COVID-19 Pandemic , National Response Strategies and Marketing Innovations

We provide a short review on our publication-Ding and Li (2020, Business Horizons). We find that during the COVID-19 pandemic, different nations have adopted three different response strategies to contain the new coronavirus: strict control with unlimited resources, relentless contribution with limited resources, and rough rationality with limited resources. We discuss what marketing innovation strategies that enterprises may adopt to survive and grow their businesses during and after the pandemic. This study provides important strategic implications for national policymakers and enterprises on the use of response strategies and marketing innovation strategies in both short and long run.


Three National Response Strategies
According to the epistemology of each country for cutting or delaying virus transmission [4,5], we classify national response strategies to the pandemic into three categories with four approaches used in different periods in different countries. The first response strategy is strict control with unlimited resources. Specifically, this strategy focuses on rallying the country's human, material, financial and medical resources to implement a joint prevention and control mechanism to completely block the epidemic situation and cut off the virus transmission channels. Treatment methods include the adoption of mandatory quarantine for all confirmed and suspected patients at various types of hospitals and medically centralized isolation points, the self-isolation at home of all people in a country or state, the full suspension of work and school, community lockdown, and required daily reports on health and out-of-home activities for everyone. For each individual, it is important to implement epidemiological tracking and not to go out without wearing a mask. For example, China has adopted this response strategy.
The second response strategy is relentless contribution with limited resources. Specifically, this strategy does not enforce mandatory isolation or containment. Instead, based on the epidemiological principle of a low COVID-19 mortality rate in the whole society, this strategy allows humans to generate immunity through infection with the virus. As a result, this approach reduces the virus's infectivity to slow the spread of the virus and lowers the peak of the epidemic. Therefore, the patients who die make a life contribution to the production of antibodies throughout society. Two approaches implement this response strategy. a. The herd immunity approach. This approach targets a population infection rate of approximately 60-70% to develop self-immunization and form a collective shield after infection, thereby limiting the continued spread of the virus and ultimately protecting the entire society. This approach is not an individual-level control strategy. Therefore, there is no strict restriction on travel and community activities. Countries such as the United Kingdom, Sweden and Germany have adopted this approach [6]. b. The herd immunity approach with limited social restrictions. On the one hand, this method is adopted with the expectation that the public will develop self-immunity from COVID-19. On the other hand, the government could be authorized by legislation to implement national emergency regulations and mobilize federal and private resources to urge all hands on deck to protect the health and safety of the public. Therefore, limited restrictions are imposed on the country's transportation to and from key epidemic areas. Countries such as the U.S.A., Italy, France, Spain, and Japan have used this method.
The third response strategy is rough rationality with limited resources. Specifically, this strategy requires closing national borders, severing contact with affected countries and preventing the importation of the virus internationally. Within the country, the approach is limited to the lockdown of infected cities and towns without implementing individual-level quarantines or controls. Countries or regions that have adopted this strategy include North Korea, Singapore, South Korea, Taiwan, Macao of China, Russia and Israel.

Marketing Innovation during and after the Pandemic
While severe crises and catastrophes such as this pandemic are awful, they almost inevitably result in innovations that benefit humanity. In the short term, enterprises may face a number of serious problems, including cash flow shortages, the shutdown of facilities and the disruption of the supply chain. Therefore, it is critical for enterprises to adopt a number of marketing innovation tactics for business survival. In the long run, the crisis could become an opportunity for marketing innovation and business transformation, which will lead to growth and sustainable competitive advantage. As a result, we propose a number of tactics and strategies for enterprises to grow their business and establish sustainable competitive advantages.
First, in the short term, business survival through the pandemic will be the top priority. To ensure survival, an enterprise can adopt a number of quick tactics given the three different national response strategies in its country. There are different innovation tactics to address cash flow shortages, the shutdown of facilities and the disruption of the supply chain. To solve the problem of cash flow shortages, an enterprise can adopt innovative marketing tactics to expand revenue sources and cut costs simultaneously. In terms of revenue expansion, an enterprise can attempt to apply for external funding such as government subsidies, tax cuts, loans, venture capital investments, and outside grants. In addition, the enterprise could engage in rapid marketing innovation internally to explore more revenue sources from its current and new customers. For example, because many consumers are working from home, an enterprise can quickly implement online marketing innovations and establish and expand the online business team to transition their offline businesses online. Examples of such online marketing innovations include using Chatbots and A.I., connecting customers directly using private messaging apps, providing personalized offers and interactive contents to customers, and adopting digital and social media to form authentic relationships with customers and other stakeholders.
Another tactic that an enterprise can use is to undertake marketing innovations, including embracing a customer-centric marketing mindset and engaging in proactive customer relationship management [7]. During the pandemic, many customers naturally run into financial, personal and social difficulties. As a result, they may have a high expectation of the customer services and social responsibilities of firms. More than ever before, customers may attribute product or service issues to the firm, resulting in low customer satisfaction and a high customer attrition rate. Therefore, it is critical for enterprises to proactively adopt a customer-centric mindset by tracking and learning about each customer's needs and preferences over time and making optimal marketing decisions accordingly. Such marketing innovations could effectively bring in new customers and increase revenues from current customers. Enterprises in a country adopting national response strategies II and III, where their production facilities are not completely shut down, can adopt rapid product innovation tactics, including switching to produce face masks, medical protective gear, or other medical equipment if their capabilities allow. They can also try to advance selling of their products and services during the crisis. Finally, the enterprise can implement cost-cutting measures to reduce nonessential production and operation costs. During the crisis, firms should have a people-first mindset and treat their employees, partners and customers fairly.
Facility shutdowns are more severe for enterprises in a country adopting the national response strategy I because an enterprise's factories and offices are usually required to be shut down completely during the pandemic, and reopening depends on the development of the crisis. In countries using national response strategies II or III, an enterprise's factories and offices may still be open for business. Such different requirements in countries with different response strategies may call for different production and operation approaches. Specifically, in the case of a complete shutdown of facilities, the enterprise should move all their business online during the crisis if possible. A company can implement innovative online operations, customer support, product offerings, and internal team collaborations with employees working from home or other safe locations. Enterprises with partial or no shutdowns can also adopt flexible and innovative production and operation schedules, including simultaneous online and offline operation of businesses.
In terms of disruption of the supply chain, no matter which country the enterprise is in, it can attempt within-chain collaborations and innovations. Specifically, within the supply chain, it is important for all channel members to work together and help each other survive the pandemic. For example, a restaurant can close its dine-in business but work closely with online food delivery websites to obtain new contracts and expand its delivery and take-out services.
Second, regarding long-term strategies, this pandemic can serve as an opportunity for a variety of business models, marketing and strategic innovations and business acquisition. In business model innovation, a good long-term strategy is to enable the digitization of the business. For digital and informational products and services, this goal is easy to achieve with the help of the Internet and digital technology. However, for the production of physical material products, digitization is challenging; it requires new artificial intelligence algorithm design and breakthroughs in industrial software. When using mobile robots instead of workers to operate production equipment, they must be able to organize production, logistics, and distribution according to intelligent software. The algorithm design of industrial software should also enable mobile robots to complete planting, breeding and industrial production on time under the remote command of humans. In addition, the pandemic has also revealed that in the future, enterprises' production and business models can adopt a flexible way of combining "peace time-war time" to cope with complex and changing markets. The production technology of an enterprise in ordinary times consists of conventional production. When a crisis occurs, the company's own production technology should be able to quickly turn into a defensive force to maintain the company's continuous production instead of blindly looking for new business opportunities.
Regarding marketing and strategic innovations, enterprises should take a long-term and forward-looking view of business growth. Specifically, companies can embrace the aforementioned customercentric marketing mindset by proactively learning and tracking each customer's needs and preferences over time. During this process, with