The Role of China’s Patriotic Hackers and Their Relationship to the Government

Rika Isnarti

Abstract

China is one of countries around the world known for the use of patriotic hackers who conduct many cyber-attacks. Patriotic hackers tend to be linked to nationalist movements or work for the government. For example, when ethnic Chinese were blamed for violent riots in Indonesia in 1998, Chinese patriotic hackers attacked Indonesian government websites in protest. Patriotic hackers also blocked CNN’s website during Beijing Olympics in 2008 because it reported protests in Tibet and reported bad news about China as Olympic host. They also attacked Vietnamese websites reporting conflict with China in 2014. China’s patriotic hackers struggle to control how China is represented in the cyber sphere and Chinese authorities condone their actions. There are many benefits that the government gains from patriotic hackers and it is possible that the government sponsors their actions. But there are also risks for the government. This paper assesses the role of china’s patriotic hackers.hackers.

 

Keywords: China patriotic hacker, cyber, China government

Full Text:

PDF

References

Bbc News, China Denies Backing Icloud Hack, 21 October 2014,Http://Www.Bbc.Com/News/Technology-29704371 Accessed On 28 October, 2014

Brodsky, J. 2011. Control System Security. In: Holt, T. J. & Schell, B. H. (Eds.) Corporate Hacking And Technology-Driven Crime : Social Dynamics And Implications. Hershey: Information Science Reference.

Browdie, B. 2013. Chinese Hackers Renew Attacks On U.S. Targets: Report. American Banker, 05/21/

Capaccio, Tony, China Most Threatening Cyberspace Force, U.S. Panel Says, Nov 6, 2012. Available Online at Http://Www.Bloomberg.Com/News/2012-11-05/China-Most-Threatening-Cyberspace-Force-U-S-Panel-Says.Html, Accessed In 28 October 2014

Chang, Y.-C. 2011. Cyber Conflict between Taiwan and China Strategic. Insights, 10, 26-35.

Denning, D. E. 2011. Cyber Conflict as an Emergent Social Phenomena. In: Jhonston, L. (Ed.) Corporate Hacking and Technology-Driven Crime: Social Dynamics and Implications. Pennsylvania: Igi Global.

Dinniss, H. H. 2013. Participants in Conflict –Cyber Warriors, Patriotic Hackers and the Laws of War. In: Saxon, D. (Ed.) International Humanitarian Law and the Changing Technology of War. Boston: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.

Friedman, E. 1997. Chinese Nationalism, Taiwan Autonomy and the Prospects of a Larger War. Journal of Contemporary China, 6, 5-32.

Grunwald, G. L. 2008. China’s Pursuit for World Power Status: Is the Transformation of the People’s Liberation Army a Threat to the United States Global Interest and Security? Master United States Marine Corps Command and Staff College.

Gutmann, E. 2010. Hacker Nation: China's Cyber Assault. World Affairs, 173, 70-79.

Hassid, J. 2013. Cyber-Nationalism in China: Challenging Western Media Portrayals of Censorship In China. Continuum, 27, 936-938.

Henderson, S. 2008. Beijing’s Rising Hacker Star How Does Mother China React? Iosphere, 4, 25-30.

Henderson, S. J. 2007. The Dark Visitor: Inside the World of Chinese Hackers, Illinois, Lulu.Com.

Hill,Suzanna, International Hacking Group Anonymous Attacks Official Government Sites In China In Protest At The Country's Internet Censorship, 6 April 2012,

Read More: Http://Www.Dailymail.Co.Uk/News/Article-2125683/International-Hacking-Group-Anonymous-Attacks-Official-Government-Sites-China-Protest-Countrys-Internet-Censorship.Html#Ixzz3hypuvxqc, Accessed 28 October 2014.

Klimburg, A. 2011. Mobilising Cyber Power. Survival, 53, 41-60.

Krapp, P. 2005. Terror And Play, Or What Was Hacktivism? Grey Room, 70-93.

Kshetri, N. 2005. Pattern of Global Cyber War And Crime: A Conceptual Framework. Journal of International Management, 11.

Kshetri, N. 2010. The Global Cybercrime Industry Economic, Institutional and Strategic Perspective, New York, Springer.

Lerer, L. 2010. China's `Patriotic Hackers' Attack U.S. Sites Including Google, Nyt Says [Online]. Bloomberg. Available: Http://Www.Bloomberg.Com/News/2010-12-05/Chinese-Patriotic-Hackers-Hit-Google-U-S-Sites-New-York-Times-Reports.Html#Disqus_Thread [Accessed 5 August 2014 2014].

Levin, D. 2013. Film Festival in the Cross Hairs [Online]. Available: Http://Www.Nytimes.Com/2009/08/10/Movies/10festival.Html?Pagewanted=All&_R=0 [Accessed 20 September 2013].

Martin, Ricky, 2014, Hundreds of Vietnamese Websites Hacked After Island Dispute with China, Https://Www.Techinasia.Com/Vietnam-China-Hack/ Accessed, 28 October 2014 2013 Jan 31.

Mozur, P., Perlroth, N. & Chen, B. X. 2014. Apple’s Icloud Storage Service Is Aim of Attack in China [Online]. New York Times. Available: Http://Www.Nytimes.Com/2014/10/22/Technology/China-Attack-Aims-At-Apple-Icloud-Storage-Service.Html?_R=0 [Accessed 28 October 2014].

Perlroth, N. 2013. Hackers In China Attacked The Times For Last 4 Months. New York Times, 01/31/ Available Online Http://Www.Nytimes.Com/2013/01/31/Technology/Chinese-Hackers-Infiltrate-New-York-Times-Computers.Html?Pagewanted=All&_R=0, Accessed, 28 October, 2014

Qiang, P. G. 2012. Th Twenty First Century War; Chinese Perspectives. In: Lindleyfrench, J. & Boyer, Y. (Eds.) the Oxford Handbook of War. New York: Oup Oxford.

Rawnsley, G. D. 2005. Old Wine in New Bottles: China-Taiwan Computer-Based 'Information Warfare' and Propaganda. International Affairs (Royal Institute of International Affairs), 81, 1061-1078.

Samuel, A. W. 2004. Hacktivism and the Future of Political Participation. Doctoral, Hardvard University.

Segal, A. 2012. Chinese Computer Games Keeping Safe in Cyberspace. Foreign Affaris, 91, 14-21.

Si, C. 2011. The Threat of China’s Patriotic Hacker Army Thinking about China Opinion [Online]. The Epoch Times Available: Http://Www.Theepochtimes.Com/N2/Opinion/The-Threat-Of-Chinas-Patriotic-Hacker-Army-60695-Page-2.Html [Accessed 5 August 2014 2014].

Singer, P. W. & Friedman, A. 2014. Cybersecurity and Cyberwar: What Everyone Needs To Know New York, Oxford University Press

Thanh Luan, Chinese Hack Some 750 Vietnamese Websites in a Week, Saturday, September 06, 2014, Http://Www.Thanhniennews.Com/Tech/Chinese-Hack-Some-750-Vietnamese-Websites-In-A-Week-30791.Html, Accessed, 28 October, 2014

The Economist Report, Masters of the Cyber-Universe China’s State-Sponsored Hackers Are Ubiquitous—And Totally Unabashed, 6 April 2013, Available Online At Http://Www.Economist.Com/News/Special-Report/21574636-Chinas-State-Sponsored-Hackers-Are-Ubiquitousand-Totally-Unabashed-Masters, Accessed, 28 October, 2014

Tran,Mark, Chinese Hack Melbourne Film Festival Site To Protest At Uighur Documentary The Guardian, Sunday 26 July 2009, Available Online At Http://Www.Theguardian.Com/World/2009/Jul/26/Rebiya-Kadeer-Melbourne-Film-China, Accessed 28 October 2014

Tuoi Tre, 2014, Chinese Hackers Attack 745 Vietnam Websites in A Week: Report Tuoitrenew Vietnam.Http://Tuoitrenews.Vn/Business/22202/Chinese-Hackers-Attack-745-Vietnam-Websites-In-A-Week-Report Accessed, 28 October 2014

Valigra, L. 2001. China-U.S. Aircraft Collision Incident of April 2001: Assessments and Policy Implications. Congressional Research Service.

Ventre, D. 2014. Discourse Regarding China: Cyberspace and Cybersecurity. Chinese Cybersecurity and Cyber Defense. London: Wiley.

Verma, B. 2013. Threat from China, United States, Lancer Publisher.

Vietnam Net,Chinese Hackers Infiltrate Vietnamese Websites,Http://English.Vietnamnet.Vn/Fms/Science-It/111353/Chinese-Hackers-Infiltrate-Vietnamese-Websites.Html, Accessed, 28 October 2014

Volland, N. 2008. Chinese Cyber Nationalism: Evolution, Characteristics, and Implications. The China Journal, 191-193.

Wark, M. 2006. Hackers. Theory, Culture & Society, 23, 320-322.

Wu, X. 2007. Chinese Cyber Nationalism: Evolution, Characteristics, and Implications, New York, Lexington Books.

Yip, M. & Webber, C. 2011. Hacktivism: A Theoretical and Empirical Exploration of China’s Cyber Warriors. In, Acm Websci '11, Koblenz, Germany, 14 - 17 Jun 2011. Web Science. Koblenz, Germany: Acm Web Sci 2011.

Yuxiao, L. 2012. China and Cybersecurity: Political, Economic, and Strategic Dimensions. In: Team, S. O. I. O. T. C. (Ed.). San Diego: University Of California.

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.