GIS and Approach Solid Management Towards Indian Proposed Smart-City GIS AND MFA APPROACH FOR SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT TOWARDS INDIAN PROPOSED SMART-CITY

Incessant population growth and urbanisation results in the growth of heaps of solid waste in the urban localities. Proper disposal and recovery techniques through solid waste management (SWM) are widely followed to have a control over the negative environmental implications. Life cycle assessment (LCA) can be a tool in reducing these environmental implications by solid waste and also helps in reducing the impacts on the environment from growing urbanisation. This work, solid waste management through MFA in LCA perspective and GIS is being observed in managing the municipal solid waste for a proposed smart city, Vellore. Various techniques like indices derivation from various satellite imageries help in estimating the vegetation change over from past years resulting in depletion rate of 2100m 2 area, optimal route analysis for a proper waste collection covering all the dispose points, reducing collection route by 59.12 per cent and various SWM techniques that result in proper solid waste management have been studied. These studies and techniques can be redefined based on localities perspective for their own waste management system throughout the Indian cities and for their smart cities planning.


Introduction
Urban municipal bodies in India generate more than 1, 00,000 metric tonnes (

Literature Review
India is in midst of a profound transformation with an unprecedented rate of rapid urbanisation, increasing living standards and quality of life of people along with increasing Journal of Rural Development,Vol.37,No. (2),  energy consumption generating an energy crisis (Sainu et al,2017). This clearly indicates that the need for alternate energy is to be addressed and recommended to overcome the energy crisis. In this regard, alternate energy production through solid waste is a promising source for energy generation for the upcoming energy crisis. It is also noticeable that urban population has risen from 25.85 million in 1901 to 377.1 million in 2011, which is the growth of almost fifteen times, which points out that solid waste generation must have increased drastically. This gives a clear idea that if the solid waste management is done more efficiently, energy production by waste to energy techniques gives drastic production in energy.
Material flow analysis (MFA) and life cycle assessment (LCA) when combined together, large and complex SWM systems can be analysed with different environmental aspects. This study has shown reduction greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions when the residual waste stream is diverted with food waste. It also states that this type of studies are found to give potential results to provide policy and decision makers with valuable information about the environmental performance (David et al, 2016).
Network analysis in GIS system for the delivery of fresh vegetables reduced their deterioration and delivery time. This mode of analysis can be implemented for finding out the fastest route with lesser drive time to collect the solid waste from the known municipal locations.
This also helps in reducing the GHG emissions as the optimal route can be found with lesser drive time rather than following the conventional route followed by the municipal people (Abousaeidi et al, 2016, Pedro et al,2017. per cent (Gandhi et al, 2015). In this context, vegetation cover change can be estimated in and around the municipal dumping sites to have a check over the environmental degradation around the dump sites.
The cost of municipal waste collection can be reduced when an optimised municipal solid waste collection system is implemented along with transfer stations (Khanh et al, 2017, Son et al, 2016. This optimisation of routes can give different models for different municipal conditions along with reducing the GHG emissions (Joel et al, 2014, Jose et al, 2014, Zdena et al, 2013and Kinobe et al, 2015.

Methodology
For this study of LCA integrated GIS approach in SWM, the study area is identified which has to be a smart city with challenges faced by the municipal authorities in solid waste management, then the initial idea on methodology is framed through which data have been acquired from various sources for further study.

Study Area :
The present study is carried out in Vellore municipal city, situated in the Indian State of Tamil Nadu. Located at 12.9165oN Latitude and 79.1325oE Longitude. In the year 2016-2017, Vellore has been proposed to be one of the smart cities to be developed in India. Government authorities are finding out various new technologies to improve the city in the green and clean way in the smarter direction. The city is divided into 4 major zones and 60 wards. Until the proposal of a smart city, there wasn't any waste treatment or recovery process for the municipal waste collected in the city. Hence the present study has been decided to carry out in the Vellore municipal city for proposing a better SWM solution along with the waste management that they are following till date. Following figure   1 gives an idea of the location of the study area. Development,Vol.37,No. (2),  The present study is on solid waste     Vellore Municipal Corporation is divided into 60 wards, present MFA is being performed for wards 9 and 12. Area of these wards 9 and 12 are 1159778 m2 and 644357 m2, respectively. Table 2 gives the inventory data that have been incorporated for analysing the MFA. for substance flow analysis (Jeroen B G, 2002).

Journal of Rural
This freeware is used to build a graphical model of MFA for the wards 9 and 12, with their solid waste materials from generation phase and their handling and disposal details.

GIS and Remote Sensing Approach for SWM
For the present study of SWM system in Vellore Municipal Corporation, various vectors are needed to be designed so that, using these vectors proper collection methods, transfer stations, optimal routes can be assessed and propose a better and efficient SWM.       Figure 10.
The same network analysis has been performed to determine the shortest route in These optimal routes are combined with street information data obtained from transport department to give navigation details for driving crew. Table 5 gives the navigation details of driving directions from zone 1 to Sadhuperi dumpsite.      Figure 14).