ASSESSMENT OF CARBON STORAGE AND EROSION USING INVEST MODEL IN VISAKHAPATNAM DISTRICT, ANDHRA PRADESH

Human Activities, especially deforestation, agriculture and expanding the industries may impact on depletion of natural resources and contribute to global climate change. Deforestation and expanding the industries have caused a substantial increase in the concentration of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) level in the atmosphere. These activities affect on the environment depending on the Terrestrial ecosystem. Remote Sensing data are used for calculating the Terrestrial ecosystem to estimate the increasing and decreasing amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Storage of carbon on land depends on four carbon pools, they are above ground biomass, below ground biomass, soil, and dead organic matter.Using the land use and land cover maps, the InVEST (Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoff) model can estimate the net amount of carbon stored in a land parcel. The outputs of InVEST model can support NGOs, and decisions by governments. The InVEST model result indicates positive values for carbon storage increased where negative values show loss of carbon. -1392299789.91 mg of C loss of carbon during 2011-2014. 423909045.87 mg of C loss of carbon during 2014-2015. 1512332394.91 mg of C of carbon sequestrated during 2015-2016.


Introduction
Absorption and releasing of greenhouse gases (GHG) by ecosystems can be majorly controlled by CO 2 in the earth climate. The others which can store carbon in the atmosphere are forests, shrubs and other above ground ecosystems (Lal 2007

Figure 1: Location of Study Area Visakhapatnam District in Andhra Pradesh
Journal of Rural Development,Vol.37,No. (2), April-June:2018 Data : The aim of the study being the evaluation of changes in the last 4 years, Landsat 5, thematic mapper was preferred as it was available through most of the study period. Landsat 8, Operational Land Imager (OLI) data of 2014, 2015 and 2016 were also used in the study. All these data were downloaded from USGS (United States Geological Survey). The dates of acquisition and resolution details are given in Table 1. Toposheets of Survey of India of scales 1:50000 and 1:250000 have been digitized in order to arrive at the base layers.

Methodology
The schematic representation of the methodology adopted in the current research work is given in Figure 2. information (Asrar et al., 1984 andGalio et al., 1985). Classification of image and pre-processing techniques are used for mapping of vegetation.
Pre-processing of image can be done for each pixel of the scene to get better improvement in quality of image and for assignment of a membership matrix of the vegetation groups (Beeri et al., 2007).The Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) was used to characterise land use/ land cover types in the region of study.   Table 5.    (Chave et al., 2005).Whereas wood density is assumed to be 0.6 g/cm3 for all trees. The above ground biomass is calculated for each land use type of 2011, 2014, 2015 and 2016 is shown in Table 6.

C plot =MD×FC (Equation -2)
Where:C plot = plot of carbon stock; MD =plot of dry biomass; FC = fraction of carbon.

Calculation of Below Ground Biomass:
To estimate below ground biomass based on above ground biomass or based on a series of root-toshoot (R/S) ratios by major forest types (Mokany et al, 2006    Where: BD = biomass of dry (kg); VOL = volume (cm 3 ); DW = density of wood (g cm-3 ).
Journal of Rural Development,Vol.37,No. (2), April-June:2018 By using correct scaling factor, volume and density of each tree, dry biomass is calculated.
In next phase, the above outcome is counted to carbon/estimation (Equation -6).The Dead organic matter is calculated for each Land use type of 2011, 2014, 2015 and 2016 is shown in Table 9.
Where: C (p) = plot of carbon stock ( Csq km -1 ); MD plot = plot of dry biomass ( dry matter sqkm -1 )FC = fraction of carbon.   Figure   10) and observed the results in Table 10, Table 11 and

Impact of Land Use and Land Cover on
Terrestrial