A Comparative Study of Adjustment among Institutionalized and Non-Institutionalized Senior Citizens

The study was intended to examine the effect of Adjustment on Institutionalized and NonInstitutionalized Senior Citizens. The sample consists of 120 old senior citizens from different institute in Rajkot district area. The sample was selected from randomly. Adjustment was measured through a questionnaire ‘Old-Age Adjustment Inventory’ (SJOAI). Developed by Shamshad Hussain and Jasbirkaur (1995) were used. The inventory consists of 125 items with a response format of ‘yes’ or ‘no’.

The dictionary meaning of the word' adjustment 'is of fit, make suitable, adapt, arrange, modify, harmonize or make correspondent. Thus, when we make an adjustment between two things, we adapt or modify one or both of them to correspond to each other. In some situation, one of the factors may not be changeable and so the one which is, has to be modified in some way to suit the other.
The concept of adjustment is as old as human race on earth. Systematic emergence of this concept starts from Darwin. In those days the concept was purely biological and used the term adaptation .The adaptability to environmental hazards goes on increasing as we proceed on the phylogenetic scale from the lower extreme to the higher extreme of life. Insects and germs, in comparison to human begins, cannot withstand the hazards of changing condition in the environment and as the season changes, they die. Hand dreads of species of insects and games perish as soon as the winter begins. Man, among the living begins, has the highest capacities to adapt to new situation. Man as a social animal not only adapts to physical demands but he also adjusts to social pressure in society. Biologists used the term adaption strictly for physical demands of environment but psychologists use the term adjustment for varying condition of social or inter-personal relations in the society. Thus, We Gee that adjustment means reaction to the demands and pressure of social environment imposed upon individual. The demand may be external or internal to whom the individual has to react.
Observe the life of child, he is asked to do this and not to do other things. He has to follow certain beliefs and set of values which the family follows.

Definition of Adjustment
Laurence Shaffer "Adjustment is the process by which a living organismmaintains balance between his needs and the circumstances that influence thesatisfaction of his needs" Adjustment may be defined as a process of altering behavior to reach a harmonious relationship with the environment. When people say they are in an "adjustment period" they typically mean they are going through a process of change and are searching for some level of balance or acceptance with the environment, others, or themselves. Kaur (2016) find out the Adjustment of Secondary School Students in relation to spiritual intelligence. The results showed that there exists no significant difference between the adjustment of male and female secondary school students. The results also revealed that there exists a positive relationship between the adjustment and spiritual intelligence of secondary school student's district.

R Parmar (2013) find out the 'Psycho-Sociological Issues in Old
Age & Their Adjustment', this stage generally refers to those over 60-80 years. During old age, people experience a conflict between integrity vs. despair. When reflecting on their life, they either feel a sense of accomplishment or failure. Physically, older people experience a decline in muscular strength, reaction time, stamina, hearing, distance perception, and the sense of smell. They also are more susceptible to severe diseases such as cancer and pneumonia due to a weakened immune system. Mental disintegration may also occur, leading to Dementia or Alzheimer's disease. However, partially due to a lifetime's accumulation of antibodies, the elderly are less likely to suffer from common diseases such as the cold.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
For the purpose of the study descriptive research design was used. The tool used was structured questionnaire. The method of obtaining responses was personal interview with convenience sampling of non-probability sampling method. The responses obtained were then further analyzed using SPSS24 version.

Objectives
In this research paper Independent variable are Educational Gender and Types of family & dependent variables is Mental Health. Following main objective are kept in this research paper.
1. A study of Adjustment among Male and Female Old people. 2. To explore the difference between institutionalized and non-institutionalized senior citizens on Adjustment.

Hypothesis
Ho1There will be no significant difference between male and female senior citizens in relation to Adjustment. Ho2There will be no significant difference between institutionalized and noninstitutionalized senior citizens in relation to Adjustment.

Variable
In the study major variables as per following

Sample
To select the sample Type of Gender and Type of Family were considered as per independent variable taken in this research in Rajkot District. Stratified random sampling method was old people of select the unit of sample. Total sample of the present investigation comprised 120 old People, in which 60 men were from Male and 60 Female.Thus total samples as shown in the following table.

Tools Used
Quite often questionnaire is considered as the heart of a research operation. Hence it should be very carefully constructed. If it neither is not properly set up, then the research is bound to fail.
This fact requires us to study the main aspects of a questionnaire viz., the general form, question sequence and question formulation and wording.

Shamshad-Jasbir Old-Age Adjustment Inventory (SJOAI-1995):
The degree of adjustment of the subjects was measured using the 'old-age adjustment inventory' (SJOAI). Developed by ShamshadHussain and Jasbirkaur (1995).The inventory consists of 125 items with a response format of 'yes' or 'no'. The inventory is scored in such a way that a score of '1' is given to the response in the direction of adjustment and zero is given to the response in the direction of lack of adjustment. Hence a high score indicates better adjustment. The inventory measures adjustment in six major areas in the life of the aged people:

Validity
The adjustment inventory was also validated against self-concept and ego-strength by comparing the mean scores of the high and the low adjusted groups (dichotomized on the basis of median) on three variables. The findings supported the presumptions of construct validity. The manual of the inventory also provides norms, separately for men and women, in addition to the scoring details.

CONCLUSION
1. There is no significant difference between male and female senior citizens in relation to Adjustment. 2. There is significant difference between institutionalized and non-institutionalized senior citizens in relation to Adjustment.