lecture hall concerning the work for recruitment of healthy participants. Every single participant who has given the written consent willingly was assessed entirely. After this process, we had 50 volunteers in the study.

Ethical clearance letter
The committee of institutional ethics from IMS, BHU, Varanasi has given the ethical clearance approval letter. The number of letters is dean/2018/ethical committee/325. The consent has been taken from healthy participants before starting the questionnaire's'.

Preparation of the preliminary tool
Regarding the de iciency and restrictions observed in the new procedures of Sadhaka Pitta evaluation, we planned a "self-evaluating personality inventory" (Table 1 ) for monitoring the power of sattva (mental strength). This personality inventory is mainly designed on the foundation of Sadhaka Pitta functions as described in Charaka sutra sthana 12/14, and 18/52 (Sharma PV, Charak Samhita, 2008), Astanga hridaya sutra sthana 12 / 13-14 (Astanga Hrudaya, 2005), and, SushrutaSharirsthana 4/33, and sutra sthana 21/10 (Acharya, 2003). These verses depict the seven function of Sadhaka Pitta of component Smriti (memory), Bhaya (fear), Shaurya (courage), Krodha (anger), Abhimana (self-esteem/pride), Medha (intellect) and Harsha (happiness). Further qualities of sattva are constructed on this mode of grouping were also collected from other traditional texts of Ayurveda, and an introductory question naire was expanded in a method mentioned above that simple opinions or statements were designed to evaluate each feature of Sadhaka Pitta. The instrument prescribed that the suspected data their agreement (harmony) or disagreement (disputed) with the question in suitable columns by labelling a check mark (ü) against the speci ic statement/questions that best described their physiology on the base of the structure. One score was designated for the determined reply if start to have existed in that independent. Total ratings were deliberated in particular columns, and afterwards, the scores were converted into a percentage for further statistical investigation. The status of sattva (mental strength) in an individual was pronounced based on highest percentage scores prevailed supported the different class.

Content validity
The Contended validity concerns somewhat the independent objects in the estimated instrument communicable to the idea of what is being sustained. We have to go along with a generally employ the procedure of supporting contended validity, i.e., alongside measuring the consensus between concern's authority as regards how the speci ic fragment was essential (Bannigan and Watson, 2009). The instrument (tool) was assessed by Ayurvedicsconcern's authority through the meeting with discussion and sent to each expert. All of the concerns authority on the deciding committee answered to the successive cross-examine related to Sadhaka pitta for all objects (item):Is the feedback obtained by this item all questions are essential, may be deleted, may be modi ied in this form or not relevant, in the calculation of mental functions of the Sadhaka pitta? After the expert's checklist of questions for assessing Sadhaka Pitta it was found that majority of the experts recommended that an object (item)was necessary, comparable unit (item) were employed after it was supposed to have content validity. Consequently, the preparatory Sadhaka Pitta instrument accommodated seven objects as smriti, Bhaya, shaurya, krodha, Ahankara, Medha and Harsha.

Construct validity
Establish validity is the suitability of concludes on the base of measurement: i.e., whether an experiment estimates the planned established or not (Rattray and Jones, 2007). The Established validity in plotting the Sadhaka Pitta assessment tool concluded in the continuous mode: Fifty (50) healthy participants exist gradually subjected to the experiment inside the full introductory questionnaire accommodating seven objects with 37 questions were conducted. Following analysing the outcomes, individually found that two questions certainly not tried by most of the participants as these characteristics were not generally set up as agree and disagree based on healthy participants. Consequently, we ended with releasing these two question repeatedly arranged questionnaire with seven objects with 35 questions, which were then issued to 50 participants. After the current tool is "Self-Evaluation" variety, the interrogation of inter-rater variance and multiple squared correlations was not considered (Saw and Ng, 2001).

Collection of data and data entry
The participants who have given the consent form, exist afterwards described regarding particular character in work. Every single participant was then issued with a Sadhaka Pitta evaluation tool which included some introductory details associated with the independent to be ill up. After ful ilment of the pattern, the determining of scores was concluded. The details acquired occur irst entered in internetbased structure to keep away from details discrepancy throughout its item. We collected data items to de ine the role of each variable in and subsequently was transferred to a spreadsheet besides in addition to analysis (MS, 2019).

Statistical validation of sadhaka pitta assessment tool
While entering the details, the immediate results were contribution for proper categorisation of Sattva: 1= Avara sattva (Strongly disagree), 2= Pravara sattva (Strongly agree). This type of mental strength (sattva) was done because of categories of Sadhaka pitta like extending from reduction to accent. Subsequently entering the details, Mean and Standard deviation results prevailed for all subject was deliberated for all variety of Sadhaka Pitta. These methods were differentiated applying 1-way analysis of variance found on the categorisation of Sadhaka Pitta. Table 3 suggests the difference between the mean scores were statistically signi icant from each other (p < .001) in almost all cases, indicating that each item in the tool is ef icient in differentiating each category of Sadhaka Pitta.

Experiment for the reliability of the instrument
The authenticity of the questionnaire was once more completed utilising descriptive analysis and by using Cronbach's alpha that recommends inside ethical stability of the items in the scale. A little value of alpha suggests defective inter-relatedness among things or the diverse setup. In the study, a high value of Cronbach's alpha, i.e., 0.96 was acquired for a large scale. A value of Cronbach's alpha higher than 0.7 is a grasp as allowable for validation of questionnaire (Bland and Altman, 1997). Moreover eliminating some items did not signi icantly expand the value of Cronbach's alpha, and hence all the details were retained in the questionnaire. Individually further deliberated the total Sadhaka Pitta scores secured by all individual and compared the mean total Sattva scores between a different group of Sadhaka Pitta by using 1-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). As Table 2 submits the differences between the means score of all categories were statistically highly signi icant (p < .001) manifesting once again that the instrument (tool) is effective in transforming the individual groups.

DISCUSSION
Different IQ (Intelligence Quotient) test (Wechsler Intelligence scale for children/ adults, Stanford-Binet Scale, Bhatia's Scale etc.,) and Memory test (Wechsler Memory Scale) are available to measure the intelligence and memory of a person. By measuring the IQ and Memory levels in a person, it may be possible to assess the functioning of Sadhaka Pitta. So objective parameter for the assessment of Sadhaka Pitta functioning may be considered as Intelligence Quotient tests and Memory tests (wikipedia.org/wiki/wechslermemory scale). Abhimana (pride) and Utsaaha (enthusiasm) are also functions of Sadhaka Pitta, and they are more of subjective entities so, assessment cannot be done with the help of objective tools. Still, individually one can feel the functioning of Sadhaka Pitta in his body. Sadhaka Pitta should be considered as a factor or a factor complex that facilitates the above functions, especially intelligence, memory, self-esteem, enthusiasm and other emotional states. The substance or substances, either produced by or associated with the Mastishka (brain), with functions similar to those described to Sadhaka Pitta, may be considered as various neurotransmitters. For example, acetylcholine, norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin, glutamic acid, etc., of the Central nervous system (Vvs et al., 2002).

CONCLUSIONS
The principal purpose of the analysis was to establishment and endorsement a self-questioning instrument to evaluate Sadhaka Pitta to test the tool for its validity and reliability. The objective beyond such a project was to formulate an instrument (tool) based on the traditional illustrations found in Ayurveda literature while contemporary surrendering them empirical and applicable in the circumstances of regular objective implementation. While generating the items was taken as a criterion by consulting experience Ayurveda physicians and academicians. Hence the language of these seven items with thirty-ive question was kept as uncomplicated as possible. As the solution of the work show, the current tool may be supposed to be reasonably valid and reliable based on statistical inspection. However, this requires further assessment in a large sample. Whether equivalent a probability is shown, the tool may be distributed in the middle of the common public so they may be motivated to evaluate their Sadhaka Pitta functions and can be inspired to know the mental health, mental strength and openness for particular situations.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This work was carried out as an advanced degree research effort in the faculty of Ayurveda, BHU, Varanasi. As contributed toward design, literature research, data asset, data scrutiny, manuscript preparation, editing, and reviews. T.B. Singh, Sangeeta Gehlot and Hari Hridaya Awasthi contributed towards data asset, data analysis, statistical inspection, paper preparation, document editing, and document review and agreed to act as guarantor. We are thankful to all the students, faculty and non-teaching staff of Banaras Hindu University for participated as participants in this study. We are also grateful to the University for providing all the facility to carry out our work.