THE EFFECT OF PARENTAL ATTITUDE ON THE ENTREPRENEURSHIP LEVELS OF STUDENTS DOING VOCATIONAL TRAINING

It is believed that the effect of family attitude is important in terms of providing an entrepreneurial tendency for the university students in particular the ones receiving vocational education. Therefore, a questionnaire form has been applied to 280 students receiving education in Hitit University Sungurlu Vocational School in order to examine the relationship between university students' entrepreneurial tendencies and parental attitudes in our study. In the questionnaire form questions about demographic information, questions about identifying parental attitudes generated by researchers and "Entrepreneurship Scale for University Students" developed by Yılmaz and Sümbül for identifying the entrepreneurship level have been used. It has been determined that the participants becoming active in the important decisions about the family, the participants with the higher level of father education and the participants being able to make decisions about their own future and having the freedom to choose their own profession have higher level of entrepreneurship.


INTRODUCTION
The importance of the economic power of the countries and also the entrepreneurship that gives this great influence have become more and more evident along with the factors such as technological developments, rapid competition, fast spreading of the internet as a result of increasing globalization.In particular, developed countries have recognized the importance of entrepreneurship and begun to emphasize the measures to increase the prosperity of the country by supporting entrepreneurial individuals with all kinds of supportive and contributive development programs that will increase entrepreneurship.For this reason it is known that the entrepreneurial potential of the country will play an important role in the development of that country in terms of all countries as well.For developing economies, entrepreneurship has a strategic importance.The reason for this is to ensure making profit, activating the idle potential and creating new business fields by means of encouraging the entrepreneurship.Thus, entrepreneurial activities will provide an economic basis for regional and country development (Korkmaz, 2012: 211).For this reason, dissemination and effective activation of entrepreneurship are highly important for economic, technological and social development and progress.
Entrepreneurship is by its very definition to participate and contribute to production and.İşcan and Kaygın (2001) stated that entrepreneurs are an indispensable element of healthy economies and that they are elements of dynamism in developed countries and element of development in underdeveloped countries.The properties of entrepreneurship involve having some skills and characteristics such as; having vision, self-confidence, being open to change, innovation, the ability to make quick and effective decision, having high motivation, having the courage to take risks, comprehending economic and sociological events developing around, having analytical thinking, the ability to see the opportunities and threats on the market.Thus; Naktiyok and Timuroğlu (2009) found that the intentions of entrepreneurship of the open-minded individuals were high in their studies.Another important feature that separates the entrepreneurial individual from the other individual is his desire to be successful.This desire for success provides a great impulse to the development of the individual's entrepreneurial spirit.Entrepreneurs are described as "persons who have characteristics such as seeing opportunities that everyone cannot see, taking risks to create value from the opportunities, having the willingness to succeed and in return being prepared to situations such as getting non-regular income, losing capital or failing to achieve the desired result" İşcan ve Kaygın, 2011;444).In the social structures that are enabling to prominence of individual initiative and individual talents; the fact that success, diligence and production are regarded as high values and social status together with the creation of atmospheres suitable for the formation of entrepreneurship characteristics constitute sufficient grounds in the formation and development of entrepreneurship (İlhan, 2003: 64)."For this reason, the family, which is an important socialization agent, constitutes the most important instrument in adopting entrepreneurial values for the individuals.Therefore, the family has a functional role in shaping individuals' views of entrepreneurship by forming an appropriate mental background for entrepreneurship " (İlhan, 2003: 64).
In the family environment, parents' attitudes towards the child's curiosity and discovery behaviors and play preferences and parents' interests in their own profession and home environment may have an impact on the professional development of child.As Erikson points out, the adoption of entrepreneurial behaviors in the child is only possible through parent's support of the child's discovery and curiosity behaviors (Aydın, 2015).The family affects intention of entrepreneurship in addition to the choice of profession as well.The family is basic institution from which the child has begun to recognize himself / herself and other people and is the primary institution in which he/she has earned his/her first experiences since his/her birth (Başbakanlık Aile Araştırması, Ailede Çocuk Eğitimi, 1995, s.2;Akt. Tabak, 2007, s.48).Children take their parents as role models and exhibit attitudes similar to the attitudes that the parents have demonstrated (Çelik et al.).
The influence of family in the development of entrepreneurship levels of young individuals is seen in different studies; For instance; İrmiş and Barutçu (2012: 22) pointed out that in their study of university students, the students having fathers who have set up and run their own businesses, see themselves as entrepreneurs and intend to set up their own businesses in the future on the other hand the attitude of family allowing their child to make decisions and taking joint decisions while raising the child affects the child's entrepreneurial level positively.In his study, İlhan (2003) stated that the family is one of the important external factors affecting the formation of entrepreneurship by means of forming the personality structure of entrepreneurial subject as well.In another study conducted by Bozyiğit and Yaşa (2015) on university students, it was concluded that the level of entrepreneurship is higher for the students whose fathers are self-employed.
According to the study of Bozyiğit and Yaşa, the students whose fathers are a self-employed persons have more confidence in themselves, look after new opportunities, need for success and have the ability to take more risks.In the study of Gürel et al. (2010), it is concluded that the individuals with entrepreneurial families have significant effects on their entrepreneurial intentions.Crant (1996) also found that having an entrepreneurial family was effective in the entrepreneurial tendency in a research conducted on university students.Hisrich and Roberts (2002) found that having an entrepreneur in the family, especially by having a father with his own business, affected entrepreneurship by taking into consideration the family influence as well as the effects of education, personal values, age, work experience as factors affecting entrepreneurship (Korkmaz, 2012: 212).

METHOD AND DATA COLLECTION TOOLS
In line with the research studies conducted in the body of literature related to research variables, the research basic hypothesis has found significant differences between the attitudes of the parents of the participants and the entrepreneurship levels of the participants.However, the fact that educational status of participants' parents has impact on the level of entrepreneurship is among the hypotheses of study.
The research population consists of 1000 students studying in Hitit University Sungurlu Vocational School in 2016-2017 academic year and the sample consists of 280 students selected through random sampling.Questionnaire form was used as data collection tool in the study.In the first part of the questionnaire; socio-demographic characteristics of the participants were included; the expressions for comprehending the parental attitudes were included in the second section and the expressions measuring the entrepreneurship level were included in the third section.
The entrepreneurship scale used in the research is a measure consisting of 36 items developed by Yılmaz and Sünbül (2009) in order to determine the entrepreneurship levels of the university students in the study of "Entrepreneurship Scale Development for University Students".It was developed in 5 point likert type and arranged in scale form extending from "Very often" (5) to "Never" (1).Yilmaz and Sünbül (2009) conducted a trial application and found that Cronbach Alfa value was 0.90 by testing the reliability of the scale in the obtained results .Factor analysis (validity analysis) was performed at the same time with the scale.As a result of factor analysis conducted with Basic Component Analysis it was seen that all of the items were collected in one dimension (Yılmaz and Sünbül, 2009;198).A reliability analysis was performed for the entrepreneurship scale applied in the survey form used in the research.The alpha value of the scale used in the study is 0,790 and it is seen that the reliability is acceptable and can be applied.

1. Sample Profile
Frequency and percentage distributions of socio-demographic characteristics (gender, age, department and class etc.) of 280 students participating in the survey are given in Table 3.1.   Table 3.1  As a result of the analyzes carried out in Table 3.4, there was a significant difference between the levels of participants who made important decisions in their families and their entrepreneurship levels (p <0,05; F = 2,459).As a result of Post Hoc-Tukey tests conducted in order to understand where the significance resulted from it was found that entrepreneurship level was higher in the family environments where the decisions were taken by mother, father, siblings and participant compared to other groups.3,783).As a result of Post Hoc-Tukey test conducted in order to to find out the reason for the significant difference revealed that there was significant difference between the ones whose future related decisions were taken by fathers and the ones taking their own future decisions.It was determined that the level of development of the participants who made decisions about their future was higher than the ones whose future related decisions were taken by fathers.As a result of the analysis carried out in Table 3.6, it was found that there was a significant difference between the level of entrepreneurship and who was proficient in choosing profession (p <0,05; F = 2,962).As a result of Post Hoc-Tukey test conducted in order to find out the significant difference, it was determined that the entrepreneurship level of the participants who made their own decisions regarding profession choice was higher than the other groups.As a result of the analyzes carried out in Table 3.7, there was a significant difference between entrepreneurship levels and the support of participants for such activities (p <0.05, F = 2.779).According to Post Hoc-Tukey test result conducted in order to find the significant difference, participants who were supported by both father and mother with regard to socio-cultural and sport activities had higher entrepreneurship levels than the other groups.As a result of the analysis carried out in Table 3.8, there was a significant difference between the support of parents for the participants who were of the opinion to set up their own business and the level of entrepreneurship.As a result of the Post hoc-Tukey test conducted in order to find the significant difference, participants who thought they would be supported by both their parents were found to have higher levels of entrepreneurship than participants who did not consider setting up a business

CONCLUSION AND EVALUATION
As a result of research on the extent to which participant university students and their parents' attitudes and behaviors in the family affected their entrepreneurial levels, the level of education of the father was found to have a positive effect on the level of entrepreneurship of the participants.As the education level of father increases, entrepreneurship levels of the participants increase.The other findings in the study are as follows; it was observed that the entrepreneurship levels of the participants raised in the family environment where the important decisions were taken together in the family were higher than the other groups.Other determined consequences include that the students who were able to take decisions regarding their own futures and professions had higher entrepreneurship levels.Participants who were supported by both mothers and fathers with regard to sports and socio-cultural activities especially in the school age, were found to have higher entrepreneurship levels than other groups.Entrepreneurship levels of participants who believed that they would be supported by their mothers and fathers when they established their own business were also found to be high.As a result, it is possible to say that the entrepreneurship levels of the students who are supported in their own ideas and decisions in the family environment and participated in the decisions about family matters have improved.It can be said that encouraging students regarding social-cultural activities by their parents contributes to increasing their entrepreneurial level.
For this reason, the research recommendations can be listed as follows; The participaiton of children in important decisions related to family should be ensured, they should be encouraged to in this regard; the children should be encouraged to participate in social-cultural activities while . Descriptive Statistics Related to Socio-Demographic Characteristics of the Participants N Total Number of Participants = 280 Table3.1 shows some demographic characteristics regarding the participants.75% (210 persons) of the participants are female and 25% (71 persons) of them are male.The majority of the participants is 77% (216 persons) aged between 18 and 20 years.51.4% (144 people) of the participants are in the second class.37.9% (106 persons) of the participants are studying in child development department, 15.4% (43 persons) in management of health institutions department and 17.1% (48 persons) in medicine promotion and marketing department.37.5% (105 persons) of the participants live in the district, 24.3% (68 persons) live in the city and 25% (70 people) live in metropolitan city.The vast majority of participants 82.1% (230 people) has a level of middle income.

Table 3 .
2. Descriptive Statistics Related to Socio-Demographic Characteristics of the Participants' Parents

Table 3 .
3 indicates a significant difference between the education status of participants' fathers and level of entrepreneurship (p <0,05; F = 2,393).As a result of the Post Hoc-Tukey tests conducted in order to understand the educational level at which significant difference arose, it was found that the entrepreneurship level of the participants whose fathers had an undergraduate and graduate level of education, was high.Table 3.4 ANOVA-Frequency Analysis for the Relationship Between Important Decision Maker(s) in the Participants' Families and Entrepreneurship Level

Table 3 .
5 ANOVA and Frequency Analysis for the Relationship Between Decision Maker(s) Regarding the Future of Participants and Entrepreneurship LevelsAs a result of the analyzes carried out in Table3.5, a significant difference was found between There is a meaningful difference between who has the say in the future and the level of entrepreneurship (p <0,05; F =

Table 3 .
6 ANOVA and Frequency Analysis for the Relationship Between Decision Maker(s) Regarding the Profession Choice of Participants and Entrepreneurship Levels

Table 3 .
7 ANOVA and Frequency Analysis for the Relationship Between Being Encouraged About Sports and Social-Cultural Activities and Entrepreneurship Levels of Participants

Table 3 .
8 ANOVA and Frequency Analysis for the Relationship Between Being Supported for Setting Up Own Business and Entrepreneurship Levels of Participants

Table 3 .
9 ANOVA and Frequency Analysis for the Relationship Between the Styles of Participants' Mothers and Entrepreneurship Levels Table3.9 did not reveal any significant difference between the styles of participants' mothers and the level of entrepreneurship as a result of ANOVA(p <0.05, F = 166).It is seen that 60.7% (170 persons) of the participants' mothers are democratic, and 35% (98 persons) are of authoritarian style.Table 3.10 ANOVA and Frequency Analysis for the Relationship Between the Styles of Participants' Fathers and Entrepreneurship Levels