EUROPOLITY Continuity and Change in European Governance

AFTER BREXIT: THE CHALLENGES OF HIGHER EDUCATION IN EUROPE AND LATIN AMERICA by Fernando Galván This paper presents a discussion of the main issues involved in the Brexit decision and negotiations for Higher Education, Science, Technology and Innovation both for the EU and the UK. It analyses the challenges posed by the results of the British referendum in 2016, providing current data and figures about students, faculty, research and funding and how it might affect the future relations between the EU countries and the UK after 2019. In view of the new avenues opened after Brexit for higher education, research and innovation in the UK and the EU, it also addresses the current conditions and challenges of cooperation between Europe and Latin America and the Caribbean. The author, who is President of a birregional academic initiative, the Academic Permanent Forum for Latin America, Caribbean and the European Union (FAP ALC-UE), offers a summary of the main steps taken by this organization since 2012, which have led to the presentation of proposals to the political summits of Heads of State and Government of CELAC and the EU in Santiago de Chile (2013) and Brussels (2015). This is a grass-root movement constituted by members of universities and research centres in both regions whose main purpose is to put forward proposals for the establishment of a Common Birregional Area for Higher Education, Science, Technology and Innovation. Keywords: Europe, Higher Education, Latin America INTERPLAY OF SOCIAL REPRESENTATIONS, TRAUMA AND VICTIMIZATION IN INTRACTABLE CONFLICTS: THE CASE OF THE CYPRUS CONFLICT by Cristiana Lavinia Bădulescu Intractable conflicts are conflicts that persist over a long period of time, resist various attempts of resolution, and present sporadic episodes of violence juxtaposed with periods of relative calm. Also, they contain a large share of psychosocial factors which lend to their uniqueness while also adding to their complexity. The Cypriot conflict is such a conflict. It has been on the agenda of the international community for over four decades, it has gone through a number of occasional violent episodes that fluctuated in frequency and intensity, and has resisted various peace mediation efforts. As a result, the conflicting parties remained locked in an adversarial relationship and fixed in terms of fundamental grievances. This paper aims to explore the interplay of social representations, trauma and victimization in the Cyprus conflict, and their implications on the prospects for its further settlement. Specifically, using discourse analysis as a research method, this paper analyses both the Greek-Cypriot and Turkish-Cypriot official discourse during 1983-2012 in order to see how the two parties represent the conflict, and whether past trauma and victimization influence their social representations. Close attention to the key themes emerging from the two parties’ official discourse helps to deepen understanding of the role and effect social representations, trauma and victimization play in the perpetuation of the Cyprus conflict. Keywords: Conflict resolution, Cyprus, intractable conflicts, social representations, trauma, victimization THE CROSS-BORDER COOPERATION BETWEEN ROMANIA AND UKRAINE IN THE CONTEXT OF THE EASTERN PARTNERSHIP (EPP) AND ASSOCIATION AGREEMENTS (AA) by Mircea Brie This paper is an analysis of the European Union’s policies in the Neighbourhood area at its Eastern border, with a particular focus on the special neighbourhood relations developed with Ukraine. The premises of this paper are built around the idea that Romania, as an EU member state, moving within the European policies for cross-border cooperation and by using the European instruments, develops a legislative and institutional framework meant to deepen this cooperation at its border with Ukraine. The cross-border cooperation between Romania and Ukraine has been marked by the general framework of bilateral relations, but also by the geopolitical context of the two states. Immediately after the fall of communism and the collapse of the USSR, there were difficulties in cooperation between the young Ukrainian state and the Romanian one. The relationship with Ukraine went through a period of mutual mistrust, so that the two countries have started a process of relaxation of their relations, and as a consequence, the EU has been contributing to it, as well. This cooperation has been marked by legislative and institutional changes stemming from a process of normalization and stimulation of relations with Ukraine, due inter alia to Euro-Atlantic integration. The ENP also contributes to this cross-border mechanism through financial instruments, as well as legislative harmonization on both sides of the EU’s external borders. The European Neighbourhood and Partnership Instrument, seen as an incentive in the process of developing relations with the EU’s neighbours, was thus able to create bridges at both political, socio-economic, cultural and cross-border level. Keywords: Cross-border cooperation, Eastern Partnership, European Union, Neighbourhood, Ukraine AGENT-CHANGE RELATION: EU MEMBERSHIP AND THE NEW DYNAMICS OF ROMANIAN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION by Cristina-Maria Dogot The first years after 1989, Romanian public administration seemed not to be influenced by the political changes, in the sense of organisational reform. Only in the eve of Romania’s accession to European Union, and especially since 2000, when the process of negotiation with the EU officially started, the field of public administration began to be in a higher extent considered for reform. From the end of the nineties to the present time it is possible to reveal two stages of changes related to public administration: those provoked from top down, related to the process of accession to EU, and those from bottom up, related to the process of integration in the EU. The main hypothesis of the article is that EU acted as a direct pressure factor / agent of change in what concerns the organisational reform of Romanian public administration realised during the pre-accession period, while it abandoned this direct role after accession (with some negative consequences). The aim of the present paper is to analyse the dynamic of Europeanisation of Romanian public administration in pre-accession and post-accession periods from the perspective of the organisational reform, realised by adopting the related necessary internal norms according to the Acquis Communautaire. Keywords: Dynamic of change, Europeanisation, public administration, reform GEOPOLITICS AT THE EASTERN BORDERS OF THE EUROPEAN UNION: EASTERN EUROPE BETWEEN THE EU AND RUSSIA by Dacian Duna Geopolitics has changed dramatically over the last century, from a modernist discipline focused on the impact of geography on politics and international relations, to a postmodern approach in which traditional assumptions of reality are getting blurred, like the in-out distinction, borders are getting permeable, and state-centrism is replaced by multiplicity. A postmodern actor such as the European Union provides a good example of the sort. The EU has managed to assimilate most of the instruments and policies developed during the course of European integration, including regional policy, or cross-border cooperation, a territorial approach to development across the border regions of Europe pioneered by the Council of Europe since the 1950s. This paper tries to compare the policies of the European Union pre- and post-enlargement regarding Eastern Europe, using a geopolitical approach, questioning whether the recent geopolitical resurgence of Russia has the potential to question the influence of the European Union over its Eastern neighbourhood. Keywords: Enlargement, fragmentation, neighbourhood, geopolitics, EU, Eastern Europe, CBC, integration EUROPEAN UNION SUPPORT AND TRANSITIONAL JUSTICE PROCESSES IN KOSOVO by Remzije Istrefi The legacy of systematic human rights violations committed during 1999 violent conflict and the previous repressive rule still impact the everyday life of Kosovo citizens. That is why transitional justice processes are a necessary component in Kosovo’s state building efforts. With the end of the 1999 conflict, Kosovo has been administered by the United Nations Mission in Kosovo (UNMIK) and also supported by European Union (EU) presences: the EU Special Representative in Kosovo, and European Union Rule of Law Mission known as EULEX. In the course of implementation of their mandates transitional justice processes were not a priority for UNMIK and EU presences. With the signing of the Stabilization and Association Agreement (SAA) the EU made transitional justice part of the Kosovo accession demands. In December 2015, the Government of Kosovo approved its National Action Plan for the Implementation of the Stabilization and Association Agreement (NAPISAA). The General Principles of the SAA, included within the NAPISAA oblige Kosovo Government to approve a National Transitional Justice Strategy. This paper analyses EU peace and institution-building support and their impact in transitional justice processes in Kosovo. Through analysing the mandate and actions on the ground it draws conclusions if EU is an active participant in transitional justice process in Kosovo or transitional justice policies are promoted by EU only as part of its enlargement strategy. Finally, the paper gives recommendations as a basis for future elaboration of an EU approach to transitional justice. Keywords: EU, EULEX, Human rights, Transitional Justice, UNMIK RUSSIAN – UKRAINIAN CONFLICT REVISITED: TOWARDS REGIME CHANGE IN RUSSIA? by Ryszard M. Machnikowski The “Ukraine crisis”, as it is widely known, or more correctly, Ukraine – Russia war, started in 2013 - 2014, brought potentially devastating consequences for Central and Eastern Europe security and prospective functions of NATO military alliance. Previous Russian aggression, be it in Moldova or Georgia, went unpunished fact that created an impression that Russia had a “blank card” to do whatever it wanted within its “sphere of interests” (i.e. the territory of the former Soviet Union). Fortunately for the countries of NATO’s “Eastern flank” and Scandinavian neighbours of Russia, the West ultimately responded to Moscow’s military actions in the east of Ukraine. Economic and financial sanctions combined with the collapse of fossil fuels price have hit Russian economy and stopped Russia’s involvement in this conflict. For the first time since the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Kremlin has been paying heavy price for its geopolitical manoeuvres. In this article I claim that as a result of Russian actions in Ukraine, this country is approaching “regime change”, though the form of it remains unclear. The West should be prepared for the possible period of uncertainty in Russia, in order to minimize its possible negative consequences: period of social unrest and unknown profile and aims of future rulers of Russia. Keywords: Conflict, crisis, regime change, Russia, sanctions, Ukraine, war BOOK REVIEW, Fawaz A. Gerges, 2016. ISIS. A History, Princeton University Press, USA, 368 pages, ISBN: 978-0-691-17000-8 by Mihai Murariu

It consists of three primary elements: a "trauma" or wounding; the trauma is shared by a group of people, rather than an individually experienced; the trauma spans multiple generations, such that contemporary members of the affected group may experience trauma-related symptoms without having been present for the past traumatizing event(s)" ---mindset shared by group members that results from a perceived intentional harm with severe and lasting consequences inflicted on a collective by another group or groups, a harm that is viewed as undeserved, unjust and immoral, and one that the group was not able to prevent the egoism of victimization

SETTLEMENT EFFORTS. A REVIEW OF FAILURE
on, I the primary one being that the parties were seeking an independent, non-aligned, bicommunal federal republic. The other related to the territorial division not being strictly on the basis of population ratio, the freedoms of movement, settlement, and ownership for the GC being implemented with sensitivity to TC concerns, and the central government safeguarding the unity of the state while respecting its bicommunal character -----independent, non-aligned, bi-communal state in Cyprus, but was more detailed than the 1977 agreement in that it began to define the federal government's powers." "the Cyprus problem is not a derivate of bad community relations, but one of outside intervention." "the crux of the Cyprus problem is the Turkish invasion and occupation." "the essence of the Cyprus problem" "first and foremost a problem of invasion and occupation, a problem of violation of international law and human rights of Cypriot citizens." "Cyprus still faces the consequences of foreign intervention and of the Turkish invasion and occupation. More than one third of the territory of my country is still under military occupation by Turkey... Yet Turkey, after invading Cyprus in 1974, continues  "one part of a bi-communal government has been robbed by the other part of all its rights and has not given them back...". "in essence, a problem of usurpation of administration. The Cyprus problem is an end product of the Greek Cypriot usurpation of the tile of "Cyprus government" by subjecting us for 11 years [from 1963 to 1974]  -"inhumane practices", "unbearable conditions", "all the difficulties we were pushed into".
"the indignities and harassment of the 1963-1974 period", "atrocities", "massacres", "tragedies", "the horrendous nature of the events between 1963-1974", "ill treatment" "unjust and inhuman isolations", "inhuman restrictions", "veritable siege" "forced" "out of 103 villages and locked us in 3% of the island" -"overwhelming stress and change" "victims of the massive psychic trauma of expulsion from their homes, the loss of many dear to them, and constant fear"

European Neighbourhood Instrument
--   relations between public administration and citizens as its main beneficiaries or some disfunctionalities and failures of the public administration in its policies concerning regionalisation and/or decentralisation. 3 This is why some specialists consider that Romania began the reform of its public administration only under the the previous adopted norms and changes are insufficient to discuss about reform or -. considered the agent of Europeanisation of different structures and societies, as in a spill-over mechanism, the Romanian public requests of its transformation in a tool "of implementation of European norms" able "to develop the necessary mechanisms to support the participation and to coordinate the produce some given structural, procedural and content modification of its public policies (Bosovcki 2009), though the process will be a difficult one, with some noticeable -5).  1 As for example the strategies related to the reform and digitalisation of public researches on some aspects of organisational culture in Romanian public administration, such as typology of organisational culture, the matter of collectivism, the use of working time, meritocracy, power distance and so one. For this study I considered the organisational processes and the behavioural patterns between the members of the public administration and with its beneficiaries as being very important to be changed in the post-communist period, and I analysed the adopted laws that deserved this approach this perspective, the organisat andru and Tripon (2007, 102) highlighted too. 2 We could add to the citizens in this approach of culture. For citizens and their active participation in decisional process are essential in the process of Europeanisation, of reaching the third stage of development of political system, that orical delay" between the ). Is also Ágh (2010, 7sqq) who (especially in terms of performance and effectiveness, the main characteristics of the new public management) in order to better cope with challenges of the international crisis, and pointed out the role allotted to regions by Lisbon Strategy in what concerns both the competitiveness and social cohesion.    -1995-or in different newspapers. More information about the approaches of -2015). The debates organised by opinion leaders were usually related to some events dwell with political discussions or project of law related to the process of regionalisation. Hence, with the exception of some specialists who focus systematically, by their researches, on this process, in the pre-accession period the issue of regionalisation does not really represent a subject matter for public opinion.  cultural 1 For example, they were established the principles and the fields of decentralisation and local administrative autonomy but outside of any fiscal decentralisation and autonomy too. 2 As for example the principle of transparency and predictability of funds allocation, which was not entirely and all the time respected.

3.THE POST-ACCESSION PERIOD AND THE MATTER OF REFORM: APPROACHES FROM UP TO DOWN
2 1 To these legal norms is necessary to add the specific organisational rules adopted in the process of decentralisation, but because of their great number we prefer not to enumerate them here.
2 On the f Public Administration there are more than 300 articles and links to articles related to the opinions of political leaders and local elected officials on the matter of regionalisation. A qualitative survey on these revealed how much the Romanian officials changed their approach with regards to the necessity of . principle of subsidiarity, turns them into carriers of democracy and in major elements of social and political development." (M . 2 However, it is difficult to say that, after the communist period, we arrived to think and to act according to the principle of subsidiarity. rests upon the relative spatial positions of countries, regions, and resources as these may affect their foreign policies and actions. Such terms as states' and regions' locations, topography, distance, shape, and size will accompany these geographic features. And within these spatial structures, we may see certain patterns as depicted in shatterbelts, buffers, heartlands, sea power and land power, and checkerboards, among the numerous concepts-theories attached to the study of geopolitics" the analysis of the interaction between, on the one hand, geographical settings and perspectives and, on the other, political processes. The settings are composed of geographical features and patterns and the multilayered regions that they form. The political processes include forces that operate at the international level and those on the domestic scene that influence international behaviour to document and deconstruct the institutional, technological, and material forms of these new congealments of geo-power, to problematize how global space is incessantly reimagined and rewritten by centers of power and authority in the late twentieth century geopolitics as a discourse comprising two overlapping components. First, the 'practical geopolitics' of everyday statescraft, whereby the world is spatialized into regions with imagined attributes and characteristics-leading to a mosaic of places of 'danger', 'threat', or 'safety' that underpins foreign policy. Second, the '

Pan-European:
Pan-Islamic: Pan-Asiatic: protracted geopolitical crisis the most dispassionate and impartial analysis of Russia's geopolitics shows that today's position is a pathology, a deviation from its natural, undeniable historical trajectory Therefore, geopolitically, it is unfounded and empty to hope that Russia will be able to preserve itself in the reduced and regional form in which it now exists, after repudiating mobilization, a new round of expansion, and any participation in world-historical processes on behalf of the civilization of Land (expressed today in the principle of multipolarity

INTRODUCTION
on 2011, -the full range of processes and mechanisms associated with a society's attempts to come to terms with a legacy of large-scale past abuses, in order to ensure accountability, serve justice and achieve reconciliation include both judicial and non-judicial mechanisms, with differing levels of international involvement (or none at all) and individual prosecutions, reparations, truth-seeking, institutional reform, vetting and dismissals, or a combination thereof -The Union's aim is to promote peace, its values and the wellbeing of its peoples humanitarian and rescue tasks, peacekeeping tasks, and tasks of combat forces in crisis management, including peacemaking no.

(
No ). In strengthen the rule of law, promoting the independence of the judiciary, encouraging and evaluating legal and institutional reforms, and promoting access to justice; iii) promote and strengthen the International Criminal Court, ad-hoc international criminal tribunals and the processes of transitional justice and truth and reconciliation mechanisms; iv) support reforms to achieve effective and transparent democratic accountability international criminal tribunals and ad-hoc national tribunals, truth and reconciliation commissions, and mechanisms for the legal settlement of human rights claims and the assertion and adjudication of property rights, established in accordance with international human rights and rule of law standards support for civilian measures related to the demobilisation and reintegration of former combatants into civil society, and where appropriate their repatriation, as well as measures to address the situation of child soldiers and female combatants ---.

TRANSITIONAL JUSTICE PROCESSES INTERNATIONAL ADMINISTRATION AND STEBUILDING PROCESSES IN KOSOVO
Kosovo Government shall fully promote reconciliation among communities and shall establish a comprehensive gender based sensitive approach for dealing with its past -2011

TRANSITIONAL JUSTICE IN KOSOVO AND THE EU ACCESSION
stability of institutions guaranteeing democracy, the rule of law, human rights and respect for and the protection of minorities advance regional cooperation as well as reconciliation  -'as part of some political bargaining between him (the President) and the international community under the pretext of stability and peace, then the Truth Commission is doomed to fail 2017).    Resolution 1244, 1999U.N. Doc. S/RES/1244(June 10, 1999.

Editorial Policies and Guidelines for Contributors
Paper