INVENTORY AND STUDY PHARMACOLOGICAL POTENTIAL OF PLANTS IN THE PAJANGAN HAMLET, WEDOMARTANI, NGEMPLAK, SLEMAN, YOGYAKARTA

This research aims to inventory and study pharmacological potention of plants in Pajangan Hamlet, Wedomartani, Ngemplak, Sleman, Yogyakarta as medicinal plants and live stalls. The research was conducted from June to October 2023 using observational methods. Plants were identified with PlantNet software and reference againts the Flora of Java book. In addition, the study of the utilization of these plants was carried out by literature study and distributing questionnaires to the residents. The results found 104 plant species with 19 different families can be identified in Pajangan Hamlet. The plants are categorized as herbs, ornamental plants/flowers, fruits, vegetables, and wild plants. These findings highlight the richness of biodiversity in Pajangan Hamlet with significant potentital for improving health and economic livelihoods through the use of local plant species in traditional practices and diets. Based on the result, it can be concluded that Pajangan Hamlet has a variety of plants that are widely used in traditional medicine and food, thereby underscoring the importance of local biodiversity in improving health and well-being.


INTRODUCTION
Indonesia is an archipelagic country located between two continents, Asia and Australia, and at the crossroads between two oceans, the Indian and Pacific Oceans.The total area of Indonesia is around 9 km 2 , with 2 million km 2 of land and 7 million km 2 of sea (Kusmana & Hikmat, 2015).This unique geography has earned Indonesia the distinction of being a megadiverse country due to its rich biodiversity.Indonesia has 31,750 species, 25,000 of which are flowering plants (Retnowati et al., 2019).Despite this abundance, only around 15,000 plant species have been explored for their potential as traditional medicines (Setiawan, 2022).In Java, the richness of plant species reaches 630, and 5% of them are endemic, making it a hotspot of biodiversity.This condition causes Java to rank second with the highest richness of plant species.Consequently, there is a pressing need for ethnobotanical and pharmacological studies in this region (Kusmana & Hikmat, 2015).
The diverse flora in Indonesia owes its existence to various environmental factors, including the heterogeneous climate.This climatic diversity influences growth and determines the composition of plant vegetation within different habitats (Dina et al., 2022).Vegetation is a group of plants that live in a certain place and interact with each other to form an ecosystem (Sombo et al., 2020).Vegetation levels can be classified into herbs, grasses, shrubs, and trees.Herbaceous, characterized by non-woody stems, wet, with a height of less than 2 meters and is smaller than bushes and shrubs (Dina et al., 2022).Grass is a wild plant that generally lives in places with high light intensity.Shrubs are plants with extensive root systems and reach heights of 1 to 2 meters.Apart from that, trees are the highest level of plants with a more complex structure, a trunk diameter of more than 20 cm, and a height of more than 2 meters (Haryadi, 2017).Based on the various types of vegetation strata, herbaceous plants dominate the empty land areas and live solitary in dry land and rocks (Handayani & Amanah, 2018).
Based on the vegetation stratum types, it is imperative to explore the medicinal potential of various plant species.Indonesia has medicinal plants, accounting for around 90% of all medicinal plants found in Asia (Nisaa et al., 2022).However, despite this abundance, only around 7,000 plants species out of 15,000 ethnobotanical species are utilized for medicinal purposes (Setiawan, 2022).Hence, there is a critical need for comprehensive plant inventory regarding the use of plants as herbal medicines and therapeutic potential (Hidayat & Hardiansyah, 2012).Some examples of medicinal plants include galangal, ginger, turmeric, and lemongrass, while examples of living stoks are sugar apple, eggplant, tomatoes, long beans, red spinach, and chilies (Khomah & Fajarningsih, 2016;Novita et al., 2023).Plants that have potential as medicinal plants and living stocks are known to contain various phytochemical compounds that exhibit antifungal, antimicrobial, antiviral, antibacterial, anticancer activities, and along with high antioxidant activity which can potentially prevent degenerative diseases (Chouni & Paul, 2018).Even though they are rich in biodiversity, the benefits of medicinal plants for health are still not well documented.
Degenerative diseases are noncommunicable diseases that can be triggered by decreased function of body organs, such as aging (Hasby et al., 2019).The decrease in organ function can be influenced by various factors, including genetic factors, lack of physical activity, exposure to pollution, stress, alcohol consumption, smoking, and unhealthy lifestyles (Rahman, 2021) Nowadays, degenerative diseases are increasing.shows that the Indonesian population suffers from hypertension reaching at 34.1%, obesity (BMI ≥ 27) at 21.8%, stroke at 10.9%, arthritis at 7.3%, chronic kidney failure at 3,8%, asthma at 2.4%, diabetes mellitus at 2%, cancer at 1.8%, and heart disease at 1.5% (Riskesdas, 2018).Meanwhile, in the Special Region of Yogyakarta in 2023, it is known that as many as 129,764 residents suffer from hypertension and 52,556 residents suffer from diabetes mellitus (Dinkes Jogjaprov, 2023).
Along with the high number of cases of degenerative disease in Indonesia, the government has established a policy to improve health services as a solution.This policy is stated in the Decree of the Minister of Health Number 381/Menkes/SK/III/2007 concerning the development and improvement of clinical trial research on traditional medicines.Apart from that, also in the Minister of Health Regulation Number 9 of 2016, it is recommended that people develop cultivation skills and optimize the potential of family medicinal plants as an effort to prevent degenerative disease (Hasby et al., 2019).
Through these efforts, public awareness of maintaining a healthy lifestyle increases along with the rise in cases of degenerative diseases.However, public knowledge regarding potentially medicinal plants and living stocks is still limited.On the other hand, documentation, and inventory regarding the potential of medicinal plants are still rarely done in Indonesia.Therefore, it is important to carry out an inventory and study of plants that have the potential to become medicinal living stocks in Indonesia.
Pajangan Hamlet, Wonosari, Wedomartani, Ngemplak, Sleman is one of the small areas located in Sleman Regency, Special Region of Yogyakarta.Based on its geographical location, this area is close to Mount Merapi and has quite abundant waters, so the level of biodiversity is quite high (Imtiyaz et al., 2019).Even though there are various types of flora in Pajangan Hamlet, inventory and documentation regarding plant species and their potential, especially as medicinal plants and living stocks are still rarely done in this area.Consequently, local community knowledge is very lacking.Therefore, this research aims to carry out an inventory and analyze the potential use of flora in Pajangan Hamlet, Wedomartani, Ngemplak, Sleman, Special Region of Yogyakarta, as readily accessible traditional medicine.

Place and Time
The research was held from June to October 2023 coinciding with the dry season.The research was conducted in Pajangan Hamlet RT. 01/RW.16, Wonosari, Wedomartani, Ngemplak, Sleman, Yogyakarta Special Region (Figure 1).

Plant Specimen Inventory and Photographing
Inventory was conducted in vacant lots and yards of houses in Pajangan Hamlet.The method of collecting data for inventory is done by exploring every corner of a location.All plants found in the location were directly photographed through mobile phone cameras with OPPO type A52020, A17k, A31, Vivo Y51 and iPhone type 11 because these types have good image capture results with lighting conditions in Pajangan Hamlet.The photograph captured the whole plant, leaves, and flowers or fruit of the plant.After taking pictures, the plants were identified and recorded in a notebook for inventory data.

Plant Identification
Plant identification was carried out in two stages.The first stage was carried out with PlantNet software by uploading plant images to the application to identify the species.Furthermore, the identification results were confirmed with the literature study method which is to match plant characters with character information obtained from journals and identification books entitled Flora of Java.The journals used in this study are publications of the last 10 years both national and international that study plant systematics.After species identification, plant taxonomic data was completed using the GBIF Backbone Taxonomy website.

Identify the Benefits of the Plants
The identification of the potential benefits of plants in Pajangan Hamlet was carried out with a literature study method, which was to collect information from journals related to the use of a plant species.The journals used are from Google Scholar with the keywords 'benefits of plants (scientific name of the plant to be searched)'.The criteria for the selected journals are national and international journals with Dewanti Yovita Wardani dkk Inventory and study pharmacological potential of plants in the pajangan hamlet, wedomartani, ngemplak, sleman, yogyakarta a limit of 10 years published.In addition, the identification of benefits was also obtained from the results of a questionnaire conducted on residents of Pajangan Hamlet.

Data Analysis
Inventory data were analysed descriptively and categorized based on habitats, family, and potential benefits.The data was then processed using Google Sheets and presented in the pie diagrams and calculated percentages for each category.

Types of Plants Found in Pajangan
Hamlet, Wonosari, Wedomartani, Ngemplak, Sleman, Yogyakarta The inventory data were descriptively analyzed and categorized based on habitus, family, and potential benefits.The data were then processed using Google Spreadsheet and presented in the form of pie charts, with percentages calculated for each category.The Solanaceae family, also known as the nightshade family, is divided into approximately 80 genera and 1.700 species distributed in tropical climates.The Solanaceae plants are known not only for their use as vegetables and fruits, but also as traditional medicine.They are widely consumed by people as home remedies and for daily consumption because these plants can grow in several habitats, such as under bushes, in gardens, and in ricefields (Krisnawati & Febrianti, 2019).
The Araceae family consists of 105 genera and 3.300 species.About 90% of the genera and 95% of the Araceae species can be found growing in tropical climates.Apart from being consumed as food, this family is also widely used as medicine, especially in traditional medicine (Bozyel et al., 2020).The Araceae family is also called the taro family.The parts of taro that are widely used are the leaves, stems, and tubers (Mutaqin et al., 2018).Plants from the Araceae family are used by the people of Hamlet as traditional medicine (betel) as well as food (taro).Additionally, plants in this family are also widely used as ornamental plants (aglaonema and crystal anthurium).
Based on Figure 3  The younger no longer seems to care much about the presence, use, and utilization of medicinal plants (Sari et al., 2015).Therefore, efforts are needed to enhance understanding of various aspects of medicinal plants.This includes an understanding of the chemical components contained therein and the processing techniques for consuming these medicinal plants.
Generally, medicinal plants are used to treat illnesses through various processing methods according to needs.Based on their processing methods in utilizing medicinal plants, most people still employ simple traditional methods.consumption, accounting for 21.4%.This is because boiling medicinal plants is the most practical and simple processing method.Boiling is the simplest extraction method utilizing heated water, which is then used to extract the ingredients.The resulting decoction can then be consumed (Anggraini et al., 2020).Additionally, the utilization of medicinal plants is also done by consuming them fresh without any processing or cooking.Furthermore, for external use, the Pajangan Hamlet community processes medicinal plants by grinding them and their application method is by either applying or rubbing them onto the body.
Processing fruit and vegetables that are grown or cultivated independently often involves two main methods, namely direct consumption, and the cooking process.People generally choose to pick fruit and vegetables that grow in their yards and consume them directly without going through any additional processing.Apart from that, some vegetables go through a cooking process to improve the taste and soften texture.This cooking process is an effective way to utilize harvests from independent gardens and ensure the availability of healthy and nutritious food for the household (Nurmahmudah et al., 2015).
Fruits and vegetables have a plethora of benefits for bodily health.One such fruit being strawberry, a subtropical fruit that can adapt to tropical highlands, which can be consumed directly, or through a preparation process first.Some variations of strawberry products are low sugar strawberry jam and strawberry powder (Marthia & Triani, 2023).Another popular way to process strawberries nowadays is to make a smoothie by mixing fruits and vegetables.A combination of bananas and kale can serve as a smoothie alternative.Mint leaves can also be added to give a fresh taste.
The plants found in Pajangan Hamlet have the potential to be used as traditional medicine (Figure 5).Based on Figure 5, it is known that there are 23 ways of utilizing plants in Pajangan Hamlet to treat various diseases.These utilizations include treating hepatitis, antibacterial, treating worm infestations, kidney diseases, relieving anxiety, antiinflammatory, eye problems, digestive disorders, dysentery, joint or rheumatism, diarrhea, anti-cancer, stroke, diabetes, heart health or reducing coronary heart disease, cough, cold or flu, headaches or fever, sore throat, wounds, and diuretics.The most common utilization of plants as traditional medicine is as antiinflammatory (11.9%), treating diabetes (11.5%), and anti-cancer (9.2%).The use of herbal plants as traditional medicine provides many benefits in treating various diseases and sometimes proves more effective compared to treatments using synthetic drugs.Apart from its medicinal purposes, herbal plants can also provide several vitamins and minerals essential for the body.The residents of Pajangan Hamlet consume herbal plants as an alternative medicine because they are easily accessible and abundant in Pajangan Hamlet.This solution is a suitable choice as an alternative to conventional medications.
Herbal plants used as traditional medicine can be safe, if used wisely and in appropriate doses.However, it is important to remember that most traditional herbal plants have not undergone extensive testing through rigorous clinical trials like modern medications.Therefore, there are several factors that need to be considered to ensure the safe use of herbal plants.First, consult a herbalist or doctor.Before using herbal plants as medicine, it is necessary to consult an experienced herbalist or doctor.Second, follow the instructions for use and dosage recommended by a trusted herbalist or manufacturer and do not exceed the recommended dosage to avoid side effects and toxicity.The third is to find out the interactions of traditional medicinal plants with drugs that are routinely consumed.Some herbs may interact with other prescription or non-prescription medications.
Make sure to tell your doctor or herbalist about this.Some examples of herbal plants that are often used traditionally include ginger, turmeric, ginseng, and soursop leaves (Kumontoy et al, 2023).Although these herbs may provide health benefits, it is important to understand that the body's response to herbs can vary from individual to individual.Therefore, consulting with a health professional is a wise step before using herbal plants as traditional medicine.
In carrying out this research, there were several limitations.One of these limitations is that the research was carried out during the dry season so the number of plants obtained may not be as large as during the rainy season.When the research was carried out during the dry season, many plants dried and died, and it was difficult to identify a plant.This affects the amount of plant diversity obtained because there is a possibility that the plant diversity in Pajangan Hamlet is higher than what was obtained, but because many plants die from drought, it is not recorded.
To increase the success of plant diversity research in Pajangan Hamlet in the future, several strategic adjustments need to be made, especially in overcoming obstacles that arise during the dry season.First, the research period can be adjusted and carried out also in the rainy season to obtain a more complete plant diversity.In addition, it is necessary to carry out a thorough analysis of environmental factors, such as soil type and rainfall patterns, to better understand the plant growth conditions in Pajangan Hamlet.A deeper understanding of seasonal cycles and local climate patterns is key to developing more adaptive and sustainable research methods in the future.

CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
Based on the results, it is concluded that there are various types of plant species in Pajangan Hamlet, Wonosari, Wedomartani, Ngemplak Sleman, Yogyakarta with the highest percentage of families is from the Solanaceae family (6.7%),Euphorbiaceae (6.7%), and Araceae (4.8%).The results of this study can be used in improving health, nutrition, and local economic sustainability.In addition, the identified plant species can provide an understanding of the potential of plants as medicine as well as a contribution in maintaining flora heritage and ecological balance in Pajangan Hamlet.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Location of Pajangan Hamlet RT. 01/RW.16, Padukuhan Wonosari, Wedomartani, Ngemplak, Sleman, Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta (Google maps) Tools and Materials The tools used in this study include mobile phone cameras (OPPO type A52020, A17k, and A31, Vivo Y51 and iPhone type 11) to photograph plant specimens, PlantNet software developed by scientists from four organisations in France, namely Cirad (Centre de cooperation internationale en recherche agronomique for le development), INRA (Institut national de la recherche agronomique), Inria (Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies du numérique), and IRD (Institut de Recherche pour le Développement) for plant specimen identification, an identification book entitled Flora of Java volume I (1-108) and volume II (109-109) written by C. A. Backer, D.Sc and R.C. Bakhuizen Van Den Brink Jr. Ph.D in 1965 for the identification of plant specimens, books and pens for recording plant specimen data and distributing questionnaires.

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. Percentage of plant families in Pajangan Hamlet, Wonosari, Wedomartani, Ngemplak, Sleman, Yogyakarta , the plants in Pajangan Hamlet can be categorized into herbs, vegetables, fruit, ornamental plants, and wild plants.The wild plant category have the highest species diversity (24.3%).These wild plants grow naturally without being planted or cared for by residents and they generally resemble grasses and shrubs.The ornamental plants have a species diversity of 20.9%.This is because these plants are generally planted by residents as home decorations.Vegetable plants account for 20%, as many are cultivated by residents to meet their daily vegetable needs.Fruit category plants have a percentage of 19.1% and are generally cultivated for their fruit.The smallest species diversity is herbal plants (15.7%).Plants that fall into this category are generally grown by residents as kitchen spices and traditional medicines, however, there are also many herbal plants that grow wild in the Pajangan Hamlet area. .Figure 3. Percentage of plant habitus in Pajangan Hamlet, Wonosari, Wedomartani, Ngemplak, Sleman, Yogyakarta Some of the herbal plants found include black turmeric and galangal.Herbal plants are various types of plants that have been identified and are known to contain certain compounds to prevent and treat certain diseases (Hidayanto, 2015).Furthermore, several examples of fruit plants found were jackfruit and papaya.Meanwhile, some examples of vegetable plants found were kale and bitter melon.These fruit and vegetable plants are often consumed and processed by the people of Pajangan Hamlet because they are found in abundance in the area.Some examples of flower plants found in Pajangan Hamlet are roses and orange marigolds.The last category is wild plants with examples of sidaguri and kitolod.Wild plants are often considered pests or weed, so they are often removed and discarded.Despite their appearance, most wild plants have excellent potential as ingredients for traditional medicineIn this research, the potential utilization of plants found in Pajangan Hamlet was further studied through a questionnaire (Figure 4.).In general, plants in Pajangan Hamlet are used as medicinal plants and food sources.Emilda et al. (2017) stated that the use of plants as medicinal plants and living stock can be influenced by various factors, including economic, belief and cultural, social, and demographic, religious, geographic and personal influences.

Figure 4 .
Figure 4. Percentage of plant utilization process in Pajangan Hamlet, Wonosari, Wedomartani, Ngemplak, Sleman, Yogyakarta Figure 4 illustrates that the majority of the Pajangan Hamlet community consume medicinal plants by boiling them for Inventory and study pharmacological potential of plants in the pajangan hamlet, wedomartani, ngemplak, sleman, yogyakarta