초록

South Korean migration to Malaysia is a relatively new phenomenon that began in the new millennium. By 2019, approximately 20,861 Koreans were residing in Malaysia under various types of visas: work, study, and under the Malaysia My Second Home (MM2H) program. This paper examines Korean attitudes and adjustment to Malaysian temporality (after accounting for their reasons for emigration) to make causal connections between developmentalist modernity, hypercelerity (extreme speed) and the lack of happiness that drive them to search for better opportunities in the Global South. Coming from a culture of hypercelerity and expected efficiency and immediacy, Koreans have to acclimatize to a culture of slowness. Drawing from a broad span of respondents interviewed between late 2014 to 2021, that includes university students, education migrants (parents), working expatriates, retirees and those on business visas from ages 16 up to their 60s, I argue that Koreans are filled with ambivalence regarding slow time. Such ambivalence is shaped by factors such as age, occupation, circumstance and context, their life course, and extent of openness to cultural difference (cosmopolitanism). This essay focuses on the challenges Koreans face and the strategies they deploy while negotiating the slower temporality of living in the Global South.

키워드

Korean migrants, Malaysia, slow time, happiness, migrant temporality, ppalli-ppalli

참고문헌(64)open

  1. [기타] / 2014 / Eddie (male, late 20s), interviews by author, Solaris Mont Kiara, Kuala Lumpur

  2. [기타] / 2017 / Florence (21), interviews by author, Skype

  3. [기타] / 2015 / HYB (male, 17), interviews by author, Kota Kinabalu

  4. [기타] / 2015 / Jenny (16), interviews by author, Kota Kinabalu

  5. [기타] / 2021 / Ji Yeon (female, 30), interviews by author, Microsoft Teams

  6. [기타] / 2019 / KJ (male, 46), interviews by author, Mont Kiara, Kuala Lumpur

  7. [기타] / 2017 / David Lee (21), interviews by author, Skype

  8. [기타] / 2017 / Mr. P (47), interviews by author, Taman Desa, Kuala Lumpur

  9. [기타] / 2019 / Mrs. H (57), interviews by author, Great Eastern Mall, Ampang, Kuala Lumpur

  10. [기타] / 2014 / Mrs. HHL (44), interviews by author, Solaris Mont Kiara, Kuala Lumpur

  11. [기타] / 2019 / Mrs. L (60s), interviews by author, Ampang, Kuala Lumpur

  12. [기타] / 2019 / Paul (male, 45), interviews by author, Kuala Lumpur

  13. [기타] / 2014 / Pro golfer (male, 30s), interviews by author, Solaris Mont Kiara, Kuala Lumpur

  14. [기타] / 2015 / TB (male, late 30s–early 40s), interviews by author, Kota Kinabalu

  15. [기타] / 2014 / WY (female, 28), interviews by author, Skype

  16. [기타] / 2017 / Young Jae (male, 39), interviews by author, Skype

  17. [학술지] Abd Hamid, Hamizah / 2021 / Migrant Entrepreneurs from an Advanced Economy in a Developing Country: The Case of Korean Entrepreneurs in Malaysia / Journal of Entrepreneurship in Emerging Economies 14 (4) : 595 ~ 615

  18. [학술지] Abd Hamid, Hamizah / 2019 / Conforming to the Host Country Versus Being Distinct to our Home Countries: Ethnic Migrant Entrepreneurs’ Identity Work in Crosscultural Settings / International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research 25 (5) : 919 ~ 935

  19. [학술지] Akesson, Lisa / 2011 / Making Migrants Responsible for Development: Cape Verdean Returnees and Northern Migration Policies / Africa Spectrum 46 (1) : 61 ~ 83

  20. [인터넷자료] Are You Ready Café Manager / For Those Who Are Thinking of Immigrating to Malaysia

  21. [단행본] Bauman, Zygmunt / 2005 / Liquid Life / Polity Press

  22. [학술지] Benson, Michaela / 2009 / Migration and the Search for a Better Way of Life: A Critical Exploration of Lifestyle Migration / Sociological Review 57 (4) : 608 ~ 625

  23. [학술지] Chang, Kang-Myoung / 2015 / Because I Hate Korea / Asia Pacific Journal 16 (11) : 1 ~ 12

  24. [인터넷자료] Chingu / [Trending Korea] Make Way YOLO, Here Comes ‘Sohwakhaeng’

  25. [학위논문] Chung, Jae A / 2003 / The Cultural Tempo of Korean Modernity: Celerity in Venture Industry

  26. [학술지] Collins, Francis L / 2018 / Desire as a Theory for Migration Studies: Temporality, Assemblage and Becoming in the Narratives of Migrants / Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 44 (6) : 964 ~ 980

  27. [단행본] Collins, Francis L. / 2017 / Timespace and International Migration / Edward Elgar : 17 ~ 32

  28. [학술지] Cwerner, Saolo B / 2001 / The Times of Migration / Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 27 (1) : 7 ~ 36

  29. [학술지] Omkar Dastane / 2016 / Korean Expatriates Adjustments and Job Satisfaction in Malaysia: Analysis of Corporate Cultural Asymmetry / 산경연구논집 7 (4) : 33 ~ 45

  30. [인터넷자료] Dixon, David / America’s Emigrants: U.S. Retirement Migration to Mexico and Panama

  31. [학술지] Elchardus, Mark / 1987 / Temps, Culture et Coexistence / Studi Emigrazione 24 (86) : 138 ~ 154

  32. [인터넷자료] Fusion, Jennn / Face-to-Face Communication in Business

  33. [학술지] Griffiths, Melanie / 2014 / Out of Time: The Temporal Uncertainties of Refused Asylum Seekers and Immigration Detainees / Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 40 (12) : 1991 ~ 2009

  34. [인터넷자료] Griffiths, Melanie / Migration, Time and Temporalities: Review and Prospect

  35. [학위논문] Hastarini, Adilla Rosa Partini / 2014 / Adaptation of Korean People in Kabupaten Sleman, Yogyakarta

  36. [단행본] Hofstede, Geert / 2001 / Culture’s Consequences: Comparing Values, Behaviors, Institutions, and Organizations Across Nations / Sage Publications

  37. [학술지] Howard, Robert W / 2008 / Western Retirees in Thailand: Motives, Experiences, Wellbeing, Assimilation and Future Needs / Ageing and Society 28 (2) : 145 ~ 163

  38. [단행본] Jang, Kang Myoung / 2015 / Because I Hate Korea / Mineumsa

  39. [학술지] Kang, Yoonhee / 2018 / A Pathway to ‘Constant Becoming’: Time, Temporalities and the Construction of Self Among South Korean Educational Migrants in Singapore / Discourse: Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education 39 (5) : 798 ~ 813

  40. [단행본] Keightley, Emily / 2012 / Time, Media and Modernity / Palgrave Macmillan : 1 ~ 22

  41. [학술지] Kim, Dohye / 2016 / Geographical Imagination and Intra-Asian Hierarchy between Filipinos and South Korean Retirees in the Philippines / Philippine Studies : Historical & Ethnographic Viewpoints 64 (2) : 237 ~ 264

  42. [학위논문] Kim, Dohye / 2018 / Heroes, Criminals and Good Migrants: South Korean Transnational Entrepreneurs and the Makings of Moral Worlds in the Philippines

  43. [단행본] Kim, Hyung Jun / 2016 / Advancing the Regional Commons in the New East Asia / Routledge : 53 ~ 76

  44. [단행본] Kim, Jeehun / 2010 / Globalization, Changing Demographics, and Educational Challenges in East Asia / Emerald : 271 ~ 311

  45. [단행본] Kim, Jongtae / 2018 / Eurocentrism and Development in Korea / Routledge

  46. [인터넷자료] Kim, Sam / Soaring Home Prices Stoke Anger Against Korea’s President

  47. [인터넷자료] Lahrichi, Kamilia / An Expat’s Guide to the Latin American Concept of Time

  48. [단행본] Levine, Robert / 1997 / A Geography of Time: the Temporal Misadventures of a Social Psychologist / Oneworld Publications

  49. [단행본] Maliangkay, Roald / 2020 / Popular Culture and the Transformation of Japan-Korea Relations / Routledge : 19 ~ 33

  50. [단행본] Mavroudi, Elizabeth / 2017 / Timespace and International Migration / Edward Elgar

  51. [단행본] Page, Ben / 2017 / Timespace and International Migration / Edward Elgar : 1 ~ 16

  52. [단행본] Park, Joseph Sung-Yul / 2015 / South Korea’s Education Exodus: The Life and Times of Early Study Abroad / University of Washington Press : 85 ~ 102

  53. [학술지] Park, Kyeyoung / 2014 / A Rhizomatic Diaspora: Transnational Passage and the Sense of Place Among Koreans in Latin America / Urban Anthropology and Studies of Cultural Systems and World Economic Development 43 (4) : 481 ~ 517

  54. [학술지] Robertson, Shanthi / 2014 / Time and Temporary Migration: The Case of Temporary Graduate Workers and Working Holiday Makers in Australia / Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 40 (12) : 1915 ~ 1933

  55. [학술지] Robertson, Shanthi / 2016 / Student-workers and Tourist-workers as Urban Labour: Temporalities and Identities in the Australian Cosmopolitan City / Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 42 (14) : 2272 ~ 2288

  56. [학술지] Shakuto, Shiori / 2017 / Ageing with Bad-Boy Charm: An Affective Analysis of Japanese Retirement Migration in Malaysia / Japanese Review of Cultural Anthropology 18 (1) : 159 ~ 172

  57. [단행본] Sharma, Sarah / 2014 / In the Meantime: Temporality and Cultural Politics / Duke University Press

  58. [인터넷자료] Singh, Ana / ‘The ‘Scourge of South Korea’: Stress and Suicide in Korean Society

  59. [단행본] Tikhonov, Vladimir / 2010 / Social Darwinism and Nationalism in Korea: The Beginnings (1880s–1910s): “Survival” as an Ideology of Korean Modernity / Brill

  60. [인터넷자료] Toh, Billy / Edelman: More Than Half of Malaysians Lost Faith in Institutions, System

  61. [단행본] Tomlinson, John / 2007 / The Culture of Speed / SAGE Publications

  62. [단행본] Tudor, Daniel / 2012 / Korea: The Impossible Country / Tuttle

  63. [학술지] Wong, Kee Mun / 2014 / Retirement Motivation Among ‘Malaysia My Second Home’ Participants / Tourism Management 40 : 141 ~ 154

  64. [학술지] Wong, Kee Mun / 2015 / Challenges of International Retirees in Second Home Destination: A Phenomenological Analysis / Tourism Management Perspectives 15 : 81 ~ 90