Peculiarities of the regional dynamics of the prevalence and incidence of cystitis in children

In a child, cystitis (non-specific microbial inflammation of the mucous membrane of the bladder) is considered to be a dangerous disease; the prolongation of the process is usually associated with a delayed diagnosis. The aim of this work was to analyze the health status of the child population of the Chernivtsi region, especially the dynamics of the prevalence and incidence of cystitis. The official statistical data have been studied (reports on the state of medical care for children in the Chernivtsi region and data from the Center of Medical Statistics of the Ministry of Healthcare from 2006 to 2017); information-analytical and statistical methods have been used for the purpose of this study. Attention should be drawn to the significantly high prevalence of cystitis among children aged 15–17 years, especially in the Chernivtsi region as during period I (8.7±0.6 vs. 4.3±0.3 in Ukraine) and II (11.7±1.0 and 5.7±0.4, respectively, per 1000 people). Moreover, over the years, the growth of indicators acquires intensity, while this process is more than twice as pronounced in Chernivtsi. Thus, the growth rate was 65.0% in 2006–2011 and 90.3% in 2012–2017 vs. 27.2% and 32.8% in Ukraine, respectively. The identified data indicate the need to provide specialized care to children with infectious and inflammatory diseases of the urinary system of the Chernivtsi region and the need to improve regional clinical routes of patients with infectious and inflammatory diseases of the urinary system.


INTRODUCTION
Cystitis, or inflammation of the bladder, affects the bladder function directly. Both infectious and noninfectious etiologies are possible. Gram-negative bacteria such as Proteus, Klebsiella, Citrobacter, Enterobacter, and Pseudomonas species and Gram-positive pathogens such as Enterococcus fecalis, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, and group B streptococci are able to cause an infection. However, JOURNAL of MEDICINE and LIFE Escherichia coli represents the most common cause of infectious cystitis [1][2][3]. Noninfectious cystitis can be due to a variety of causes, such as medication, radiation, foreign bodies, chemicals, autoimmune response, and may even be idiopathic -interstitial cystitis (IC). It may also occur in association with other diseases such as gynecological cancer, pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), and Crohn's disease. Irrespective of the cause, cystitis can be acute or chronic depending upon the duration of the insult [4][5][6].
The first and early response to any harmful stimulus or injury occurs in the form of acute inflammation. Acute inflammation is defined by vasodilation and increase of vascular permeability, leukocyte migration to the site of damage, and activation of the biochemical cascade of inflammation, resulting in the release of mediators such as cytokines, histamines, kinins, complement factors, nitric oxide, clotting factors, and proteases [7]. In acute cystitis, these mediators cause erythematous swelling and ulceration of the bladder mucosa, which bleeds easily [8]. The surface layer is shred, forming small, clear cysts (sacs with liquid, gas, or semisolid contents), which are frequently seen on urine analysis [9][10][11][12].
Besides, these mediators produce irritation of the bladder mucosa, which is responsible for urgency, increased frequency, and dysuria [13]. Also, the systemic release of inflammatory mediators causes low-grade fever. However, these mediators have a short half-life and are quickly degraded, enabling rapid inflammation resolution as soon as the noxious stimulus is removed [14][15][16][17].
However, if the stimulus is not removed, chronic inflammation ensues, as seen in IC [18][19][20], which is characterized by infiltration of mononuclear cells such as macrophages, lymphocytes, eosinophils, mast cells, and plasma cells, leading to irreversible tissue destruction, dysfunctional pathology such as fibrosis and poor compliance, detrusor overactivity, and hyperalgesia responsible for the chronic waxing and waning symptoms of pain and lower urinary tract symptoms.

MATERIAL AND METHODS
The aim of this work was to analyze the health status of the child population of the Chernivtsi region, especially the dynamics of the prevalence and incidence of cystitis. The official statistical data have been studied (reports on the state of medical care for children in the Chernivtsi region and data from the Center of Medical Statistics of the Ministry of Healthcare from 2006 to 2017). This work is a fragment of the scientific and research paper: "Scientific support, monitoring and evaluation of models of health care development in Ukraine at the regional level" (due date 2015-2017), state registration no. 0115U002852. To substantiate the provisions and identification of priority approaches to optimize and improve the quality of medical care at the regional level, the peculiarities of the dynamics of the prevalence and incidence of cystitis among the child population of the Chernivtsi region have been analyzed.
Statistical data were calculated and compared using the MedCalc software, developed by "MedCalc Software" (Ostend, Belgium). The immunohistochemical data are reported as mean±SEM. The data obtained were statistically processed using the Mann-Whitney U test. Bivariate correlation between variables was determined by Pearson's correlation coefficients. A p-value <0.05 was considered significant. Results are represented as mean±SD.

RESULTS
The results of the analysis obtained in the course of the study showed the existing regional peculiarities of the dynamics of the prevalence and incidence of cystitis among the children of the Chernivtsi region and their difference from the all-Ukrainian ones [7,22,23]. One of these features results from Table 1, i.e., in the Chernivtsi region, the percentage of children aged 0-14 years with cystitis is two times greater compared to the number of children from the whole country. Among adolescents, the difference between their values reached validity (1.6±0.5% vs. 0.7±0.09%, respectively).
The analysis of absolute values, the dynamics of which according to the study periods is given in Table 2, demonstrates, in contrast to the general Ukrainian tendency, a significant increase in adolescents registered in the Chernivtsi region and which is growing with each subsequent period (by 40.7% and 51.0% in the period I and II, respectively). No significant changes in the dynamic nature of the number of registered children with cystitis at the age of 0-14 years were observed. Simultaneously, these age-related processes in the Chernivtsi region affected the overall state of accumulation of the specified category of children.
The study of the dynamic series of cystitis prevalence among children of different age groups, undoubtedly, gives objective information about the situation in the Chernivtsi region in a comparative aspect with the dynamics of the process which takes place in Ukraine as a whole (Table 3). In the Chernivtsi region, they are also significantly higher than in the other regions of Ukraine; the dynamic nature of their changes is similar to an intensive decrease. There is an unfavorable picture in the Chernivtsi region, i.e., the accumulation of adolescents with cystitis in need of specialized medical care, which is confirmed below in the analysis of Table 4. It presents the dynamics of the incidence of various age groups of children with cystitis.
When comparing the data of Tables 3 and 4, first of all, in the context of this provision, it should be indicated that the rate of increase in prevalence levels is higher than the incidence rate. Therefore, the increase in the number, especially teenagers, is not due to firsttime cases. This is the difference between the situation in the Chernivtsi region and the country as a whole, where, on the contrary, the growth rate of incidence surpasses the prevalence. Thus, during 2011-2017, the increase in prevalence in the region was 90.3%, the incidence was 34.2%, while in the country, the rates were 35.1% and 32.8%, respectively. In other ways (in terms of values, age characteristics), the compared phenomena are close to each other. In particular, as in the case of prevalence, the incidence rates are higher among adolescents everywhere; they are growing significantly over the study periods. In addition, their values are significantly higher among all age groups in the Chernivtsi region than the average in Ukraine. In total, more than 1000 children are detected with the first established diagnosis in the region every year.

JOURNAL of MEDICINE and LIFE
The second considerate fact that confirms the insufficient level of medical care in this category of patients is the specific weight of chronic cystitis cases (Table 5).
In contrast to the previous six years of study, during 2012-2017, the growth rate of patients with chronic cystitis among the child population of the Chernivtsi region was 51.5%, which is radically different from the data characteristic of the country, where they were less than a quarter. The difference is that against the background of a negative process (-17.9%) in the latter among children aged 0-14 years in the Chernivtsi region, the growth rate was 60.0%. Among teenagers, the values were (-38.8%) and (+47.2%), respectively. The most dangerous and, at the same time, the most cases of common chronic cystitis are found among females [3,5,6,13,16,20,22]. Table 6 presents the specific weight of girls with chronic cystitis among the total number of such patients. The data analysis confirms

Table 4. Dynamics of the incidence of cystitis in children in Ukraine and the Chernivtsi region (per 1000 people of the corresponding population).
* the difference is significant between the P 2-4, 1-2, 3-4, 1-3 indicators; p<0.05; ∆ the difference is significant between the indicators according to the periods; p<0.05.  Table 5. Dynamics of the specific weight of chronic cystitis cases among different age groups of the child population of Ukraine and the Chernivtsi region by years of study.

Years
JOURNAL of MEDICINE and LIFE Table 6. The percentage of girls presenting with chronic cystitis in dynamics in Ukraine and the Chernivtsi region.
the known situation, indicates the growth of the indicator, more intense in the first six years in Ukraine and the Chernivtsi region in particular. However, in each period, it was more pronounced in the Chernivtsi region.
Congenital abnormalities of the urinary system, kidney defects are followed, combined, and complicated by urinary tract infections. Therefore, for a complete picture of the situation in the Chernivtsi region, we analyzed the indicators of incidence and prevalence of pathology among the child population of the region. For a general idea, we shall imagine what percentage corresponds to children of different age groups with these pathologies considering their number in the region and the country (Table 7).
Data presented in Table 7 show that the problem of providing specialized care for children with birth defects is topical in the Chernivtsi region.
UTIs are common in childhood. An estimated 2% of boys and 8% of girls will experience a UTI by seven years of age, and 7% of febrile infants have UTI [7,21]. Pediatric UTIs, especially in young children, have various and non-specific presentations that can be undetected or misdiagnosed. Delaying diagnosis and management of UTIs may result in renal damage and renal function loss [14,22]. The aim of this article is to provide clinicians with an overview of the assessment and management of children with UTIs.
After all, a larger percentage of patients is concentrated here relative to the population and compared to the average value of the indicator in Ukraine [16,22,23], and this concerns adolescents and indicates that they were not treated during an earlier period. Moreover, JOURNAL of MEDICINE and LIFE this is evidenced by the ratio of incidence rates, which are 1.5 times higher among children aged 0-14 years (for example, 0.28 vs. 0.18 among adolescents in 2017 per 1000 people of the corresponding population). At the same time, the opposite picture appears when analyzing the prevalence; in this case, its level is almost twice as high among adolescents (5.30 vs. 2.81 among children aged 0-14 years, per 1000 people of the corresponding population). In addition, their values are growing over the years -by 45.0% for the first period and 26.2% for the second.

CONCLUSIONS
In the Chernivtsi region, the percentage of children aged 0-14 years with cystitis among its total number is twice as high as in Ukraine. Also, it is even higher among adolescents, and the numbers are continuosly increasing, while a decrease similar to the national tendency is seen in children aged 0-14 years old. The identified data indicate the lack of clear mechanisms of interaction between primary, secondary, tertiary, outpatient and inpatient care in providing specialized medical care to children with infectious and inflammatory diseases of the urinary system of the Chernivtsi region and the need to improve regional clinical routes of patients with infectious and inflammatory diseases of the urinary system, especially in patients with cystitis.