The role of the clinical pharmacists to improve the clinical outcomes of a kidney disease patient-A case Report

Pruritis is mostly presented as a warning/symptom of a few chronic diseases that may include kidney diseases. Often it can be an indication of any neurologic, systemic, psychiatric or dermatologic disorders. About 10-70% of patientswith chronic renal failure, and patients undergoing dialysis exist with Pruritis. Undiagnosed Pruritis may develop into cellulitis and other complications such as septicemia. A clinical pharmacist role is crucial in managing such patients. Clinical pharmacists’ vital role towards the patient helps them manage the unhealthy condition, restore, and improve their quality of life. We had a case report of anaemia in chronic kidney disease presented with Pruritis. The treatment was going on for the severe anaemic condition. Pruritis was left undiagnosed. The treating physician accepted the intervention of the clinical pharmacist to add Epoetin-alfa 3000 units/mL thrice a week. This intervention reaf irms the role of clinical pharmacists in developing the pharmaceutical care plan for patients.


INTRODUCTION
Pruritis is a condition which causes an intense desire to scratch and is mostly presented as a warning/symptom of some chronic diseases. Mostly, it can be an indication of neurologic, systemic, psychiatric or dermatologic disorders. Histamines, 5-Hydroxy tryptamine (5-HT), Proteases, IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, IL-6, and IL-10, Bradykinin, Substance-P (SP), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), Opioid peptides, Cannabinoids, Leukotrienes (LTs), Plateletactivating factor (PAF) are some of the mediators involved in the mechanism of causing Pruritis. Apart from treating the underlying disease, phototherapy with Ultraviolet B (UVB), topical medications such as coolants (liquid nitrogen), doxepin (topical antihistamine), and systemic therapy with tricyclic antidepressants or opioid receptor antagonists are found to be effective in the management of Pruritis. Mirtazapine is effective in End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) patients (Song et al., 2018). Pruritis is the most common manifestation of Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) (Adejumo et al., 2016) and severe anaemia. Almost 10-70 % of patients with chronic renal failure and patients undergoing renal dialysis present with Pruritis (Weisshaar and Matterne, 2014). The third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey has mentioned that (NHANES III), 8% of elderly participants with anaemia had renal insuf iciency with creatinine clearance below 30 mL/min and another 4% of anaemia cases had both renal insuf iciency and anaemia (Patel, 2008). Clinical pharmacists play a vital role in better patient management and improvement in their quality of life. Here we report a case which emphasizes the critical role of clinical pharmacist in deciding the

Case Description
A 70-year-old male patient was presented to the casualty of a secondary care hospital referred from Primary Health Care Centre with a history of fever for past one week and itchy skin that resulted in the formation of blisters followed by swelling and ulcer in the right foot. He also complained of easy fatiguability and breathlessness. He was not a known case of diabetes, hypertension, bronchial asthma or tuberculosis. Laboratory investigations were done and are presented in

Discussion
Dropping of Hb to 3mg/dL drew the attention of the clinical pharmacists and reconciliation with the patient helped to understand that patient did not have any bleeding episodes or any emergency nor the patient have any genetic or infectious aetiology. This reconciliation indicated that the patient was suffering from some chronic condition that might lead to his severe anaemia. Chronic conditions leading to anaemia include renal disease, hepatic disease, chronic infections, neoplasia or collagen vascular disease (Emedicine.com, 2020). Elevated Serum Creatinine of the patient indicated he was in the 4 th stage of CKD (Chronic Kidney Disease) based on creatinine clearance calculated as per the Cockcroft-Gault equation. The Cockcroft-Gault formula is a standard method for measuring creatinine clearance from serum creatinine by using patient's age, serum creatinine and body weight (Scribd and Cray, 2020). CKD stages based on GFR include: Stage 1 (GFR > 90 mL/min), Stage 2 (GFR = 60-89 mL/min), Stage 3A (GFR = 45-59 mL/min), Stage 3B (GFR = 30-44 mL/min), Stage 4 (GFR = 15-29 mL/min) and Stage 5 (GFR <15 mL/min) (Davita.com, 2020). Severe anaemia of this patient was a complication of his CKD. Anaemia in CKD is characterized by normocytic, normochromic, and hypo proliferative8, which was depicted in his laboratory investigations. The peptide hormone Hepcidin secreted by liver plays a major role in iron regulation. Excretion of Hepcidin is reduced in CKD patients which down-regulates erythropoiesis causing anaemia.
RBC production in bone marrow requires erythro-poietin and iron (Babitt and Lin, 2012). But this cause behind his anaemia was left undiagnosed. Collecting his history for understanding the cause for cellulitis showed he did not have any previous wound or any animal/insect bite. The patient told he developed itching a few days before the consultation and it had furthered with blisters. It was this blisters that turned into cellulitis in his right foot.
Correlating his low Hb level and increased serum creatinine (4 th stage CKD) with cellulitis made us believe that the patient might have developed Pruritis which is a marker of end-stage renal disease and also iron de iciency anaemia. The etiopathogenesis behind the Pruritis in end-stage CKD is not clearly understood. However, several pathogeneses have been hypothesized such as the accumulation of histamine in renal failure or the up-regulation of central µ-opioid receptors due to the cumulated endorphins or the activation of antagonism of µ-and κopioid receptors (Mettang, 2014).
Several cases reports also added to the evidence that Pruritis can be seen in patients with iron de iciency anaemia. This condition can be explained as the normal assembly of dermal elastic ibres is negatively affected by the decreased serum iron level, which engenders the loss/reduced skin elasticity (Tammaro et al., 2018). Discussion with the treating physician, Pruritis was con irmed. In this condition, treating the patient alone with blood transfusion cannot help in increasing his Hb level because of the de iciency of erythropoietin is the primary cause of anaemia in CKD. Even after transfusing 4 unit of PRBC his Hb level was only 7mg/dL. The primary cause of anaemia in CKD is the de iciency of erythropoietin (Salifu, 2008). The increased level of haemoglobin with blood transfusion alone will not make the blood level stable. The patient should have been treated for anaemia in CKD. Erythropoietin stimulating agents should be considered along with blood transfusion for such patients (Kdigo, 2012). Discharging the patient with ferrous sulphate tablets was not the choice of treatment in this patient. This decision was brought to the notice of the physician. At this juncture, the clinical pharmacist intervened and suggested to add Epoetinalfa 3000 units/mL thrice a week. The physician accepted the suggestion.

CONCLUSIONS
A patient presenting with severe anaemia should be checked for its underlying disease, and treatment should be planned accordingly. Pruritis being rare is often left unnoticed. Untreated Pruritis may develop into cellulitis and other complications such as sep-ticemia. Clinical pharmacists undoubtedly play a vital role in optimizing the pharmaceutical care plan for the patient.