THE EFFECT OF SOAKING DURATION OF TUBA ROOTS ( Derris elliptica ) ON THE MORTALITY OF THE WHITE-BACKED PLANTHOPPER PESTS ( Metcalfa pruinosa )

Tuba root (Derris elliptica) is a plant that contains rotenone in roots where this content functions as a poison for insects, so tuba root has the opportunity to be used as a vegetable pesticide in pest control activities. Research on tuba roots as control of white-backed planthopper pests (Metcalfa pruinosa) on green deli water guava plants (Syzygium aqueum L.) has never been carried out, therefore research was conducted which aimed to determine the effect of long soaking of tuba roots (Derris elliptica) on the death of planthopper pests white back (Metcalfa pruinosa) on green deli water guava (Syzygium aqueum L.). The type of research used was experimental research using 5 treatments, namely soaking tuba roots for 12, 24, 36 and 48 hours. The data analysis technique uses the one way ANOVA test and the BNT test at the 0.05 level. The results of the one-way ANOVA test data analysis produced a significant value of less than 0.05, so it can be concluded that the length of soaking tuba roots influences the death rate of white-backed planthopper pests. The treatment that has the most influence on the death of white-backed planthopper pests is application three times a week using tuba root soaking for 12 hours with a mortality rate of 36%.


INTRODUCTION
Indonesia is a country rich in natural resources, with a majority of its land used for agriculture.This makes Indonesia an agrarian nation, contributing significantly to the social and economic advancement of the country, particularly in Long Kali District, Paser Regency, where this research is conducted, located in East Kalimantan.The majority of people living in Long Kali District are involved in agriculture, producing various crops such as vegetables and fruits to be sold to the community.
Recently, the green deli water guava variety (Syzygium aqueum L.) was first cultivated in 2017, precisely at the P4S (Center for Rural Agricultural Training and Self-Help) Indah Jaya Farm located in Longkali District.P4S Indah Jaya Farm focuses on seedling production and fruit production in green deli water guava orchards.Approximately 2 hectares of green deli water guava orchards are used for producing seedlings, while 0.5 hectares are used for fruit production, each with 150 and 60 mature trees, respectively.
One of the most popular fruits with high nutritional value is the green deli water guava.It is commonly known as Jade Rose Apple and is one of the leading cultivars in Taiwan (Perdana et al., 2024).The green deli water guava is known to have the highest sweetness level, specifically the variety known as green deli water guava (MDH), originating from Binjai City (Aritonang, 2018).The green deli water guava has a sweet taste like honey, green color, and elongated shape.In one year, the green deli water guava can produce around 200-300 fruits per tree (Budi et al., 2023).
The semi-grounding pattern and tabulampot method are used in cultivation.Compared to regular water guavas, the green deli water guava has advantages such as easy cultivation, high fruit yield, quick fruiting starting from 9 months to 1.5 years after planting, and a sweet taste reaching up to 15 Brix (Rangkuti et al., 2016).The green deli water guava (MDH) commonly employs the tabulampot system, a method of planting fruit in pots, thereby making it suitable for ornamental purposes as well.(Zuhro et al., 2018).This guava variety is cultivated through stem cuttings on tertiary to secondary branches.Apical cuttings are performed to meet the demand for plant seedlings on a large scale and quickly (Lase et al., 2023).There is a great opportunity for the development of green deli water guava plants because the cultivation process of this plant is still rarely undertaken by farmers in Long Kali District, Paser Regency.The selling price in supermarkets and shopping centers is around Rp. 35,000 to Rp. 40,000 per kilogram, and it is cheaper when purchased directly from farmers at Rp. 25,000 to Rp. 30,000 per kilogram (Karo-Karo et al., 2015).
During the cultivation process, there are challenges faced by farmers at the P4S Indah Jaya Farm.The main challenges and obstacles encountered are the infestation of white-backed planthopper pests (Metcalfa pruinosa) and other fruit-eating animals such as squirrels and monkeys.Pest infestation is the biggest challenge because almost every week, farmers have to prepare pesticides to control pests in the guava orchards to ensure the quality of graft seedlings, cuttings, and fruit remains high.The key to ensuring high-quality guava harvests is to start with seedlings that are free from pest and disease attacks (Fahlevi & Putri, 2020).
One of the major pests in the guava orchards of P4S Indah Jaya Farm is the white-backed planthopper (Metcalfa pruinosa).Due to its exceptional flying ability and the potential to infest several other plants surrounding the green deli water guava variety, the white-backed planthopper has a greater spread potential (Gokturk, 2017).This pest is similar to a hairy leaf aphid that produces layers of white wool and wax underneath the leaves.The white-backed planthopper feeds on the phloem and damages tissues, causing nutrient loss, which results in stunted growth and lack of fruiting in the green deli water guava plants (Heriannor, 2024).In the spring season, after the eggs hatch, a large number of first instar nymphs fall from the branches of the trees and move to nearby plants.The continuously falling nymphs spread to vegetation or fields surrounding them, and this characteristic makes the control of M. pruinosa difficult (Kim et al., 2020) Plants in the P4S Indah Jaya Farm orchards that are attacked by white-backed planthoppers (Metcalfa pruinosa) will experience fruit rot and cause leaves to turn black, eventually drying out and threatening mass leaf fall from the affected plants.The infestation of white-backed planthoppers (Metcalfa pruinosa) in the P4S Indah Jaya Farm orchards is deeply concerning to farmers and damages the quality of graft seedlings intended for distribution and sale.
From the literature search, there are not many studies reporting efforts to overcome the spread of whitebacked planthopper pests, especially studies on this variety of green deli water guava in Indonesia.Therefore, the author chose the topic of alternative methods to suppress the spread of white-backed planthoppers on green deli water guava plants.
Farmers of green deli water guava at the P4S Indah Jaya Farm rely solely on chemical pesticides as protection against existing pests, but chemical pesticides have been found to have harmful effects on environmental health and agricultural products.Implementing chemical insecticides has negative effects from improper application, including the death of natural pest enemies, poisoning of users and employees, livestock, fish, wildlife, and plants, prevalence of residual mortality, resistance, and resurgence of pest bodies (Rahayu & Oktarianti, 2022).There is a need to replace chemical pesticides with botanical pesticides for a better quality of life.Plants that may serve as the basis for vegetable insecticides when using chemical pesticides become more common.One example is the tuba root plant, known as Derris elliptica.Found in the wild, the plant ranges from India to Papua and initially grew in Africa and America (Ningrum et al., 2023).
Tuba plants contain rotenone compounds that are safe to use as pesticide and larvicide materials.Rotenone infiltrates the insect's body as contact venom and stomach venom.Rotenone works in the insect's body by disrupting respiration and metabolism, causing functional disturbances such as plasma damage resulting in the loss of cellular energy (Rustam et al., 2021).The chemical substance that disrupts the mitochondrial complex is rotenone.Rotenone can damage ATP (adenosine triphosphate) synthesis, increase reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) levels, and function as an endocrinedisrupting pesticide (EDC).This substance interferes with secretion, affecting hormone metabolism, binding, and release processes, as well as key growth factors in physical development (Wahyu et al., 2023).
The application of tuba root extract significantly reduces the mortality of P. canaliculata.Specifically, treatment at a concentration of 10% resulted in a death rate of 5.0 (2.34%) at 42 hours after treatment.It can be seen that the previous study only examined the effect of tuba root extract on P. canaliculata (Valentino et al., 2020) the effective and influential soaking duration of tuba roots on white-backed planthopper pests, this study will focus on the effect of soaking duration of tuba roots on the mortality of whitebacked planthopper pests (Metcalfa pruinosa).

Research Period and Location
The researcher chose the research location at P4S (Rural Agricultural Training Center & Self-Reliance) Indah Jaya Farm, located at Gang Hufco, RT 13 Long Kali, Paser Regency, East Kalimantan.The land used for this research measures 2 x 6 meters.This research was conducted from June to August 2023.

Type of Research
This research is a type of true experiment with a quantitative method.True experiments are characterized by the use of randomly obtained samples from a specific population.Treatments applied to the research samples will vary to determine the effect of soaking duration of tuba roots (Derris elliptica) on the mortality rate of white-backed planthopper pests (Metcalfa pruinosa) on green deli water guava plants (Syzygium aqueum L.).

Population and Sample
The sample used in the research process consists of all green deli water guava plants (Syzygium aqueum L.) present in the P4S Indah Jaya Farm.The sample in this study comprises 50 green deli water guava plants placed in medium-sized polybags, with criteria including a plant height of approximately 70-100 cm, undamaged, and free from pest or disease infestation.Sample replication can be obtained through calculation using the Federer formula.According to Miftahul & Rafhani (2020), the Federer formula is expressed as follows: (t-1) (r-1) > 15 The treatments used in this research process are 5 (five) treatments, so based on the existing formula, the replication of each treatment can be expressed as follows: (t-1) (r-1) > 15 (5-1) (r-1) > 15 4(r-1) > 15 4r -4 > 15 4r > 15 + 4 r > 19/4 r > 4.75 = 5 Based on the calculation formula, it can be stated that this research has 5 (five) treatments and 5 (five) replications, so the total number of groups to be studied is 25 groups.For 1 group consists of 1 cage filled with 2 samples of green deli water guava plants, so the total number of green deli water guava plant samples used is 50.

Data Collection Technique
Data is collected through observation techniques, which include activities such as data collection, counting, observing, and documenting the conditions during the research.Observations of white-backed planthopper mortality are conducted 2 days after application, namely on day 3, day 5, and day 7, resulting in a total of 3 data collection points within a Vol.15, No. 2 ( 2024

Data Analysis Technique
The observations in this study are analyzed statistically using SPSS version 26 software, preceded by testing for normality and homogeneity to determine whether the data distribution is normal or not, and to meet the prerequisites for conducting ANOVA.If the Sig.value < 0.05 in the ANOVA test, then the treatment is considered to have a significant effect and can be followed by the LSD (Least Significant Difference) test at a 5% level.

Instruments and Research Procedures
In this research, the instruments used include: sprayer, pruning shears, digital scale, hammer, saw, tape measure, square basin, box container, trapping net, scissors, bond paper, ballpoint pen, jar, and sieve.The materials used in this research are: shade net, wooden beams, nails, green deli water guava trees, white-backed planthopper pests, tuba roots, water, and detergent.The research procedure is detailed as follows: a. Preparation of tuba root infusion: Collecting tuba roots that grow wild around the plantation.The tuba roots are thoroughly washed under running water by gently brushing off any remaining soil, then after drying, the tuba roots are weighed to 1 kg.The tuba roots are dried for 30 minutes and then roughly crushed.The tuba roots are chopped into small pieces, approximately 2-3 cm in size, and placed into a jar.Water is added to the jar, totaling 2000 ml, containing the chopped tuba roots.
The jar is covered and left in a safe place according to the designated treatment.The resulting tuba root infusion is filtered using a strainer until the filtrate is free from any remaining root residue.b.Construction of green deli water guava sample cages: Wooden beams are cut to size using a saw.
The cut wooden beams are then assembled and shaped into a block with dimensions of length = 50 cm, width = 50 cm, and height = 100 cm.Shade netting is installed according to the dimensions of the wooden beams and placed around the wooden beams to cover them completely without any gaps, ensuring that insects cannot enter or exit and remain within the research sample.Five cages are constructed according to the number of replications in the study.The distance between cages is set at 100 cm.The cages are placed on empty land near the plantation.A sketch of the cage can be seen in figure 1. c. Sample Preparation and Maintenance of Green Deli Water Guava Samples: Green deli water guava trees designated as samples are placed inside the cages, with each cage containing 2 green deli water guava trees.The distance between the guava trees inside the cage is approximately 20 cm, and efforts are made to place the green deli water guava trees at the corner of the cage.Maintenance involves watering all sample plants inside the cage once a day to prevent wilting.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The results of this study consist of the mortality of white-backed planthopper after the first, second, and third applications.The research results are presented in Table 1, which shows the average mortality of white-backed planthopper on 3rd day as follows.
Based on Table 1, the results of the average mortality of pests on the third day show higher values compared to the mortality results after the first application, indicating an increase in mortality rate.The average mortality of white-backed planthoppers along with Vol. 15, No. 2 ( 2024 their percentages are as follows: in the control treatment (P0) 1.4 with a percentage of 7%, treatment 1 (P1) 4.6 with a percentage of 23%, treatment 2 (P2) with a percentage of 20%, treatment 3 (P3) 3.8 with a percentage of 19%, and treatment 4 (P4) with a percentage of 14%.Based on the results obtained, it can also be observed that the duration of soaking time results in a decrease in the mortality rate, and vice versa.To determine whether the treatments have a significant effect, the data from the research results will be analyzed using one-way ANOVA analysis shown in Table 2 Based on the ANOVA analysis in Table 2, it is found that the value of 0.05 is greater than the significance value (0.022) at the 5% level, indicating that the first application can be considered effective.The study proceeded to the second application with the following results in Table 3.Based on Table 3, the average mortality of the pests on the 3rd day tends to be lower than the mortality on the 5th day, indicating an increase in mortality rates.The average mortality of the white-backed planthopper, along with its percentage, is as follows: in the control treatment (P0) 1.4 with a percentage of 7%, soaking duration of 12 hours (P1) 4.6 with a percentage of The next step is to conduct an ANOVA test to determine the effect on the data.The ANOVA test on the data Shown in Table 4 Table 4. ANOVA one way test for mortality of white-backed planthopper (Metcalfa pruinosa) on day 5 Based on Table 4, in ANOVA, if the significance value is less than 0.05, the data is considered significant, but if the significance value is greater than 0.05, the data is considered not significantly influential.The ANOVA test conducted yielded a significance value of 0.002.As per the stipulated condition, the treatment in the second application apparently has no significant effect.The subsequent result is the mortality on day 7 shown in table 5. Based on Table 5, the results of the average mortality of the Whitebacked Planthopper on the seventh day show an increase compared to the results on the fifth day, indicating an overall increase in mortality rates.The data for the seventh day show that the average mortality for the control treatment (P0) is 1.8 with a percentage of 9%, treatment 1 (P1) is 7.2 with a percentage of 36%, treatment 2 (P2) is 6 with a percentage of 30%, treatment 3 (P3) is 5.4 with a percentage of 27%, and treatment 4 (P4) is 4.8 with a percentage of 24%.From the obtained results, it can be inferred that the longer the immersion time, the lower the mortality rate, and vice versa.To determine whether the treatments had a significant effect, the data needs to be analyzed using a one-way ANOVA shown in Table 6.
Based on Table 6, the obtained significance value is 0.001.Since the significance value for the data on the seventh day, which is the final observation day and the endpoint of the pest mortality, is less than 0.05, when the data is considered significant, further examination can be conducted to ascertain the actual differences between the data using the Least Significant Difference (LSD) test at a significance level of 0.05.The results of the LSD test at the 0.05 significance level shown in Table 7.
Table 7.The least significant difference (LSD) test for the mortality of the white-backed planthopper (Metcalfa pruinosa) at a significance level of 0.05

M ± SD
Day 3 Day 5 Day 7

P0
.8 ± 0.837a 1.4 ± 1.140a 1.8 ± 0.837a Description : Numbers accompanied by the same letter in the same column are not significantly different in the LSD test at the 0.05 significance level.
Based on table 7, the results of the LSD test show differences in each treatment in the study.Significant differences exist between the control treatment (P0) and treatment one (P1), or treatments with root tuber soaking for 12 hours.The mortality graph shown in Figure 2.  The graph of White-backed Planthopper Mortality (Metcalfa pruinosa) in Figure 2 indicates that the shorter the soaking time, the higher the mortality rate, and vice versa.Shorter soaking durations also have a greater impact compared to tuba roots soaked for a longer period.This is due to the loss of toxicity of botanical pesticides if left for too long, as stated by Irfan (2016).Botanical insecticides also have several weaknesses, such as their relatively slow action, inability to kill pests directly, sensitivity to sunlight, lack of practicality, inability to be stored for long periods, and sometimes requiring repeated spraying.
The results indicate that the highest impact is observed in treatment P1 (soaking duration of 12 hours) with the highest mortality rate.The research was conducted at P4S (Center for Rural Agricultural Training and Self-Reliance) Indah Jaya Farm, located in Gang Hufco, RT 13, Long Kali District, Paser Regency, East Kalimantan.P4S Indah Jaya Farm was chosen as the research site because it has the largest green deli water guava plantation in Paser Regency and is affected by the white-backed planthopper infestation in several parent trees (Figure 3).
The entire research activities were carried out over a period of 2 months, from July to August 2023.The research was conducted during these months because it coincided with the reproductive and dispersal period of adult pests.As stated by Bocca et al. ( 2020), the white-backed planthopper M. pruinosa is a univoltine species that passes the winter as eggs and becomes active for reproduction.It is capable of feeding on various plants and lays an average of 60 eggs.The eggs are laid under the bark, hatching occurs from May to July, and adult insects emerge in mid-July or early August.Application is done on the first, third, and fifth days.Before application, the solution of tuba root immersion is mixed with detergent, as explained by Bande at al. ( 2019), when detergent is used to make botanical pesticides, they function as adhesives, allowing the pesticide to adhere to the surface of the sprayed plant leaves.Application is done in the late afternoon around 5:00 -6:00 PM local time, referring to Windriyati & Anggraeni (2020) suggest that pesticide spraying should be done before the sun is too high to prevent the pesticide from evaporating easily and to be more effective, so the application of botanical pesticides should preferably be done in the morning or late afternoon.The rotenone content in tuba roots ranges from 0.3 to 12%, with concentrations of 5 to 12% in the roots having the highest content.Although deguelin, tephrosine, and toxicarol are also present, their toxic potential is not as significant as rotenone (Siswanto, 2022).
According to Setiawan & Siswanto (2014), Rotenone prevents insect electrons from moving from the iron-sulfur protein complex (FeS) to ubiquinone (Q), reducing the amount of ATP available for respiration.This disrupts metabolism, affecting the organism's ability to breathe, heart contraction, and the use of nerves for respiration, all leading to insect death.White-backed planthoppers in this study did not entirely die.This has a relevant reason, as stated by Gnezdilov & Sugonyaev (2009), because the outer layer of their bodies has a wax coating that repels moisture, including their wings, which can be damaged by wetness.This wax coating is also present on the plants they inhabit.There is a need for repeated application to minimize pest infestations to the maximum extent.
The efficacy of botanical pesticides still cannot surpass the effectiveness of commercial pesticides commonly used by farmers at P4S Indah Jaya Farm, such as Marshall 200EC.When it comes to swiftly and thoroughly reducing pests, conventional chemical pesticides remain superior to tuba root botanical pesticides.However, for those interested in cultivating guava using organic methods and prioritizing health and environmental aspects, the use of tuba root botanical pesticides, along with special care to prevent plant diseases and pest infestations, can be a viable option.

CONCLUSION
Based on the research conducted, it can be concluded that the duration of tuba root (Derris elliptica) soaking has an effect on the mortality of white-backed planthoppers (Metcalfa pruinosa) on green deli water guava plants.The soaking duration that has the most significant effect in increasing the mortality of white-backed planthoppers is a soaking period of 12 hours, along with spraying three times a week, resulting in a mortality rate of 36%, 10% on the third day, 14% on the fifth day, and 24% on the seventh day.The lowest mortality values for each spraying session were observed in the control group (P0), with mortality rates of 4% on the first spraying, 7% on the second spraying, and 9% on the third spraying.The data analysis conducted indicates that the results on the third, fifth, and seventh days are significant because the significant value in the ANOVA analysis is less than 0.05.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The author would like to express gratitude to the owner of P4S Indah Jaya Farm for providing facilities and permission to conduct research at the green deli water guava plantation site.Special thanks to the lecturers of the Biology Education Program at Mulawarman University for their guidance and support throughout the article writing process.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Sketch of sample cages Theodora Maasawet, Vandalita Magdalena Maria Rambitan The Effect of Soaking Duration off Tuba Roots (Derris Elliptica) on The Mortality of The White-Backed Planthopper Pests (Metcalfa Pruinosa)

Figure 3 .
Figure 3.The conditions at the research site, P4S Indah Jaya Farm

Figure 4 .
Figure 4. (a) Results of tuba root immersion, (b) Filtering process of immersion results.

Figure 5 .
Figure 5. (a) Condition of white-backed planthoppers that died, (b) White-backed planthoppers that are still alive in the cage
Effect of Soaking Duration off Tuba Roots (Derris Elliptica) on The Mortality of The White-Backed Planthopper Pests (Metcalfa Pruinosa)

Table 1 .
. The average mortality of the white-backed planthopper (Metcalfa pruinosa) on day 3

Table 3 .
The average mortality of the white-backed planthopper (Metcalfa pruinosa) on day 5

Table 5 .
The average mortality of the white-backed planthopper (Metcalfa pruinosa) on the day 7

Table 6 .
One-Way ANOVA test on the mortality of white-backed planthopper (Metcalfa pruinosa) on day 7